浅谈高校有机化学实验教学改革

有机化学实验是有机化学教学过程的重要组成部分。有机化学实验课程的开设不仅可以帮助学生学好化学知识,培养学生的创新意识和实践能力,还可以增强学生的环保意识,提高学生的综合素质。鉴于目前教学中存在的诸多问题,亟需对有机化学实验教学进行改革。本文在总结高校有机化学实验教学现状的基础上,提出了课程教学改革的主要内容和具体实施措施,为今后有机化学实验教学开展提供良好借鉴。     

有机化学兴趣教学法的探索与实践

有机化学是众多理工科院校开设的课程之一。提高对有机化学的学习兴趣能帮助学生学好有机化学。结合教学经验提出在日常教学中提高有机化学学习兴趣的一些教学方法。     

提高医学有机化学教学质量的几点思考

医学有机化学对医科类学生来说是一门非常重要的基础课程,学好这门课对后续专业课程的学习具有重要意义.笔者就在教学中发现的一些问题,提出如何提高医学有机化学教学质量的几点思考.     

有机化合物结构推断的思路探讨

学好有机化学,正确推断出有机化合物的结构,关键在于要正确了解并掌握物质的化学性质以及各类化合物之间的相互转化的规律及官能团之间转化的条件。结合自己的教学经验对烯烃、炔烃、芳香烃、卤代烃、醚和醛酮的结构推断思路做了简单的介绍,为学生学好有机化学提供一些宝贵的意见。     

羰基化合物结构推断的思路探讨

学好有机化学,正确推断出有机化合物的结构,关键在于要正确了解并掌握物质的化学性质以及各类化合物之间的相互转化的规律及官能团之间转化的条件。结合自己的学习经验对醛酮的结构推断思路做了简单的介绍,为学生学好有机化学提供一些宝贵的意见。     

基于微信平台的生物工程专业有机化学课程改革模式的探索

高校有机化学作为化学与生物工程各专业知识体系的重要组成部分,是生物工程等专业学生的必修基础课,熟练掌握该课程知识可以为生物工程专业学生后续其他专业课程学习服务,因此掌握相关的有机化学知识成为了学好生物工程其他专业课的很大前提。本文通过导入微信平台用以辅助有机化学的课程教学,探讨了生物工程有机化学的课程改革和实践,以采用更多种教学手段,激发学生对于有机化学学科学习的兴趣,提高学生对于该学科的学习热情,并取得了很好教学效果。     

高校药学专业有机化学课程教学改革探索

有机化学是药学专业的专业核心课程,学好有机化学、保证教学质量是药学专业学生后续学习专业课程的根本。在实际教学中,学生普遍觉得有机化学难学、理解起来困难、知识运用起来薄弱。针对这些问题,笔者在有机化学教学过程中进行了一定的思考总结、改革探索,为后续提升有机化学教学质量提供一定的依据。     

从三大框架出发学好大学有机化学课程

对于多数学习大学有机化学课程的学生来说,掌握有机化学课程结构,熟悉有机化学课程内容,理清课程内容间的逻辑关系是学好有机化学的前提。但在实践教学中发现,大多数学生对于学习有机化学并没有明确的思路和方法。为了促进学生熟悉该课程,优化学习方法,本文将以有机化学教材内容为出发点,结合自身教学实践,提出利于学生学习有机化学课程内容的三大核心教学框架。     

模型及ChemBioOffice在有机化学实验中的应用

有机化学是药学专业非常重要又较难学习的一门专业基础课,认识有机化合物的结构是学好这门课程的基础,单纯平面教学无法深入地将分子的实际空间结构加以充分展示。通过在有机化学实验课中开设球棍模型搭建及Chem Bio Office软件应用这一内容,利用立体、形象的原子间的相对位置,可以促进学生迅速地理解、掌握化合物的立体结构,把握有机分子构成的基本方式,为后续的教学内容打下良好的基础。     

浅谈有机化学实验教学改革

有机化学实验是有机化学教学过程中的重要环节,能帮助学生学好化学知识并形成良好的化学思维习惯,因此我们致力于加强有机化学实验教学改革,对实验内容进行优化,调动学生学习的积极性和主动性,培养学生的创新意识和实践能力,提高独立院校毕业生的基本素质。     

Mechanisms Governing Anaphylaxis: Inflammatory Cells,Mediators, Endothelial Gap Junctions and Beyond

