Energy and exergy analyses of an integrated biomass gasification combined cycle employing solid oxide fuel cell and organic Rankine cycle

In this study, an advanced combined cycle-based power generation system, integrating biomass gasification with a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) module and an organic vapor turbine, has been modeled and analyzed. The thermodynamic model has been developed by integrating the component models through customized codes written using engineering equation solver software. Both energetic and exergetic analyses of the proposed system have been conducted under varying design and operating parameters to assess their effects on the performance of the proposed system. The study reveals that the integrated system yields a maximum overall energetic efficiency of 41.13%, occurring at a pressure ratio of 2.5 for the compressor. The gasifier is the component responsible for maximum exergy destruction (accounting for 32.36% of fuel exergy input), followed by the heat recovery vapor generator and the SOFC.     

Availability analysis of integrated gasification combined cycle power plants with backup fuel and NOx reduction

Backup fuel can be utilised to improve the effectiveness (energy availability) of an integrated gasification combined cycle power plant. The gas turbine can be operated independently, also, with a backup fuel. By independent operation, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR), which is installed in the heat recovery steam generator for lower NO_x, emission is bypassed and a relatively high level of NO_x is emitted. Improving the effectiveness of a power plant by using backup fuel involves increased cost for backup fuel and higher NO_x emission.The object of this paper is to improve the effectiveness of a power plant with a minimum of backup fuel and NO_x emissions.The study shows how the application of appropriate reserve capacity (active redundancy) and a suitable repair policy can minimize the use of backup fuel and NO_x emissions, and, at the same time, improve the effectiveness of integrated gasification combined cycle power plants.     

Improving efficiency of CCS-enabled IGCC power plant through the use of recycle flue gas for coal gasification

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - CO2 capture from coal-fired power plants is necessary for continued use of coal as a fuel. Proven CO2 capture techniques such as amine absorption and...     

Comparison of total energy systems using gas turbines and diesel engines for combined cooling

A gas turbine engine was used to drive the compressor of a vapour compression cycle so that the usually wasted energy in the exhaust gases was partially recovered and used in the generator of an absorption cycle. The cooling effect was therefore boosted. The degree of energy utilization was further enhanced when the energy released from the absorber and condenser of both cycles was recovered in the form of hot water, which could be used for different applications. The performance parameters for this combined system, such as the cooling effect, total heat recovered and performance effectiveness ratio, were calculated for various evaporator and condenser temperatures. It was found that a system driven by a gas turbine gives a better performance than a diesel engine system under similar operating conditions.     

Development of a detection sensor for lethal H2S gas

The gas which may be lethal to human body with short-term exposure in common industrial fields or workplaces in LAB may paralyze the olfactory sense and impose severe damages to central nervous system and lung. This study is concerned with the gas sensor which allows individuals to avoid the toxic gas that may be generated in the space with residues of organic wastes under 50 degrees C or above. This study investigates response and selectivity of the sensor to hydrogen sulfide gas with operating temperatures and catalysts. The thick-film semiconductor sensor for hydrogen sulfide gas detection was fabricated WO3/SnO2 prepared by sol-gel and precipitation methods. The nanosized SnO2 powder mixed with the various metal oxides (WO3, TiO2, and ZnO) and doped with transition metals (Au, Ru, Pd Ag and In). Particle sizes, specific surface areas and phases of sensor materials were investigated by SEM, BET and XRD analyses. The metal-WO3/SnO2 thick films were prepared by screen-printing method. The measured response to hydrogen sulfide gas is defined as the ratio (Ra/R,) of the resistance of WO3ISnO2 film in air to the resistance of WO3/SnO2 film in a hydrogen sulfide gas. It was shown that the highest response and selectivity of the sensor for hydrogen sulfide by doping with 1 wt% Ru and 10 wt% WO3 to SnO2 at the optimum operating temperature of 200 degrees C.     

不同晶相MnS制备及光解H2S制氢性能研究

采用溶剂热法成功制备了具有立方结构的α-MnS和六方结构的γ-MnS。通过X射线衍射(XRD), 扫描电子显微镜(SEM), 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、选区电子衍射(SAED)和紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis), 对样品的物相组成、显微形貌、光学性质进行了研究, 并对不同晶相MnS在可见光(λ > 420 nm)和全光谱下光解H₂S制氢性能进行了研究。结果表明: α, γ-MnS在可见光下都具有光解H₂S制氢活性, 且相比于热力学稳定相的α-MnS (4.24 μmol/(g·h)), 亚稳态的γ-MnS (23.38 μmol/(g·h))具有更好的催化性能。相对于可见光, α, γ-MnS在全光谱下的产氢速率明显提高, 其中γ-MnS在全光谱下具有最大的光解H₂S制氢活性, 其产氢速率可达 2272.69 μmol/(g·h)。值得注意的是, 在6 h的光催化测试过程中, α, γ-MnS都展示较好的抗光腐蚀能力和光催化稳定性。此外, 对α, γ-MnS光催化分解H₂S制氢机理进行了分析, 通过对α, γ-MnS光电化学性质的研究, 对其光催化活性存在差异的原因进行了探讨。     

