六轴联动电火花加工数控系统的研究

为了解决六轴联动电火花加工数控系统软硬件的设计难题，以可编程多轴控制器为运动控制器，提出了基于开放式体系结构进行六轴联动电火花加工数控系统的硬件体系结构。为了提高软件系统中与加工过程密切相关的实时任务的实时性能，基于实时Linux操作系统，实现了数控系统软件中的运动控制任务和放电状态检测任务等实时性要求较强的任务。此外，还进行了Linux平台上可编程多轴控制器的设备驱动程序、数控代码解释模块、图形用户界面和工艺数据库的设计。该系统能很好地解决六轴联动电火花机床运动控制精度要求较高、需要控制的轴数较多等设计难点。     

影像测量系统中运动干扰图像的复原方法研究

影像测量系统的精度很大程度上取决于采集到的图像质量.在用摄像机获取待测工件图像时,由于运动控制系统或其他原因引起的扰动,在相机曝光期间使待测工件和摄像机之间存在相对运动,这将导致摄得的图像发生运动模糊,从而影响图像处理和测量的精度.文章研究图像的运动模糊机理以及采用Wiener滤波方法对模糊图像进行了复原试验.     

Contactless interferometric incremental measurement technique

This paper presents a measurement technique which makes it possible to scan varying interference patterns by using the incremental procedure (forward-backward counting method). The essence of this procedure is that the primary interference pattern is scanned point-shaped (with a very small detector area) and in a locally identical way. The quarter-wave phase shift is realised by polarisation-optical means. By using this measurement procedure one may use plane measuring mirrors without being forced to guide them strictly in parallel. Besides, the contactless scanning of plane and curved surfaces will be possible.     

一种铁路接触网激光测量系统

本文介绍了利用距离传感器、角度传感器、位移传感器、CCD摄像机和嵌入式数据处理技术实现对铁路接触网几何参数进行测量的激光测量系统.本文叙述了测量系统的组成和测量原理,详细介绍了系统的数学模型和误差分析,并对铁路接触网主要测量参数的不确定度进行了分析和评定.与以往的测量方式相比,此测量系统可进行方位向旋转,从而对铁路接触网的测量参数更全、速度更快,测量精度可达±5mm.     

激光共焦透镜曲率半径测量系统

基于共焦技术独特的轴向层析定焦能力并结合气浮导轨平移台和激光干涉仪测长系统,研制了一套高精度、非接触激光共焦透镜曲率半径测量系统。该系统利用共焦轴向光强响应曲线的峰值点对应系统物镜聚焦焦点这一特性,使用峰值点对被测透镜的猫眼位置及共焦位置进行精确定位,并结合激光干涉仪获得透镜猫眼位置及共焦位置坐标值,从而计算得到透镜的曲率半径。系统由主控软件控制气浮导轨带动被测透镜在猫眼位置及共焦位置附近进行扫描测量,并实现信号采集和数据处理。实验表明,利用该系统测量透镜的曲率半径时,测量重复性优于2 μm,满足国内高精度透镜曲率半径测量的精度需求。该系统测量速度快、操作简便、结构简单且易于实现小型化。     

一种新型LCD运动模糊的测量分析系统

液晶显示器的运动模糊程度通常可以采用"运动图像响应时间(MPRT)"来表示,它已经被写入了VESA的平板显示器测量标准当中。本文建立了一种简单精确的运动模糊测量分析系统代替了复杂昂贵的追逐相机系统,该系统可以精确地测量液品亮度响应曲线(LCRC),并利用采集曲线根据人眼的平滑追踪和时域积分特性准确地仿真出所感知到的运动模糊图像。通过对阶跃LCRC进行一帧时间窗口卷积,直接计算MPRT。最后通过测量计算和视觉感知实验验证了仿真模型的准确性和系统的精确度。     

干涉测量低频水下声源频率的改进算法

为了实现低频段水下发生目标频率的准确识别,搭建了一套激光干涉测量系统。在相位生成载波解调技术的基础上,提出了一种改进的基于相位生成载波反正切算法的解调方式。在光学暗室下利用分立光学元件搭建了一套干涉实验系统,在参考光路引入水面波动作为高频载波,利用水表面漫反射的主反光与参考光干涉获得干涉信号。以相位生成载波解调技术的反正切算法为基础,引入高频载波信号的一倍和二倍正弦混频。通过功率比较的算法在两组正交信号当中筛选功率较强的一组进行解调,避免了载波初相位导致的正交信号消隐引起的解调失真。最后,在模拟的低频大幅度海浪扰动情况下进行了探测实验,取得了良好的解调效果。实验结果表明:水下声源的低频探测下限约为30 Hz;100Hz以上频段的频率探测精度优于1Hz。改进的反正切解调算法能够避免解调失真,具有很强的抗干扰能力。     

Nanobalance: an automated interferometric balance for micro-thrust measurement

The paper is concerned with a new instrument, nanobalance, measuring thrust and noise of space micro-thrusters in the range 0-1 mN with submicronewton accuracy. Low-noise micro-thrusters will be essential for upcoming "drag-free" space missions like GOCE, SMART-2, LISA, and Darwin. Nanobalance departs from traditional thrust measuring concepts so as to exploit sensitivity of in-vacuum Fabry-Pérot interferometers to subnanometric displacements. That is achieved by an optical cavity embraced by two equal pendulums suspended at a constant distance, one of which carrying the micro-thruster under test. Any thrust, changing the optical path length of the injected laser beam, is detected as the frequency variation restoring a standing wave in the cavity. The paper presents the measurement principles, the error budget as derived from recent tests as well as instrument automation, which is essential for facilitating instrument setup and adaptation from measurement trial to trial. The authors are responsible for instrument automation and measurement processing.     

