超临界水四棒束传热数值分析

超临界水冷堆(SCWR)开发的关键是棒束内超临界水(SCW)的热工水力特性。本文针对超临界水四棒束流动传热实验进行CFD数值模拟,SSG湍流模型的计算结果与实验结果吻合良好。分析结果表明,流动方向对棒束截面内流量分布有显著影响。与下降流相比,尽管上升流时棒束间流动搅混较弱,但上升流时棒束截面流量及壁面周向温度分布更加均匀,加热棒壁面温度更低。可见,棒束横截面上的流量分布是影响加热棒壁面流动传热的主要因素。     

棒束内湍流流动特性的PIV与CFD研究

在压水堆燃料组件的定位格架下游,局部扰动沿流动方向逐渐衰减,流场最终趋于稳定。光滑棒束区冷却剂的湍流流动和交混特性是影响反应堆经济性和安全性的重要因素,有必要进行深入研究。本文采用粒子图像测速（PIV）与数值模拟(CFD)相结合的方法,对3×3小规模棒束内水的流动特性进行研究,得到了一阶平均流速以及二阶湍流统计信息。结果表明,中心子通道的速度明显高于棒间隙区,但轴向均方根速度呈现出相反的变化趋势。在相邻子通道横向速度梯度的作用下,棒束内出现了大尺度的流量脉动现象,且脉动波长随雷诺数的增加而增大。此外,实验得到的湍流交混系数较压水堆采用的Castellana公式预测值偏高10%左右,这一偏差随雷诺数的增加有减小的趋势。     

PIV and CFD Study of Turbulent Flow Behavior in Rod Bundle

At the downstream of the spacer grid in a PWR fuel assembly, local disturbance damps out along the flow direction and the flow returns to stable eventually. The turbulent flow and mixing behavior of the coolant are key factors affecting the economy and safety of a nuclear reactor, and need in-depth investigations. In the present paper, the turbulent flow of water in a 3×3 rod bundle was studied using PIV (particle image velocimetry) and CFD. First-order mean velocity and second-order turbulent statistics were obtained. It is found that the velocity in the central subchannel is higher than that in the gap region, but the streamwise root-mean-square velocity behaves inversely. Large-scale flow pulsation induced by the strong streamwise velocity gradient between adjacent subchannels, is observed in the rod bundle, and the wave length increases with Reynolds numbers. In addition, the measured turbulent mixing coefficient is 10% higher than that predicted by the Castellana correlation for PWRs, but this deviation reduces with the increase of Reynolds numbers.     

带格架四棒束超临界水流动传热数值分析

棒束内超临界水流动传热是超临界水堆堆芯热工水力研究的重要内容,但对其认识还十分有限。本文针对四棒束内超临界水的流动传热现象开展数值模拟,特别分析了定位格架对棒束通道内流动和传热的影响。结果表明,采用SSG湍流模型计算所得到的棒束壁面温度和实验结果吻合良好,定位格架的存在影响下游流体的速度分布,显著提高格架下游的传热特性,交混系数有大幅上升,使得加热棒周向壁面温度分布更加平均,最高温度出现位置发生改变。     

Phenomenological investigations on the turbulent flow structures in a rod bundle array with mixing devices

Detailed turbulent flow profiles have been measured on a square sub-channel geometry with typical mixing devices. For a fine examination of the lateral flow structure on a sub-channel geometry with 2D LDA, a 5 × 5 rod bundle array was fabricated as 2.6 times larger than the real bundle size. The mixing devices used were a typical split type and a swirl type. The experiments were performed at the condition of Re = 48,000 (axial bulk velocity 1.48 m/s) and the water loop was maintained at the conditions of 35 °C and 1.5 bar during an operation. As for the results, distinct intrinsic flow features were observed according to the type of mixing devices. In a typical split type, there was no remarkable swirling flow within a sub-channel and the lateral flow was vigorous in the gaps. In the swirl type, a single swirling flow was dominant within a sub-channel and there were relatively small lateral flows in the gaps.     