A study of Zn-Mn based sorbent for the high-temperature removal of H2S from coal-derived gas

Zn-Mn based sorbents supported on SiO2, gamma-Al(2)O(3) and ZrO2, prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method with calcination at 973 K were investigated for the removal of H(2)S from coal derived gas at the temperature ranges of 773-973 K. Results reveal that the SiO2 and ZrO2 supports exhibit the better performance because better removal efficiency. The addition of manganese effectually improves the vaporization of zinc. In addition, some operating parameters were also considered in order to understand as well as screen the suitable conditions for the development of Zn-Mn based sorbents on the removal of H(2)S. Over 98% sorbent utilization was established for the use of SiO2 at 873 K. On the other hand, within the 5-15 wt% of Zn-Mn oxides, no significant change in the sorbent utilization was observed. Up to 30 wt% the sorbent utilization decreased slightly compared to lower contents, which may be attributed to the deficient dispersion. With increasing the H2 concentration, the sorbent utilization decreases and an adverse result is observed in the case of increasing CO concentration. The relationship between CO and H2 could be explained via the water-gas shift reaction. Moreover, the apparent activation energy and frequency factor as well as the predicted results were studied with a deactivation model. The results of regression fitting reveal the accurate prediction breakthrough behaviors for the removal of H(2)S.     

A comparison of TiO2 nanoparticles and nanotubes for catalytic gas phase destruction of H2S gas at high temperatures

Reduction of H2S gas over Sulphur doped TiO2 nanoparticles and TiO2 nanotubes was studied in this work. Fixed bed catalytic system was used for the catalytic reduction of H2S gas at a high temperature of 450 degrees C under laboratory conditions. 99.97% reduction was achieved using S-doped TiO2. 2.89% Sulphur was adsorbed on S-doped TiO2 nanoparticles in the form of Ti(SO4)2, while 95.6% reduction was achieved in case of TiO2 nanotubes and the sulphur adsorption was 2.67%. The XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques were carried out to characterize the nanoparticles and nanotubes, while gas reduction analysis was carried out using GC-MS for gas samples.     

Effect of acidic products from degradation of N-methyldiethanolamine amine on CO2/H2S capturing from natural gas

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - To evaluate the impact of heat-stable salts on the CO2/H2S separation from natural gas using 45 wt% of MDEA amine, we comprehensively and...     

Syngas production via coal char-CO2 fluidized bed gasification and the effect on the performance of LSCFN//LSGM//LSCFN solid oxide fuel cell

Fluidized bed reactor is widely used in coal char-CO_2 gasification. In this work, the production of syngas by using a fluidized bed gasification technique was first investigated and then the effect of the produced syngas on the performance of the solid oxide fuel cell with a configuration of La_(0.4)Sr_(0.6) Co_(0.2)Fe_(0.7)Nb_(0.1)O_(3-δ)//La_(0.8)Sr_(0.2)Ga_(0.83)Mg_(0.17)O_(3-δ)//La_(0.4)Sr_(0.6) Co_(0.2)Fe_(0.7)Nb_(0.1)O_(3-δ)(LSCFN//LSGM//LSCFN)was studied. During the syngas production, we found that the volume fraction of CO increased with the increment of gasification temperature, and it reached a maximum value of 88.8%, corresponding to a composition of 0.76% H_2, 88.8% CO, and 10.44% CO_2, when the ratio of oxygen mass flow rate to that of coal char(MO2/Mchar) increased to 0.29. In the following utilization of the produced syngas in solid oxide fuel cells, it was found that the increasing CO volume fraction in the syngas results in a gradual increase of the peak power density of the LSCFN//LSGM//LSCFN cell. The maximum peak power density of 410 m W/cm~2 was achieved for the syngas produced at 0.29 of M_(O2)/M_(char). In the stability test, the cell voltage decreased by 4% at a constant current density of 0.475 A/cm~2 after 54 h when fueled with the syngas with the composition of 0.76% H2, 88.8% CO, and 10.44% CO_2.It reveals that a carbon deposition with the content of 13.66% in the anode is attributed to the cell performance degradation.     

