Transport, energy and global climate change

Energy has been remarkably cheap, and the community has come to believe that the supply of energy is completely reliable. The low cost of energy is reflected in the design of transport systems and cities. In the near future, energy is likely to become very expensive and less reliable, and at the same time there is growing concern about the environmental damage created by fossil fuels. This study examines the impact of those changes, and considers how future cities can be redesigned to account for it. It argues that redesign could minimise the role of the private car, and that at the same time cities would become more pleasant and more interesting.     

自然元素在中国城市公园儿童游戏空间设计中的应用调查研究

为儿童营造健康且有益于其成长的环境已成为当下儿童友好型城市建设的必要部分。城市中儿童游戏空间的设计多种多样,但国内外研究者和实践者都意识到"接触自然"对儿童的成长和发展等各个方面均有重要意义,这也得到了欧美国家相关理论和实证研究的证实。儿童游戏空间中的自然元素毋庸置疑成为城市公园设计的重要因素。基于国外理论与实践研究成果,本文旨在探索中国城市公园内儿童游戏空间中自然元素的应用情况,选取北京、上海、广州、成都4个城市中87个城市公园的儿童游戏空间进行调研,尝试弥补国内儿童友好型城市中游戏空间的空白,以期提升未来儿童友好型城市中公共活动空间的营造质量。研究发现,国内儿童游戏场地具有普遍自然性不足、形式较为单一等问题,本文对此提出了相应的策略,建议采用丰富的自然材料来提高游戏场地的自然性,同时应尽快推出相关设计导则或规范。     

建筑业务视角下珠三角区域的功能联系特征

本项研究以珠三角区域的建筑业务中标公告为数据来源，试图通过建筑业务承接关系来探索城市区域的功能联系特征，实证研究内容包括设计企业的市场格局、跨城业务联系流以及流的地方化三个方面。研究发现，珠三角区域的建筑业务在企业层面已经处于群雄竞逐的格局，但在城市层面却呈现明显的区域极化特征，其中广州-佛山之间的业务联系最为突出。在建筑与城市空间媒介化的时代，需求方对设计方案的购买服务具有强烈的高等级城市指向，同时在空间场所的建构实践中又有着强烈的在地服务需求，广州、深圳既是链接全球新技术、新理念的区域门户城市，又在地理区位和社会网络方面有着更为邻近的地域优势，因而成为珠三角区域建筑业务的主要承接者；所在城市的行政层级因素成为承接建筑业务的潜在因素。     

Towards a multi-objective optimization approach for improving energy efficiency in buildings

The energy sector worldwide faces evidently significant challenges that everyday become even more acute. Innovative technologies and energy efficiency measures are nowadays well known and widely spread, and the main issue is to identify those that will be proven to be the more effective and reliable in the long term. With such a variety of proposed measures, the decision maker has to compensate environmental, energy, financial and social factors in order to reach the best possible solution that will ensure the maximization of the energy efficiency of a building satisfying at the same time the building's final user/occupant/owner needs. This paper investigates the feasibility of the application of multi-objective optimization techniques to the problem of the improvement of the energy efficiency in buildings, so that the maximum possible number of alternative solutions and energy efficiency measures may be considered. It further shows that no optimal solution exists for this problem due to the competitiveness of the involved decision criteria. A simple example is used to identify the potential strengths and weaknesses of the proposed approach, and highlight potential problems that may arise.     

中国花粉致敏树种分级研究

近年来中国花粉症患者激增，研究表明城市绿地植 被是城市空气花粉的主要来源，同时树木花粉正逐渐代替草本 花粉成为城市空气含量最多的花粉种类。从树木花粉致敏的基 本概念出发，综述花粉致敏树种研究进展，归纳其致敏特性。 梳理我国现有文献明确记录的花粉致敏树种83种，并根据其 致敏潜能、花粉释放持续时间、授粉方式三方面的特征进行树 种致敏性评分，将其分为低度、中度、高度、严重致敏4个等 级。最后展望花粉致敏树种研究方向。     

用形体与表皮演绎建筑独特内涵——珠海市航运中心大厦造型设计

多年来,＂千城一面＂一直为人们诟病,但＂一样的＂玻璃幕墙、＂一样的＂摩天大楼依旧以其惊人的速度占据我们的城市。本文以珠海市航运中心大厦为例,试分析如何通过对形体与表皮的巧妙设计,在满足大众审美标准的同时,凸显建筑个性及其独特内涵,使其不雷同于其他建筑,在其所在区位具有较高的辨识度,从芸芸建筑中脱颖而出,成为在视觉和感情上都能触动人群的符号。     

生物多样性给风景园林师带来的挑战和机遇

生物多样性在国际可持续性政策和规划中扮演着基础的角色.随着世界城市化进程的不断加速,有关可持续发展的话题越来越关注城市,特别是如何在众多城市不断扩张、城市人口不断增多的前提下,使城市变得更加可持续.城市生物多样性与生态系统公益和绿色基础设施息息相关.这种局势给风景园林师带来了特殊的挑战和巨大的机遇,因为他们具备了有关环...     