带定位格架棒束通道内两相流型研究

在空气-水两相流动工况下,将RBI光学探针测得的时序波形和目测相结合,对AFA-2G 33定位格架组成的棒束通道内存在的两相流型进行了识别。通道水力当量直径为8.98mm,元件的棒径为9.5mm,栅距为12.6mm,棒壁距为2.65mm。液相和气相表观速度范围分别为0.40-2.69m/s,0.02-2.99m/s。试验获得了流型图。结果表明,定位格架结构,特别是交混叶片对定位格架附近区域两相流型变化有重要影响,在棒束通道内的同一截面上存在不同种类流型。     

冷却剂与含格架燃料棒束多场耦合分析

燃料棒束作为压水堆燃料组件的组成部分,其热工和结构特性直接关系到反应堆的安全。本文利用ANSYS WORKBENCH软件分析了冷却剂在5×5含定位格架燃料棒束通道内流动的分布,采用冷却剂与燃料棒束多场耦合的方式研究了燃料棒束的流动传热特性和结构形变特性。结果表明：定位格架扰动冷却剂形成横向二次流并在下游棒束间形成绕流;多场耦合条件下二次流峰值速度和平均速度均小于单流场的;二次流与燃料棒的热应力使棒束发生形变,功率和流动分布的不均匀导致形变在轴向和径向的不均匀;相较于无格架情况,定位格架的存在使冷却剂的搅混流动更加明显,冷却剂对燃料棒冲击增大;在有、无定位格架两种情况下棒束形变均很小,可保持原本结构的稳定。     

脉动流下棒束通道内流场与湍流特性的PIV实验研究

事故条件下路基核反应堆以及受到海洋条件附加惯性力影响的浮动核反应堆一回路冷却剂会处于非稳定流动状态,进而改变冷却剂的流动和传热特性,影响反应堆的安全运行。本文应用锁相粒子图像测速（PIV）以及折射率匹配技术分别对脉动流条件下有无定位格架棒束通道内瞬时速度进行了测量。实验结果表明：对于不带定位格架的棒束通道,加速使得靠近通道壁面附近流体速度变大,而靠近中心区域流体速度变小。此外湍流强度分量随流体加速而逐渐变小,随流体减速而逐渐增加。对于流向压力梯度驱动的周期性脉动流,横向脉动速度均方根分量u′滞后于流向脉动速度均方根分量v′,且二者都滞后于流速的变化;对于带定位格架的棒束通道,带有搅浑翼的定位格架强烈的交混作用极大地减小了流体加速度对棒束通道内速度分布和湍流强度带来的影响。实验结果有助于更加清晰地揭示脉动流在棒束通道中的作用机理。     

Experiment and numerical simulation of bubbly two-phase flow across horizontal and inclined rod bundles

Experimental and numerical analyses were carried out on vertically upward air-water bubbly two-phase flow behavior in both horizontal and inclined rod bundles with either in-line or staggered array. The inclination angle of the rod bundle varied from 0 to 60° with respect to the horizontal. The measured phase distributions indicated non-uniform characteristics, particularly in the direction of the rod axis when the rods were inclined. The mechanisms for this non-uniform phase distribution is supposed to be due to: (1) Bubble segregation phenomenon which depends on the bubble size and shape; (2) bubble entrainment by the large scale secondary flow induced by the pressure gradient in the horizontal direction which crosses the rod bundle; (3) effects of bubble entrapment by vortices generated in the wake behind the rods which travel upward along the rod axis; and (4) effect of bubble entrainment by local flows sliding up along the front surface of the rods. The liquid velocity and turbulence distributions were also measured and discussed. In these speculations, the mechanisms for bubble bouncing at the curved rod surface and turbulence production induced by a bubble were discussed, based on visual observations. Finally, the bubble behaviors in vertically upward bubbly two-phase flow across horizontal rod bundle were analyzed based on a particle tracking method (one-way coupling). The predicted bubble trajectories clearly indicated the bubble entrapment by vortices in the wake region.     

Comparison of thermo-hydraulic performances of large scale vortex flow (LSVF) and small scale vortex flow (SSVF) mixing vanes in 17 × 17 nuclear rod bundle

Spacer grids in the nuclear fuel rod assembly maintain a constant distance between rods, secure flow passage and prevent the damage of the rod bundle from flow-induced vibration. The mixing vanes attached to the spacer grids generate vortex flows in the subchannels and enhance the heat transfer performance of the rod bundle. Various types of mixing vanes have been developed to produce cross flows between subchannels as well as vortex flows in the subchannels.The shapes of the mixing vane have been improved to generate larger turbulence and cross flow mixing. In the present study, two types of large scale vortex flow (LSVF) mixing vanes and two types of small scale vortex flow (SSVF) mixing vanes are examined. SSVF-single is conventional split type and SSVF-couple is split type with different arraying method. LSVF mixing vane has different geometry and arraying method to make large scale vortex. 17 × 17 rod bundle with eight spans of mixing vanes is simulated using the IBM 690 supercomputer. The FLUENT code and IBM supercomputer is employed to calculate the flow field and heat transfer in the subchannels.Turbulence intensities, maximum surface temperatures of the rod bundle, heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops of the four kinds of mixing vanes are compared. LSVF mixing vanes produced higher turbulence intensity and heat transfer coefficient than SSVF mixing vanes. Consequently, LSVF mixing vane increases the thermal efficiency and safety of the rod bundle.     