Exergo-economic analysis of a 1-MW biomass-based combined cycle plant with externally fired gas turbine cycle and supercritical organic Rankine cycle

This paper deals with exergo-economic modeling and analysis of a 1-MW biomass integrated gasification combined cycle plant that couples an indirectly heated gas turbine (GT) cycle with a supercritical organic Rankine cycle (ORC). The GT produces a fixed net output of 500 kWe, and the organic vapor turbine produces the rest. Saw dust is considered as biomass feed for the gasifier, and toluene acts as ORC working fluid. GT cycle working fluid is heated through a combined combustor-heat exchanger (CHX) unit. Effects of plant parameters, viz. compressor pressure ratio (r _p), gas turbine inlet temperature (TIT) and cold end temperature difference (CETD) of the CHX unit on the thermodynamic and economic performance of the plant are reported. Energy efficiency is maximized at a fixed value of r _p (=6), for all TITs. Higher TIT yields in higher efficiency of the plant. Although increase in CETD lowers the plant efficiency but decreases the size of CHX unit, resulting in the lower capital cost of the unit. Exergo-economic analysis reveals that unit product cost (UPC) is lower at higher TITs and higher r _p values. Levelized unit cost of electricity (LUCE) is also minimized at r _p = 6 for all TITs. Higher TIT also yields lower UPC and LUCE values. Both UPC and LUCE decrease with increase in CETD. For r _p = 6, TIT = 1100 °C and CETD = 300 °C, the plant offers minimum UPC and LUCE values.     

Development of sensors based on CuO-doped SnO2 hollow spheres for ppb level H2S gas sensing

An effort has been made to develop a new kind of SnO₂–CuO gas sensor which could detect an extremely small amount of H₂S gas at relatively low working temperature. The sensor nanomaterials were prepared from SnO₂ hollow spheres (synthesized by employing carbon microspheres as temples) and Cu precursor by dipping method. The composition and structural characteristics of the as-prepared CuO-doped SnO₂ hollow spheres were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Gas-sensing properties of CuO-doped SnO₂ hollow sphere were also investigated. It was found that the sensor showed good selectivity and high sensitivity to H₂S gas. A ppb level detection limit was obtained with the sensor at the relatively low temperature of 35 °C. Such good performances are probably attributed to the hollow sphere nanostructures. Our results imply that materials with hollow sphere nanostructures are promising candidates for high-performance gas sensors.     

高酸性气田开发安全工程概论——普光气田安全工程实践

面对我国首个特大型超深高酸性普光气田的开发建设系统工程,在吸取前人惨痛教训的基础上,坚持科学发展观,以全新的安全理念统揽整个系统工程,突出观念转变、标准规范、本质安全、系统监督等环节,形成了高酸性气田开发配套的安全工程,确保了普光超深高酸性气田开发建设工程的胜利完成。     

H2S and volatile fatty acids elimination by biofiltration: clean-up process for biogas potential use

In the present work, the main objective was to evaluate a biofiltration system for removing hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) contained in a gaseous stream from an anaerobic digestor (AD). The elimination of these compounds allowed the potential use of biogas while maintaining the methane (CH(4)) content throughout the process. The biodegradation of H(2)S was determined in the lava rock biofilter under two different empty bed residence times (EBRT). Inlet loadings lower than 200 g/m(3)h at an EBRT of 81 s yielded a complete removal, attaining an elimination capacity (EC) of 142 g/m(3)h, whereas at an EBRT of 31 s, a critical EC of 200 g/m(3)h was reached and the EC obtained exhibited a maximum value of 232 g/m(3)h. For 1500 ppmv of H(2)S, 99% removal was maintained during 90 days and complete biodegradation of VFAs was observed. A recovery of 60% as sulfate was obtained due to the constant excess of O(2) concentration in the system. Acetic and propionic acids as a sole source of carbon were also evaluated in the bioreactor at different inlet loadings (0-120 g/m(3)h) obtaining a complete removal (99%) for both. Microcosms biodegradation experiments conducted with VFAs demonstrated that acetic acid provided the highest biodegradation rate.     

Integrated production planning and quality control for linear production systems under uncertainties of cycle time and finished product quality

This work considers serial production systems with several process steps and a possible quality control at final step. It deals with the problem of optimising planned lead time when the real lead time for each process is stochastic and the finished product quality is uncertain unless it is inspected. Three analytical models are proposed aiming to minimise the expected total cost, which is composed of the inventory and backlogging costs for the finished product and quality costs associated with inspection and non-conformities. These models correspond to three quality control policies: (i) without quality control, (ii) with quality control but without taking into account the inspection duration when optimising the planned lead time and (iii) with quality control and with considering the inspection duration when optimising the planned lead time. Based on the results, it can be highlighted the economic advantage of integrating quality control at the early stage of supply and production planning decisions for some cost parameters conditions. The robustness of the proposed models is also analysed regarding the variance of the probability distributions of the lead times.     

Procedure for Measuring Low Concentrations of H2 and H2S Above a Water Surface

A simple measuring procedure for low concentrations of H₂ and H₂S (at the level of ppm fractions) above the surface of water by using sensitive gas analyzers is suggested. The procedure is easily accomplished in conditions outside the laboratory (under field conditions).