Development of surface reconstruction algorithms for optical interferometric measurement

Optical interferometry is a powerful tool for measuring and characterizing areal surface topography in precision manufacturing. A variety of instruments based on optical interferometry have been developed to meet the measurement needs in various applications, but the existing techniques are simply not enough to meet the ever-increasing requirements in terms of accuracy, speed, robustness, and dynamic range, especially in on-line or on-machine conditions. This paper provides an in-depth perspective of surface topography reconstruction for optical interferometric measurements. Principles, configurations, and applications of typical optical interferometers with different capabilities and limitations are presented. Theoretical background and recent advances of fringe analysis algorithms, including coherence peak sensing and phase-shifting algorithm, are summarized. The new developments in measurement accuracy and repeatability, noise resistance, self-calibration ability, and computational efficiency are discussed. This paper also presents the new challenges that optical interferometry techniques are facing in surface topography measurement. To address these challenges, advanced techniques in image stitching, on-machine measurement, intelligent sampling, parallel computing, and deep learning are explored to improve the functional performance of optical interferometry in future manufacturing metrology.     

距离法运动目标激光跟踪测量系统的研究

运动目标空间位置坐标激光跟踪测量是计量测试领域的前沿课题。该测量系统集激光干涉测距、光电检测、精密机械、计算机及控制系统和现代数值计算于一体 ,对空间运动目标进行跟踪并实时测量其坐标和姿态。采用多个激光干涉仪进行冗余设计 ,仅通过测量距离的变化量而不需要测量角度量 ,就可以通过解最小二乘方程组计算出被测点的坐标。文中论述了纯距离法跟踪测量的数学模型、系统的光路设计以及基于 PID控制方法的跟踪控制系统 ,并完成了平面内运动物体的跟踪及测量可行性实验     

基于PSD的激光跟踪测量控制系统研究

针对空间点坐标的测量问题,对激光跟踪仪、双站式经纬仪及多站式全站仪等坐标测量系统等方面进行了研究,对坐标测量原理进行了归纳,基于三角法设计了一种新型PSD激光跟踪测量系统,介绍了工作原理与实现流程,设计了应用于该测量系统的控制系统。工控机IPC、运动控制卡PCI-8134组成上位机控制系统,陀螺仪MPU6050采集角度信息、PSD处理器将数据放大、AD7606将模拟量转成数字量处理、射频模块NRF24L01发送和接收数据信息,配合嵌入式微处理器STM32进行了数据处理,共同组成了下位机数据采集系统。实验结果表明,该控制系统稳定可靠,基本满足大尺寸坐标测量的要求,并成功应用于激光跟踪测量系统。     

MEMS in-plane motion/vibration measurement system based CCD camera

We report on the development of a vibrometer for in-plane motion which is particularly suitable for Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) samples. The system combines a conventional microscope, coherent electronics and a Full Frame CCD camera. Stroboscope lighting allows the system to freeze the motion. The obtained images correspond to different phases of the sample motion. Different subpixel motion measurement algorithms are compared in terms of precision and computation time. An algorithm that we specially design for this application proved to be the best. It is based on the shift Fourier theorem and uses first harmonics, where most energy is present. Thus the system allows computing the phase and magnitude of the sample displacement. With the system we can obtain a measurement resolution of 100 pm demonstrated on the AFM cantilever vibrations measurement. The effect of the edge roughness was studied. It decreases the performance of the algorithm but roughness is very low on most MEMS applications. This method based on a CCD camera, is very well suited for measuring in-plane MEMS vibration since it does not require surface roughness for scattering the light as with the speckle methods (for example). It can quickly obtain full field motion, with a high precision. Furthermore, the used algorithm is simple, fast and very noise insensitive.     

Optimization of rotations for six-axis machining

Five-axis machines with three translational and two rotation axes are becoming increasingly popular in serving the needs of the mass production industry due to their ability to handle geometrically complex workpieces using the rotational axes. Theoretically, the combination of the five axes offers a minimal number of the degrees of freedom required to transport the tool into a prescribed spatial position and establish a required orientation. However, the rotation axes lead to an inevitable nonlinearity of the tool tip trajectory and the so-called kinematics errors appearing due to the specific kinematics of the machine. Eventually, one arrives at an interesting question. Is it possible to compensate this error by introducing an additional rotation axis? In other words, ??does an additional rotation axis offer any optimization benefits in the sense of the above mentioned error??? In this paper, we answer this question positively by analyzing a hypothetical six-axis milling machine with two rotation axes on the table and one additional rotation axis on the tool. The sixth axis is build on the top of the existing five-axis machine MAHO600E by Deckel Gildemeister. We present an extension of an optimization algorithm developed earlier by the authors for five-axis machining based on an optimal angle sequencing (the shortest path optimization). The extension is a combination of the shortest path strategy and the use of the additional axis. The algorithm leads to an increase in the machining accuracy, in particular, for rough milling. Numerical experiments and cutting by a virtual six-axis machine built in Vericut 5.0 validates the results of the optimization. The proposed optimization procedure is capable of upgrading the existing five-axis G-codes to the case of six-axis machine.     