房屋建筑节能施工技术的探讨

随着经济的发展、时代的进步,城市建设规模不断扩大。建筑耗能十分严重,为国家和社会带来了能源、资源负担,同时,也影响了企业的经济效益。减少建筑能耗,提高资源、能源的利用效率,为国家和社会节省更多的能源资源,已经成为建筑企业所面临的一大挑战。     

Future cities: Conceptualizing the future based on a critical examination of existing notions of cities

Assigning labels to cities that evoke desirable features has become increasingly popular in recent years with city administrators promoting various notions of the desired city. This article examines the various labels used to classify cities and identifies the key characteristics that each label tends to highlight. It is contended that as proponents of variously labelled cities pursue certain aspects of sustainability, their focus may be too narrow to cover the broad spectrum of sustainability.A literature review of various notions of desirable cities promoted under various labels suggests that cities of the future would need to be dynamic and intelligent in every aspect of social, economic and environmental sustainability. Therefore, it is important that all aspects of sustainability are considered in envisioning the desired future in which to conceptualize the cities of the future. It can be assumed from the past trends of urbanization that future cities will continue to uphold and build upon common goals and values of existing cities such as promoting pleasant urban form, community engagement, economic opportunities, and technological advancement and cultural diversity.This paper reports on a systematic critical review of literature of twelve popular notions/labels of desirable cities as apparent from a scan of citation indices of peer reviewed articles. It identifies the level of consideration of various aspects of sustainability in the central focus of proponents of each notion. It then maps out the concern for sustainability along ten dimensions of sustainability.The findings of the study demonstrate that not all notions/labels of desired cities consider sufficient breadth of the sustainability spectrum. Similarly, in cumulative terms, the various notions of desirable cities amount to different levels of consideration for various aspects of sustainability.The paper concludes by pointing out the need to ensure that the overall focus of scholars dealing with the built environment at any given time provides a balanced regard to all aspects of sustainability.     

给水排水与城市更新

城市经济社会快速发展时期,需要足够的资源消耗来支撑,但同时会产生大量的废物(废气、废水、废弃固体);经济社会发展到一定阶段后,城市基础设施现代化更新加快:如城市道路出新改造以及新建地铁等,与此同时,地上排水选择和地下管线处理成为制约城市发展新的问题;低碳社会的建设离不开节能减排,给水排水作为一门工程学科在新的时期将伴随着城市不断发展。     

新时期的城市和城市竞争力

新的历史时期 ,城市在重要性日渐提高的同时也面临着新的挑战和机遇。在经济全球化的背景下 ,“城市竞争力”得以重视和研究。本文在分析“城市竞争力”提出的背景分析的基础上 ,对城市竞争力的涵义和相关因素、政策措施作了概述     

Liveable cities and urban underground space

As populations grow in dense urban city centres, so too does the demand for space and natural resources. An option to combat this problem, all too often, has been to build denser and taller buildings in addition to transporting an ever-increasing abundance of resources (e.g. raw materials, water, energy and food) into the city whilst moving waste back out. This has major implications for liveable cities (LC), which in future policy terms might be considered to include aspects of (i) wellbeing, (ii) resource security (i.e. ‘one planet’ living) and (iii) carbon reduction (now enshrined in international law). An option that has been overlooked, and one which could add significantly to this LC agenda, is wider adoption of urban underground space (UUS).This paper looks at how UUS has been, or could be, used within cities now, and in the future, and investigates the implications for achieving more liveable cities, which includes cognisance of the potential for radical transformation rather than adaption. It is concluded that wider adoption of UUS brings with it many benefits; however to avoid many of the dis-benefits an improved system of management, planning provision (which includes integrated mapping frameworks that consider more readily the future) and policy application is required.     

浅谈房屋建筑节能中存在的问题及节能施工技术的应用

随着全球环境问题越来越突出,资源的紧缺问题越来越严重,节能已经成为人类发展中的头件大事。特别是对资源耗资比较大的房屋建筑行业来说,节能是其必须要解决和应用的技术,也是房屋建筑未来发展的趋势。但是现阶段我国的房屋建筑节能技术存在着起点低、技术水平不高等问题,因此如,何解决房屋建设节能的问题和如何加强节能施工技术的应用已经成为全社会所关注的焦点。     

A new clustering and visualization method to evaluate urban heat energy planning scenarios