定位格架下游湍流特性测量研究

在子通道雷诺数为6 600、13 200、26 400和39 600下,使用粒子成像测速仪对5×5棒束分流型交混翼定位格架下游横向和纵向流动进行测量。平均速度和湍流脉动速度均方根的实验结果最大不确定度低于1%的主流平均速度。格架下游二次流结构经历了交混翼脱落涡结构耗散、剪切产生双涡结构、双涡结构向单涡结构的转变及单涡结构沿程衰减过程,横向平均速度和湍流脉动速度均方根沿程变化均受涡结构演进影响。格架近场湍流统计量迅速衰减;格架远场湍流统计量缓慢衰减,流动趋于光棒束充分发展流动。横向流动受雷诺数效应和格架交混效应共同影响。     

十字焊点对定位格架水力特性影响的数值研究

作为定位格架重要的结构特征之一,其内条带间的十字焊点的形状与定位格架的强度及水力特性密切相关。为深入研究该十字焊点形状对定位格架水力特性的影响规律,以5×5燃料组件定位格架为研究对象,采用ANSYS CFX12.1对燃料棒束通道内的流动现象进行数值模拟研究,得到了通道内的流场分布。研究结果表明:增加十字焊点直径能削弱格架下游近格架区域子通道内冷却剂的涡流强度以及子通道间的搅混强度,同时增强格架下游远格架区域子通道内的涡流强度以及子通道间搅混强度;增加十字焊点直径对格架下游子通道内的搅混强度影响较小;定位格架的形状阻力系数随十字焊点直径的增大而增加。以上结果说明采用较大直径的十字焊点可使定位格架下游区域的换热能力趋于均衡,从而使堆芯温度分布更加均匀,但同时也会产生较大的压力损失。     

Numerical simulation of flows in tight-lattice fuel bundles

The flow in tight rod bundles is characterized by long-term, large-scale coherent patterns in the stream-wise direction.

In the present work, the issue of simulating these structures through unsteady CFD simulations employing periodic boundary conditions in the stream-wise direction, will be addressed. The validity of the approach is assessed through the comparison of a large eddy simulation (LES) for similar flow conditions inside a simplified geometry and experimental data.

A powerful statistical tool (proper orthonormal decomposition) is used to analyze the time varying solution. The flow field has been decomposed into a series of normal modes, identifying the structures responsible for the flow transfer between sub-channels. Additional insights on the physics of these coherent structures are obtained.

An unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes simulation (URANS) of the flow in a rod bundle has then been carried out. The comparison between numerical results and experimental results [Krauss, T., Meyer, L., 1998. Experimental investigation of turbulent transport of momentum and energy in a heated rod bundle. Nucl. Eng. Design 180, 185–206] proves that accuracy can be achieved for averaged statistics such as stream-wise velocity, turbulent intensity and wall shear stresses.     

自然循环系统摇摆条件下棒束通道内传热特性研究

棒束燃料元件子通道间流体存在搅混与横向二次流,流动及阻力特性相较矩形通道、圆管等简单通道更为复杂。核动力舰船、船舶、小型浮动核电站等会受到海浪影响,经常处于倾斜、摇摆、垂荡等瞬变运动下。目前的相关研究多集中在低压工况的研究领域,高温高压自然循环运动条件下的研究较少。本文采用实验研究方法,对自然循环系统摇摆条件下棒束通道内流动传热特性进行了研究,获得了过冷沸腾和饱和沸腾两种条件下摇摆角度和摇摆周期对棒束壁面温度变化和传热系数的影响,并获得了摇摆周期内棒束通道内的传热系数计算关系式。结果表明,饱和沸腾传热系数变化比过冷沸腾的剧烈;在本文实验工况范围内,棒表面传热系数波动幅值随着摇摆幅度的增大而增大;摇摆条件下棒束通道过冷沸腾和饱和沸腾工况时均传热系数基本不变。     