超静定六维力传感器静定测量模型及标定方法

针对一种预紧式超静定Stewart结构六维力传感器,通过综合考虑传感器的整体刚度和分支杆变形的位移协调关系,以简洁的解析表达式推导得到了包含中间预紧分支作用的广义外力与6个测量分支轴向力之间的全映射关系,建立了超静定六维力传感器的静定测量模型,并提出一种超静定六维力传感器的静定标定方法,进行了标定实验及测试研究.研究内容为解决超静定并联式结构的六维力传感器受力分析提供了新的途径,同时为超静定结构六维力传感器的标定研究奠定了理论和实验基础.     

Multiplexing optical fiber low coherence and high coherence interferometric system with large range and high resolution for on-line measurement

A novel optical fiber sensing system multiplexing low coherence interferometry and high coherence interferometry that is endowed with large range and high resolution and is stabilized for on-line measurement is presented. An optical fiber Michelson interferometer performing measurement task in the system works in both modes of low coherence interferometry and high coherence interferometry simultaneously by employing a broadband light source and a fiber Bragg grating as an in-fiber reflective mirror. The amplitude of the measurand is determined by the low coherence interferometry while the value of the measurand is measured by the high coherence interferometry. Another optical fiber Michelson interferometer which is incorporated with the one performing measurement task stabilizes the sensing system for on-line measurement by exploiting an electronic feedback loop to reduce the influences that are resulted from environmental disturbances. The measurement range is 6 mm and the measurement uncertainty is less than 2 nm.     

干涉光谱法的氢气遥测系统设计

基于傅里叶变换光谱法原理,针对现有的傅里叶变换光谱仪结构,提出了一种基于干涉光谱法遥测氢的系统设计方案。采用石英碘钨灯作为光源,设计了一套完整的光学能量收集及干涉系统,满足了调校与测量的双重需求。利用LightTools对该系统进行了光学仿真,然后在MATLAB下对模拟接收器接收的光强度值进行了数据处理与分析。结果表明,采用该方案可以很好地对氢气进行远距离检测。最后,阐述了该系统对于其它推进剂检测的适用性。     

基于多维摄像系统的人体上肢动态测量

由三架或三架以上普通摄像机、运动学分析软件APAS以及标定框架等构成多维摄像系统。在建立上肢运动模型的基础上,对附着体表的人工标记点的运动进行跟踪测量,利用运动学分析软件APAS分析得到标记点的空间运动坐标,通过设计优化算法程序获得人体上肢的空间运动参数。     

相移干涉测量中相移误差的自修正

分析了相移干涉测量过程中相移误差产生的原因,研究了基于迭代最小二乘算法的相移误差修正法,实现了任意两幅干涉图间相对移相量的计算和自适应校正.基于光、机、电、算四系统,实现任意步长的3幅以上干涉图像的采集,用迭代最小二乘法计算任意两幅干涉图间的相对移相量,然后将其闭环反馈至硬件相移系统,自动修正相移步长为给定量的特征相移值,从而完成干涉仪相移误差的自修正.构建了相移误差自校正系统,通过实际干涉测量验证了算法的正确性和相移误差自修正系统的可行性.结果表明,自适应修正后相移量相对误差＜5％,面形RMS测量重复性＜λ/1 000,实现了高精度、高效率的相移误差自适应修正.     

锥形内表面干涉测量误差分析

为了实现对回转锥形内表面的形貌精密测量,分析了干涉测量中误差产生的原因,明确了误差对测量结果造成的影响。通过在圆柱坐标系下建立数学模型,推导出偏移误差和角度误差的数学公式,并对误差公式进行分析。结果表明:圆锥反射镜的偏移量和顶角的加工误差都会造成光程差;当偏移量极小时,光程差与反射镜偏移量成线性关系;光程差对于角度误差非常敏感,为了保证测量精度,需要严格控制圆锥反射镜的顶角大小。     

A digital radio interferometric data acquisition system

Results of designing a P1002M 16-channel digital radio interferometric signal conversion complex, which records data with a rate of up to 2048 Mbit/s in the VSI-H format, are presented. The frequency band varies from 100 to 1000 MHz. The bandwidths vary from 0.5 to 32.0 MHz. The P1002M system is compatible with analog data acquisition systems installed on radio telescopes of the Kvazar-KVO complex. The manufactured P1002M prototype is intended for installing on a PT-70 radio telescope (town of Ussuriisk).