Spatial visualization is a very useful tool to help decision-makers in the urban planning process, i) to define future energy transition pathways, ii) to implement energy efficiency strategies and iii) to integrate renewable energy technologies in the context of sustainable cities. There is thus a need to develop new tools to understand the energy consumption patterns across cities. Statistical methods are often used to understand the driving parameters of energy consumption but rarely used to evaluate future urban refurbishment scenarios. Simulating whole cities using energy demand softwares can be very extensive in terms of computer resources and data collection. A new methodology, using city archetypes, is hence proposed to simulate the energy consumption of urban areas and to evaluate urban energy planning scenarios. The objective of this paper is to present a solid framework and innovative solution for the computation and visualization of energy saving at the city scale. The energy demand of cities, as well as the microclimatic conditions, are calculated by using a 3D model designed as function of the real city urban geometrical and physical characteristics. Data are extracted from a GIS database. We demonstrate how the number of buildings to be simulated can be drastically reduced thereby significantly decreasing the computational time and without compromising the accuracy of the results. This model is then used to evaluate the influence of two sets of refurbishment solutions. The energy consumption are then integrated back in the GIS to identify the areas in the city where refurbishment works are needed more rapidly. The city of Settimo Torinese (Italy) is used as a demonstrator for the proposed methodology, which can be applied to medium-sized cities worldwide with limited amount of information.     

Thermoeconomic optimization of insulation thickness considering condensed vapor in buildings

Developing technology and increasing population makes energy consumption more important. Most of energy is used for space heating in Turkey, consequently, insulation of external walls is too important. In the present work, optimum insulation thickness considering condensed vapor in existing buildings for Kutahya which is one of coldest cities in Turkey has been studied. The optimization is based on the thermoeconomic analysis. Since Kutahya is the most polluted city in Turkey, and the source of this pollution is energy consumption, it has become an obligation to save energy and to reduce its effects. In this study, exergy method with the different reference states which are normally available in a building has been used. The effect of condensed vapor on exergy also has been taken into account. The optimum insulation thickness determined as 0.060, 0.065, 0.075 m with a rate of 74.9%, 76.3% and 78.8% in the energy saving for indoor temperature of 18, 20 and 22 °C, respectively. Therefore, a decreasing in the air pollutants about at same rates has been obtained.     

中国健康城市建设30年:实践演变与研究进展

在"健康中国"战略下,健康城市建设已成为跨学科研究的热点之一。如果从1989年卫生城市创建算起,我国健康城市建设已有30年历程,对其实践及研究进行整体梳理具有重要价值。将我国健康城市建设实践发展分为初步探索、快速推进和全面发展三个阶段,结合案例从建设目标、策略和机制三方面进行分析,指出其经历了从无到有、从单一到多元、从简单到复杂的转变。与此同时,结合CiteSpace软件对我国健康城市建设研究脉络进行梳理,发现健康城市建设研究的数量和质量在过去30年中得到很大提升,研究涉及的学科、内容和热点呈现出综合化和多元化的发展趋势。最后,在此基础上展开了相应的延伸讨论。     

开封古城城市街区与建筑保护探析

历史文化名城是祖先馈予我们的宝贵遗产,也是华夏古老文明的见证。在历史文化名城的现代化进程中,如何正确处理好保护和发展的关系,真正实现古城的现代化,是一个现实而重要的问题。本文以开封古城为对象,通过对城市建筑和街巷的调研分析,从建筑历史和城市规划的角度讨论了历史名城的保护和发展问题,并为历史文化名城的保护和发展提出了建议。     

Urban underground space: Solving the problems of today’s cities

The world-wide trend of increased urbanisation creates problems for expanding and newly-developing cities alike. Population increase leads to an increased demand for reliable infrastructure, nowadays combined with a need for increased energy efficiency and a higher environmental awareness of the public. The use of underground space can help cities meet these increased demands while remaining compact, or find the space needed to include new functions in an existing city landscape. In many cases, underground solutions to urban problems are only considered if all other (above ground) options have been exhausted. When underground solutions are considered and evaluated from the planning or initial project stages onwards, more optimal solutions will become possible.Use of the underground is not limited to large scale infrastructure projects. This paper also shows innovative use of the underground for commercial and residential use, storage, water conveyance and treatment, and heritage conservation, and highlights how use of underground can bring more optimal solutions for urban development.     

再读《马丘比丘宪章》——对城市化进程中建筑学的思考

城市化给建筑业带来前所未有的机会,同时也改变了人们生存的基本环境,城市已经成为人们主要的生活空间。早在1977年,一群有见识的建筑师和规划学者针对城市发展的种种问题签署了著名的马丘比丘宪章,改变了人们对城市建设的认知和关注点。今天,经历了30多年城市化的中国城市已经凸显出当年宪章直指的问题,因此再读＂马丘比丘宪章＂作为对城市建筑的反思很有意义。     

我国城市用地分类的地方性探索

采取案例研究的方法,分析广东省21个地级市在2008-10年间所编制的总体规划、控制性详细规划以及一些代表性城市在2005-14年间出台的规划标准,指出地方开展多样化的用地分类探索已成为一种趋势,在市场经济体制下,城市规划的方法需要转变传统执行指令的思路,采取多维综合的手段来协调利益,应对未来的不确定性。一些地方性的创新经验将成为未来国家用地分类制度改革的"试验田"。