Anaphylaxis is a severe, acute, life-threatening multisystem allergic reaction resulting from the release of a plethora of mediators from mast cells culminating in serious respiratory, cardiovascular and mucocutaneous manifestations that can be fatal. Medications, foods, latex, exercise, hormones (progesterone), and clonal mast cell disorders may be responsible. More recently, novel syndromes such as delayed reactions to red meat and hereditary alpha tryptasemia have been described. Anaphylaxis manifests as sudden onset urticaria, pruritus, flushing, erythema, angioedema (lips, tongue, airways, periphery), myocardial dysfunction (hypovolemia, distributive or mixed shock and arrhythmias), rhinitis, wheezing and stridor. Vomiting, diarrhea, scrotal edema, uterine cramps, vaginal bleeding, urinary incontinence, dizziness, seizures, confusion, and syncope may occur. The traditional (or classical) pathway is mediated via T cells, Th2 cytokines (such as IL-4 and 5), B cell production of IgE and subsequent crosslinking of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils by IgE-antigen complexes, culminating in mast cell and basophil degranulation. Degranulation results in the release of preformed mediators (histamine, heparin, tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase, cathepsin G and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and of de novo synthesized ones such as lipid mediators (cysteinyl leukotrienes), platelet activating factor (PAF), cytokines and growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Of these, histamine, tryptase, cathepsin G, TNF-α, LTC₄, PAF and VEGF can increase vascular permeability. Recent data suggest that mast cell-derived histamine and PAF can activate nitric oxide production from endothelium and set into motion a signaling cascade that leads to dilatation of blood vessels and dysfunction of the endothelial barrier. The latter, characterized by the opening of adherens junctions, leads to increased capillary permeability and fluid extravasation. These changes contribute to airway edema, hypovolemia, and distributive shock, with potentially fatal consequences. In this review, besides mechanisms (endotypes) underlying IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, we also provide a brief overview of IgG-, complement-, contact system-, cytokine- and mast cell-mediated reactions that can result in phenotypes resembling IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Such classifications can lead the way to precision medicine approaches to the management of this complex disease.     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定唇膏中4种金属的含量

唇膏经微波消解,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定样品中铅、锰、铬、镉的含量。在优化的仪器工作条件下,质量浓度分别在32.0、8.0、8.0、8.0 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限分别为4.2、3.5、2.3、2.5μg/L,测得回收率在98%~103%之间,精密度分别为4.1%、3.6%、3.9%、2.7%。     

Hydrocarbon components of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly sex pheromone

The primary sex pheromone of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), was found to include a series of straight-chain hydrocarbon dienes, all with the double bonds in the 9 and 19 positions and all with the (Z, Z) configuration. The major components, of 29, 31, 33, 35, and 37 carbon atoms, were synthesized. In the field and the greenhouse, the synthetic dienes were far above control levels in activity but, at least during the first hours of bioassay, were somewhat less active than the female-derived materials on a weight basis. In the field, a mixture of all five synthetic dienes, in the proportions found in the females, was more attractive than any single one, on a mole basis. In addition, (Z, Z)-9,19 dienes of 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 39 carbons have been detected in females in minor amounts. The first five were bioassayed, and each was found to be similar in activity to the 35-carbon component when compared on a weight basis. The synthetic dienes, while active by themselves, were strongly synergized by two, more polar, Florisil fractions derived from females. Experimental design considerations are discussed.     

Organokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Critical Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. Organokines can produce beneficial or harmful effects in this condition. Among RA patients, organokines have been associated with increased inflammation and cartilage degradation due to augmented cytokines and metalloproteinases production, respectively. This study aimed to perform a review to investigate the role of adipokines, osteokines, myokines, and hepatokines on RA progression. PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane were searched, and 18 studies were selected, comprising more than 17,000 RA patients. Changes in the pattern of organokines secretion were identified, and these could directly or indirectly contribute to aggravating RA, promoting articular alterations, and predicting the disease activity. In addition, organokines have been implicated in higher radiographic damage, immune dysregulation, and angiogenesis. These can also act as RA potent regulators of cells proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, controlling osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts as well as immune cells chemotaxis to RA sites. Although much is already known, much more is still unknown, principally about the roles of organokines in the occurrence of RA extra-articular manifestations.     

Field evidence of synergism and inhibition in the sesiidae sex pheromone system

The E,Z, Z,Z, and Z,E geometric isomers of 3,13 octadecadien-1-ol acetate were used singly and in binary combinations to trap sesiids in Wisconsin cherry orchards. The Z,E isomer alone did not capture any sesiids. A synergistic effect, however, of Z,E onSynanthedon pictipes response to its pheromone E,Z was demonstrated for the first time. Strong inhibitory effects of the Z,Z isomer onS. pictipes response to E,Z, and of the E,Z isomer onS. scitula response to Z,Z, were found. As little as 0.5% of Z,Z in E,Z completely inhibited theS. pictipes response. This species' response was also reduced by 85% when Z,Z was evaporated at 4 points, each ca. 6 m from the pheromone trap. Consistencies and discrepancies of the data with relevant experimental results from other geographical areas are briefly discussed.Lepidoptera: Sesiidae (=Aegeriidae), the clearwing moths.Research supported by the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, and by the Wisconsin Red Tart Cherry Ind. Market. Order.     

