单晶铜线材载流摩擦磨损行为研究

在经改制过的MS-T3000摩擦磨损试验机上,以黄铜为摩擦副,对热型连铸技术制备的单晶铜进行载流摩擦磨损试验,研究了电流对单晶铜导线载流摩擦磨损行为的影响。结果表明:电流强度对单晶铜干摩擦磨损行为有显著影响。电流在0~15 A范围内,随着电流的增加,摩擦系数与磨损率变化基本一致,呈现先减少后增加的趋势。电流较小时,接触电阻也比较小且较稳定;电流高时,接触电阻比较大,波动剧烈,而且有电弧出现。单晶铜导线在带电条件下的主要磨损形式为磨粒磨损、粘着磨损以及以电化学作用为主的氧化磨损或腐蚀磨损。     

动载荷条件下紫铜／铬青铜受流摩擦磨损性能

以紫铜/铬青铜摩擦副为研究对象模拟受电弓与导线的服役条件,在HST100型销盘式高速载流试验机上考察了该材料在动载荷(按正弦规律加载)条件下受流摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:在动载荷条件下,电流是影响其摩擦磨损性能的重要因素.摩擦系数、磨损率均随电流的增大递增,但随着电流的进一步增加其增大趋势减缓;粘着磨损、电弧侵蚀、塑性变形是其主要的磨损形式.     

Cu-Cr合金电滑动摩擦磨损性能研究

对制备的Cu-Cr析出强化型铜合金在电磨损试验机上进行磨损试验,并用扫描电子显微镜观察材料的磨损表面形貌,用能谱仪对其磨损表面主要元素进行分析,然后探讨其磨损机制.结果表明,Cu-Cr合金的磨损率随滑行距离的增加而增加;磨损率随Cr含量的增加而减小,其中Cu-0.65Cr、Cu-0.76Cr合金的磨损率是Cu-0.86Cr合金磨损率的2～3倍;Cu-Cr合金的磨损机制以粘着磨损为主.     

高强高导Cu-Cr-Ag-Y合金的时效特征及其载流滑动磨损性能

对经过连续铸造、固溶和冷拉拔的Cu-Cr-Ag-Y合金进行时效处理,研究了时效工艺参数对合金组织和性能的影响,探讨了合金的时效特征,并在自制磨损试验机上对合金线材进行载流滑动磨损试验。结果表明:铜基体中球形第二相的均匀析出是合金综合性能提高的根本原因。Cu-0.6Cr-0.15Ag-0.03Y合金经450℃/4 h时效处理后可以获得较好的综合性能,其显微硬度与导电率达到245Hv和80.7%IACS。随着加载电流的增加,合金磨损量变大,其载流磨损机制为电侵蚀磨损、磨粒磨损和粘着磨损。     

Cu-Ag-Cr-Ce合金材料载流磨损行为的研究

用真空熔炼法制备了Cu-Ag-Cr-Ce合金,借助于载流磨损试验机对该合金的载流磨损行为进行了研究,利用扫描电镜对该合金载流磨损后线材表面的组织形貌进行观察.结果表明:Cu-Ag-Cr-Ce合金的磨损率随滑行距离和受电电流的增大而增大;其载流磨损的主要磨损机制为粘着磨损、磨粒磨损和电侵蚀磨损:在相同的载流磨损试验条件下,Cu-Ag-Cr-Ce合金材料的耐磨性优于Cu-Ag、Cu-Ag-Cr合金材料.     

载流条件下铜-石墨复合材料摩擦学性能研究

在载流高速摩擦磨损试验机上进行试验,研究了不同电流和速度对铜-石墨复合材料摩擦系数和磨损率的影响,并对摩擦表面的形貌进行了观察和分析。结果表明:电流、速度是影响铜-石墨复合材料载流摩擦磨损性能的重要因素。在速度一定的条件下,随着电流增大,铜-石墨复合材料的摩擦系数减小,磨损率增大;在电流一定的条件下,材料的摩擦系数随速度的增大先升高后降低,磨损率随速度的增大先升高后降低,然后迅速增大,在速度为40 m/s时,材料的磨损机制出现了明显的变化。     

内氧化法制备Al2O3/Cu复合材料的载流摩擦磨损特性

采用内氧化法制备了Al2O3／Cu复合材料，研究了复合材料在载流条件下的摩擦磨损特性，并进行了微观组织结构分析。结果表明：采用内氧化法制备的Al2O3／Cu复合材料，在铜基体中弥散分布着纳米级的Al2O3颗粒；载流条件下，该复合材料的抗摩擦磨损性能显著优于铬青铜合金；电流较小时具有磨粒磨损和粘着磨损的共同特征，电流较大时以粘着磨损为主。在试验范围内，电流比载荷对磨损率的影响显著。     

铜基粉末冶金材料载流摩擦学特性研究

以铜基粉末冶金材料/铬青铜为摩擦副,模拟电力机车接触网中受电弓滑板和导线的服役条件,在销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机上进行了载流摩擦学特性研究。研究表明,随着电流的增大,摩擦系数呈下降趋势,磨损率呈上升趋势。试验较低电流（40A和60A）条件下,摩擦表面形成一氧化层;试验较高电流（80A和100A）条件下,摩擦表面覆盖有熔融物。载流条件下,销试样材料表面不断发生氧化,较低电流时,摩擦表面覆盖着一层Fe的氧化物;较高电流时,试样由于表面温度更高,形成Cu的氧化物。     

碳纤维增强Ag-MoS2复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用MoS2、碳纤维(CF)及特种碳纤维(SCF)作为润滑相,制备3种固体润滑复合材料(Ag-2.5Cu-8MoS2、Ag-2.5Cu-8MoS2-3CF、Ag-2.5Cu-8MoS2-3SCF),对所得材料进行系统的摩擦磨损性能测试,重点关注各润滑相对材料摩擦磨损性能的影响规律。结果表明:独立采用MoS2作为润滑相时可使材料获得较好的摩擦磨损性能和较低的摩擦因数,其磨损率为24×10 14m3/(N.m),摩擦因数为0.122;添加碳纤维能提高材料的耐磨性能,其中添加特种碳纤维所得材料Ag-2.5Cu-8MoS2-3SCF的磨损率最低(4.08×10 14m3/(N.m)),其耐磨性能比Ag-2.5Cu-8MoS2的提高了6倍,但添加碳纤维显著增加了材料的摩擦因数,测试过程发现加入碳纤维后材料的摩擦因数由0.122分别升至0.154(CF)和0.167(SCF)。由于特种碳纤维材料较高的硬度(319.369 HV)和较好的耐磨性以及MoS2较好的润滑性能,采用特种碳纤维和MoS2对银基材料进行复相润滑可使材料获得较好的综合摩擦磨损性能。     

电流和摩擦速度对输电材料磨损性能的影响

在载流高速摩擦磨损试验机上进行磨损试验,研究了速度和电流对输电材料(纯铜)磨损性能的影响,并对摩擦表面形貌进行了观察。结果表明:在一定速度条件下,电流增大,纯铜的摩擦系数减小,磨损率增大;在一定电流条件下,速度增大,纯铜的摩擦系数和磨损率都增大;在电流和速度的影响下,摩擦表面呈现粘着、塑性变形及氧化磨损特征。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。