基于石墨泡沫强化的相变储能材料研究进展

大多数相变储能材料导热性能差是导致其不能推广应用的一个重要因素,因此,目前相变材料研究的重点是提高相变材料的等效导热系数。石墨泡沫由于其特殊的微蜂窝三维结构,使其具有良好的传热性能,在储能领域有很好的应用前景。国内外学者对利用石墨泡沫的强化相变传热进行了一些研究,本文主要介绍了近几年石墨泡沫/相变材料的国内外实验研究和数值模拟研究进展和存在的问题。     

潜热储热系统强化传热研究进展

近年来,潜热储热系统在太阳能和工业废能的利用中发挥着极其重要的作用,因此用于潜热储热的相变材料受到普遍关注.文章对国内外潜热储热系统众多强化传热技术进行了综述与讨论.     

相变储热研究进展及综述

清洁能源大多存在固有的间歇性和波动性,可能导致能源供应和能源消费之间的不平衡。储能是必不可少的,相变储能具有熔融凝固循环温度恒定,相对较高的能量密度,体积小,控制相对容易,安全可靠等优点。并针对相变材料的分类、相变储能系统强化传热技术、相变储能技术应用等方面进行了综述。     

采用肋片强化相变蓄热器传热的模拟分析

为了增加同心套管式相变蓄热器的蓄能效果,采用环形肋片强化相变储能设备的传热,利用Fluent软件模拟了这种结构中石蜡相变的融化过程,得到了石蜡熔化过程温度场分布及熔化时间的规律,根据这些规律分析了肋片间距及厚度等参数对贮热管放热效果的影响。分析结果表明：石蜡的总融化时间随肋片间距增加而延长即传热效果变差,但是随着肋片厚度的增加而缩短,即传热效果变优,但是当或肋间距超过40mm和厚度超过2mm后,进一步增加肋片间距或者厚度对传热效果的影响变得不明显。     

纳米流体强化传热研究分析

文中综述了目前国内外对于纳米流体强化传热技术的研究情况,分析了纳米流体的强化传热机理及添加纳米粒子后对液体的物性参数--粘度、比热、密度、流体流动的影响;说明了石墨/水纳米流体及Fe3O4/水纳米流体导热系数和对流换热系数测量实验的原理及结果,并对结果进行了分析,实验结果表明纳米流体强化了传热.     

石墨泡沫/共晶盐复合相变材料制备

选择KNO3/NaNO3二元体系按照质量比4∶6制备共晶盐,对共晶盐进行了熔点及熔化潜热的测量;将石墨泡沫这一新型材料作为强化基体,共晶盐作为相变材料（PCM）,采用熔融浸渗法制备了适用于太阳能热发电系统储能装置的石墨泡沫/共晶盐复合相变材料。采用扫描电镜对复合相变材料表面的微观结构进行了表征,并对其熔点、潜热、等效导热系数等热物性参数进行了测试。结果表明：共晶盐与石墨泡沫复合效果比较理想;复合前后共晶盐的熔点和潜热几乎没有发生变化;复合相变材料的等效导热系数得到了显著提升,石墨泡沫对相变材料起到了导热强化作用,满足高温蓄热的要求。     

固液相变蓄热技术的研究进展

综述了相变蓄热材料、相变传热问题求解方法、典型相变传热过程以及相变潜热蓄热系统(LHTES)优化设计及强化传热等诸多固液相变蓄热技术相关问题的研究进展情况     

太阳平板集热/储能相变传热的数值模拟

提出了一种高效储能平板集热器模型.该平板集热器中采用相变材料作为储能介质,不需储能水箱及防冻保护装置,因此节约了空间和费用.建立了太阳平板集热器内相变材料(石蜡)二维相变传热及自然对流模型,运用显热容法模拟了平板集热器内泡沫铝中石蜡相变融解传热过程.与平板集热器内填充纯相变石蜡的融解传热过程进行比较发现,泡沫铝可极大地提高相变石蜡的相变传热性能.计算结果为高效储能型平板集热器的开发提供了理论指导.     

强制变相强化传热系统分析

介绍了一种强制变相强化传热系统。在恰当工况下,将泵、压缩机、膨胀装置引入传热系统,使冷热流体在换热器内强制变相,充分利用冷热流体相变潜热,达到强化传热的目的。对该系统进行了[火用]分析,并列举实例进行定性分析。     