Soil nutrient depletion by agricultural production in Southern Mali

The degree of soil mining by agricultural production in Southern Mali is assessed by calculating nutrient balances: differences between the amount of plant nutrients exported from the cultivated fields, and those added to the fields. Export processes include extraction by crops, losses due to leaching, to erosion, and to volatilization and denitrification. Inputs include applications of fertilizer and manure, restitution of crop residues, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition of nutrients in rain and dust, and enrichment by weathering of soil minerals. Nutrient balances are calculated for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Both pessimistic and optimistic estimates are given.The resulting figures indicate, even when the most optimistic estimates are used, large deficits for nitrogen, potassium and magnesium. For the region as a whole, the calculated deficits are -25 kg N/ha,-20 kg K/ha, and -5 kg Mg/ha. Further, acidification is to be expected, in particular in areas where cotton is grown. The deficits are caused by traditional cereal crops, but also by cotton and especially by groundnut. The latter two crops are fertilized, but insufficiently. It is important to note, that the negative figures are not automatic recommendations for application of a specific amount of additional fertilizer. For phosphorus and calcium the balance of the region as a whole appears to be about in equilibrium, but locally large variations may occur.Erosion and denitrification are important causes of nutrient loss, accounting respectively for 17 and 22% of total nitrogen exports. Atmospheric deposition and weathering of minerals in the soil are still important nutrient inputs that contribute as much as nutrients as organic and mineral fertilizer combined. Nutrient depletion is very large in comparison to the amount of fertilizer applied. Drastic options, such as doubling the application of fertilizer or manure, or halving erosion losses, even if feasible, would still not be enough to make up for the calculated deficits.The annual value of withdrawn nutrients, if related to prices of fertilizers, varies between 10,000 and 15,000 FCFA/ha (40-60 US $/ha). Since the estimated average gross margin from farming in this area is 34,000 FCFA/ha (123 US $/ha), soil mining appears to provide an amount equal to 40% of farmers' total income from agricultural activities.     

陶瓷名物探源二则

匋、陶、窑(窯)上古皆读成舌头音,意义又相通,实际为一个意义上先后产生的几个形体不同的字,先民以陶(匋)既称呼窑灶,又指窑灶出品之物,又指制作陶器;坏(坯)、瓶、瓬、瓿、甂、缶、钵、皿、杯(盃)、盆(瓫)均指窑灶所出之物或后世模仿窑灶出品之物,其字皆由重唇音演变而来,亦为同胞兄弟的同源词。     

典型过程强化技术在纳米材料制备中的应用进展

纳米材料被誉为21世纪的新材料,广泛应用于化工、电子、国防、陶瓷等领域.传统的纳米材料制备方法面临粒径控制较困难、批次间重复性差,存在放大效应等不足.过程强化技术是化学工程学科的研究前沿和热点方向之一,旨在通过在生产过程中采用新工艺、新设备等手段,实现缩减操作单元、减小设备体积、提高生产能力及能量利用效率的目的,是实现...     

木质素纳米颗粒的制备及其功能化应用研究进展

木质素是一种天然生物质资源,来源广泛,成本低廉。近年来,利用纳米技术将木质素制备成木质素功能化纳米颗粒极大推动了木质素的利用,同时显著解决了传统材料无法解决的突出问题。详细介绍了木质素功能化纳米颗粒的自组装法、机械法、聚合组装法、冻干炭化法等制备方法及其在催化剂、助剂、吸附剂、紫外防护和抗氧化、抗菌、载体材料、聚集诱导发光材料等领域的应用研究,展望了木质素纳米颗粒的应用前景。指出实现木质素纳米颗粒的可控制备、功能化修饰,将有利于推动木质素功能化纳米颗粒在环保、能源、催化和生物医学等领域的进一步应用。     

国内乙醛酸衍生产品的现状与展望(一)

本文结合国外情况对尿囊素、香兰素、乙基香兰素、对甲氧基苯甲醛、儿茶醛、胡椒醛、扁桃酸、二苯基乙酸、对羟基苯乙酸、苯并二呋喃酮系列化合物、苯甘氨酸、对羟基苯甘氨酸、泛酸钙、2-羟基喹(?)啉、2-羟基膦酰基乙酸等乙醛酸下游产品的国内市场与科研情况做了较详细地论述。预计,我国目前GA的总需求量约为9000t/a,消费构成大致为,苯甘氨酸类占42.3％、尿囊素占31.6％、芳香醛占20％、其它占6.1％,进口量约3000～4000t/a。