燃料组件精细化定位格架模型开发及评价

为提高燃料组件子通道内两相局部参数预测的准确性,本文基于分布式阻力方法建立精细化定位格架模型,选用合适的摩擦阻力表达式,对格架上的交混翼进行精细化建模,采用Carlucci湍流交混模型计算湍流交混速率,引入阻塞因子计算由定位格架引起的湍流交混效应,并将建立的精细化定位格架模型植入子通道分析程序（ATHAS）,对压水堆子通道和棒束实验（PSBT）基准题进行计算分析。结果表明,本文开发的精细化定位格架模型能够提高燃料组件子通道内空泡份额和温度分布的预测准确性,为棒束通道流场、焓场计算和临界热流密度（CHF）预测奠定了基础。      

Development of a Transient Boiling Transition Analysis Method Based on a Film Flow Model

A new single-channel, transient boiling transition (BT) prediction method based on a film flow model has been developed for a core thermal-hydraulic code. This method could predict onset and location of dryout and rewetting under transient conditions mechanically based on the dryout criterion and with consideration of the spacer effect. The developed method was applied to analysis of steady-state and transient BT experiments using BWR fuel bundle mockups for verification. Comparisons between calculated results and experimental data showed that the developed method tended to predict occurrence of rewetting earlier, however, onset time of BT and maximum rod surface temperature were well predicted within 0.6 s and 20°C, respectively. Moreover, it was confirmed that consideration of the spacer effect on liquid film flow rate on the rod surface was required to predict dryout phenomena accurately under transient conditions.     

方形组件紧密栅格内非稳态流动行为的研究

棒束子通道间冷却剂的交混作用能显著降低棒束周向壁面的温差,为进一步了解紧密栅棒束内特殊的流场结构,以水为工质,对P/D=1.1的双排六棒束方形通道内的流动进行了试验研究与数值模拟。采用流场示踪方法,在Re =2 000～40 000范围内拍摄了紧密栅内棒壁间瞬态流动可视化信息,捕捉到大尺度类周期性脉动结构,并获得了该脉动流的相关特征参数。结果表明：当Re≥5 000时,大尺度脉动流发生,并在实验工况内呈很强的周期性,脉动流的波长与Re无关,脉动主频率与Re成正比;采用SSG湍流模型对相同截面通道内的流动进行了非稳态计算,模拟出棒壁狭缝处的大尺度类周期性脉动行为,计算所得脉动流各项参数与试验值符合良好。     

Experimental and numerical investigations of three-dimensional turbulent flow of water surrounding a CANDU simulation fuel bundle structure inside a channel

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to simulate highly turbulent coolant flows surrounding a simulation CANDU^® fuel bundle structure inside a flow channel. Three CFD methods are used: large eddy simulation (LES), detached eddy simulation (DES), and Reynolds stress model (RSM). The outcome of the simulations is compared with the experimental pressure data measured using an in-water microphone and a miniature pressure transducer placed at various locations in the vicinity of the bundle structure. Among all the three methods employed in developing computational models, LES provides the most accurate results for turbulent pressures.     

Analysis of dynamical flow structure in a square arrayed rod bundle

Large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flow in a bare rod bundle was performed, and a new concept about the flow structure that enhances heat transport between subchannels was proposed. To investigate the geometrical effect, the LES was performed for three different values of rod diameter over pitch ratio (D/P = 0.7, 0.8, 0.9). The computational domain containing 4 subchannels was large enough to capture large-scale structures wide across subchannels. Lateral flow obtained was unconfined in a subchannel, and some flows indicated a pulsation through the rod gap between subchannels. The gap flow became strong as D/P increased, as existing experimental studies had reported. Turbulence intensity profile in the rod gap suggested that the pulsation was caused by the turbulence energy transferred from the main flow to the wall-tangential direction. This implied that the flow pulsation was an unsteady mode of the secondary flow and arose from the same geometrical effect of turbulence. This implication was supported by the analysis results: two-points correlation functions of fluctuating velocities indicated two length-scales, P-D and D, respectively of cross-sectional and longitudinal motions; turbulence stress in the cross-sectional mean flow contained a non-potential component, which represented energy injection through the unsteady longitudinal fluid motion.     

Effect of rolling on the flowing and heat transfer characteristic of turbulent flow in sub-channels

The flowing and heat transfer of turbulent flow in typical 4 rod bundles in rolling motion is investigated with LES and URANS. As the rolling period decreases, the average wall shear stress increases, and the frictional resistance increases. The wall shear stress solved by LES is not good enough, while that of URANS is consistent with experiments. The variation of frictional resistance coefficient, Nusselt number and Reynolds stress with rolling amplitude is very weak. In rolling motion, the biggest frictional resistance coefficient is not located in a constant time.