不同振动参数下脉动气流横掠圆柱体的传热研究

在脉动气流强化传热实验台上进行了层流（雷诺数RP为171）中不同振动参数（频率厂分别为15Hz、30Hz、45Hz、59Hz,振幅Pmax为45～286Pa）下脉动气流横掠高温共烧陶瓷发热管的传热实验研究．结果表明：层流中低频大振幅的脉动气流能显著强化圆柱体的传热过程,相对努塞尔数随着压力振幅的增大而增大,随着脉动频率的增大而减小,最大相对努塞尔数N“,可超过2．55;在Re=171时,脉动气流强化传热的经验公式为Nux=0．2684＋0．5867pmax^0.388.3/f^0.3170,该经验公式的相关系数为R=0．9941,揭示了脉动气流强化圆柱体传热过程对振动参数的非线性依赖性．     

高温相变蓄热技术的研究进展

蓄热技术不仅能缓解环境污染和能源浪费的问题,还可以解决热能供给与需求失的矛盾.文中对高温相变蓄热技术的应用和研究现状做了一个综述,从蓄热材料的选择、蓄热器的数值模拟和数学建模、系统研究三个方面对高温相变蓄热技术的研究进展热点以及现状进行了总结.尤其对高温相变蓄热技术在太阳能热发电中的应用现状,并对高温相变蓄热技术在太阳能热发电中的应用进行了分析和展望.     

Potential applications of thermal energy storage in electric power generation sector (Ⅱ)

简要介绍了储热技术在电力系统中最有潜力的四种具体应用技术,包括太阳能热发电,压缩空气储能,深冷储能,热泵储电,指出了太阳能热发电储热技术在短期内具有很大发展潜力,目前双罐式液体显热储热(储冷)具有较好的整体效率,将在电力系统储热技术中发挥重要的作用.     

Emulsification of thermal energy storage materials in an immiscible fluid

The problems of thermal energy storage are of major importance in the development of intermittent energy sources and the efficient usage of conventional energy supplies. Utilization of latent heat materials for thermal energy storage has been plagued by the build-up of solids on cooling surfaces and the resulting low heat transfer rates. A novel system has been investigated in order to alleviate these difficulties. Small droplets of latent heat material were suspended in an immiscible heat transfer fluid to form an emulsion. The generation of stable emulsions is an empirical art, for which the selection of surface-active agents and the method of mixing play the key roles. A total of 42 latent heat storage emulsion samples were prepared using a diphenyl compound as the organic phase. Most of the samples were prepared using a high speed mixing apparatus. Several emulsified blends exhibited favourable prolonged storage and cycling behaviour. Estimates based on apparent viscosity measurements indicated that high rates of heat transfer could be obtained with this system. Assuming turbulent flow conditions and 60 per cent salt loading, a value for the mean film coefficient of heat transfer was calculated to be about 1045 J/m² s °C. The concept offers potentially large heat exchanger cost reductions, while retaining 60 per cent of the volume savings attainable in latent heat systems.     

高温熔融盐纳米固液相变复合材料研究进展

熔融盐是一种非常有前景的高温液体传热蓄热工质,在太阳能热发电、余热回收及工业热利用方面有显著的优势,但是熔融盐本身存在导热性能不高等问题。本文对纳米复合相变材料固液相变储能过程的若干最新研究进行了回顾,综述了熔融盐纳米固液相变复合材料国内外研究现状及发展趋势,最后对纳米复合相变材料固液相变储能过程的未来发展和重点研究方向进行了展望,认为主要解决纳米复合材料内熔化相变传热双温度模型的建立及求解、NC-PCM的制备工艺、金属纳米粒子的团聚性及NC-PCM蓄热器的热循环实验等方面的问题是未来研究的重点。     

Regeneration and efficiency characterization of hybrid adsorbent for thermal energy storage of excess and solar heat

Adsorption Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is a promising technology for long term thermal energy storage of excess and solar heat. By using the exothermic reversible adsorption process, excess heat from an incinerator or solar heat from the summer can be stored and then released for heating during the winter. The usefulness of the storage system relies heavily on the temperature and quality of the heat available for regeneration of the adsorbent as it affects the storage efficiency, the amount of water released from the adsorbent and in turn the performance or energy density of the storage system. In this study, a lab scale high throughput open loop forced air adsorption TES has been built. A series of adsorption experiments were performed to determine the effect of adsorption flow rate and cycling on the chosen best performing adsorbent, AA13X from Rio Tinto Alcan. Regeneration characterization experiments were performed to determine the effect of flow rate, temperature and feed air relative humidity on the regeneration and performance of the system. The results were compared with another adsorbent to verify the observed trend. Finally, the efficiency of the thermal storage system was calculated.     

High temperature latent heat thermal energy storage using heat pipes

A thermal network model is developed and used to analyze heat transfer in a high temperature latent heat thermal energy storage unit for solar thermal electricity generation. Specifically, the benefits of inserting multiple heat pipes between a heat transfer fluid and a phase change material (PCM) are of interest. Two storage configurations are considered; one with PCM surrounding a tube that conveys the heat transfer fluid, and the second with the PCM contained within a tube over which the heat transfer fluid flows. Both melting and solidification are simulated. It is demonstrated that adding heat pipes enhances thermal performance, which is quantified in terms of dimensionless heat pipe effectiveness.     

Study of a metal hydride based thermal energy storage system using multi-phase heat exchange for the application of concentrated solar power system

Thermal energy storage system is of great significance for the concentrated solar power system to keep the balance between power generation and demand. Metal hydride based thermal energy storage system is regarded as a promising method due to its good reversibility, low cost, and no by-product. Multi-phase heat exchange has much higher heat transfer coefficient than single-phase fluid heat exchange, thus facilitating the steam generation. In this study, a two-dimensional model of the metal hydride reactor using multi-phase heat exchange is proposed to estimate the performance and its feasibility of application in the concentrated solar power system. The results show that the velocity of the heat transfer fluid should match well with the thermal conductivity of the metal hydride bed to maintain the heat flux at a relatively constant value. The match of thermal conductivity of 3 or 5 W/(m·K) and fluid velocity of 0.0050 m/s results in the heat flux up to about 19 kW/m², which is increased by 3 orders of magnitude than single-phase heat exchange. In the thermal energy storage system, the reheating cycle is recommended to improve the utilization of the thermal energy. The efficiency of the system could be improved from 18.4% to 30.8% using the reheating cycle. The increased efficiency is comparable to the previously reported efficiency of 39.2%. Besides, the operation strategy of raising the steam temperature by increasing the hydrogen pressure or the superheater temperature is suggested for the system to obtain higher efficiency.     

Research and application of molten salts for sensible heat storage

熔融盐具有液体温度范围宽,黏度低,流动性能好,蒸汽压小,对管路承压能力要求低,相对密度大,比热容高,蓄热能力强,成本较低等诸多优点,已成为一种公认的良好的中高温传热蓄热介质.本文对熔融盐显热蓄热技术原理和发展现状进行了简要概述,包括熔融盐的种类,熔融盐显热蓄热技术的原理,关键技术,研发现状及其在太阳能热发电和间歇性余热利用中的应用.认为开展高温熔融盐传热蓄热介质制备,热性能表征和熔融盐流动与传热性能研究,进而完善整个熔融盐蓄热系统,提高蓄热效率,降低管路腐蚀性,提高系统可靠性仍将是未来熔融盐蓄热技术的研究重点.     

Review on heat transfer analysis in thermal energy storage using latent heat storage systems and phase change materials

Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored energy can be used later for heating and cooling applications and for power generation. TES has recently attracted increasing interest to thermal applications such as space and water heating, waste heat utilisation, cooling, and air conditioning. Phase change materials (PCMs) used for the storage of thermal energy as latent heat are special types of advanced materials that substantially contribute to the efficient use and conservation of waste heat and solar energy. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the development of latent heat storage (LHS) systems focused on heat transfer and enhancement techniques employed in PCMs to effectively charge and discharge latent heat energy, and the formulation of the phase change problem. The main categories of PCMs are classified and briefly described, and heat transfer enhancement technologies, namely dispersion of low‐density materials, use of porous materials, metal matrices and encapsulation, incorporation of extended surfaces and fins, utilisation of heat pipes, cascaded storage, and direct heat transfer techniques, are also discussed in detail. Additionally, a two‐dimensional heat transfer simulation model of an LHS system is developed using the control volume technique to solve the phase change problem. Furthermore, a three‐dimensional numerical simulation model of an LHS is built to investigate the quasi‐steady state and transient heat transfer in PCMs. Finally, several future research directions are provided.     

Numerical analysis of latent heat thermal energy storage using encapsulated phase change material for solar thermal power plant

Thermal energy storage improves the load stability and efficiency of solar thermal power plants by reducing fluctuations and intermittency inherent to solar radiation. This paper presents a numerical study on the transient response of packed bed latent heat thermal energy storage system in removing fluctuations in the heat transfer fluid (HTF) temperature during the charging and discharging period. The packed bed consisting of spherical shaped encapsulated phase change materials (PCMs) is integrated in an organic Rankine cycle-based solar thermal power plant for electricity generation. A comprehensive numerical model is developed using flow equations for HTF and two-temperature non-equilibrium energy equation for heat transfer, coupled with enthalpy method to account for phase change in PCM. Systematic parametric studies are performed to understand the effect of mass flow rate, inlet charging system, storage system dimension and encapsulation of the shell diameter on the dynamic behaviour of the storage system. The overall effectiveness and transient temperature difference in HTF temperature in a cycle are computed for different geometrical and operational parameters to evaluate the system performance. It is found that the ability of the latent heat thermal energy storage system to store and release energy is significantly improved by increasing mass flow rate and inlet charging temperature. The transient variation in the HTF temperature can be effectively reduced by decreasing porosity.