利用异形像元探测器的超分辨成像方法

随着光学成像全面进入光电数字成像时代,大多数成像系统的空间分辨率受限于探测器,所以提高探测器分辨率成为高分辨光电成像系统中的核心问题。而探测器的低分辨率主要是由于低采样频率和像元感光区的孔径效应而造成。最直接的解决方法就是减小像元尺寸,但会降低其他性能参数;针对最主要的限制因素——采样频率不足,目前多采用基于过采样原理的超分辨重建技术,通过提高探测器采样的频率来提高探测器的空间分辨率,但是其提升效果受到像元孔径效应的制约。为了进一步提高探测器受限的成像系统的空间分辨率,提出一种基于异形像元探测器的超分辨成像方法,将两列线阵异形像元探测器亚像元推扫实现像元细分,然后利用两列探测器所输出的灰度矩阵信息,重建出最终的高分辨图像。并分别通过理论评估和具体实验两方面验证该方法可以同时提高探测器的采样频率和截止频率,拓展带宽,从而实现高分辨率的目的。     

基于亚像元CCD几何超分辨方法研究

摘要:为了在现有CCD像元尺寸的基础上提高CCD像元分辨力,对CCD几何超分辨问题进行了研究。从研究现状入手,给出了现有算法及其存在的不足,建立了亚像元超分辨成像数学模型,提出了基于亚像元的CCD几何超分辨方法：两片线阵CCD集成在同一器件中,在线阵方向上错开半个像元,同时读出时间减半,最终交织重组图像数据,以合成高分辨率图像。利用MATLAB7.0.1软件对双线性插值方法及亚像元成像方法进行了仿真,并定性定量地比较两种方法的效果。结果显示：亚像元方法合成图像分辨率约为低分辨率图像的2倍,且PSNR比双线性插值图像高0.2dB。该方法可以实时合成高分辨率图像,显著地减轻欠采样引起的图像模糊。     

亚像元的CCD几何超分辨方法

为了在现有CCD像元尺寸的基础上提高CCD像元分辨力,对CCD几何超分辨问题进行了研究.从研究现状入手,给出了现有算法及其不足,建立了亚像元超分辨成像数学模型,提出了亚像元的CCD几何超分辨方法.该方法将两片线阵CCD集成在同一器件中,在线阵方向上错开半个像元,同时读出时间减半,最终交织重组图像数据,以合成高分辨率图像.利用MATLAB 7.0.1软件对双线性插值方法及亚像元成像方法进行了仿真,并定性定量地分析了两种方法的效果.结果显示:亚像元方法合成图像分辨率约为低分辨率图像的2倍,且两组仿真图像中的PSNR比双线性插值图像分别高出1.486 4 dB和2.207 0 dB.该方法可以显著地减轻欠采样引起的图像模糊,且实时性优于双线性插值方法.     

无源毫米波成像投影Landweber多重网格超分辨算法

在无源毫米波成像应用中,由于天线孔径大小的限制而导致获得的图像有可怜的分辨率,因此必须采取有效的后处理措施增强图像的分辨率。本文提出了一种针对无源毫米波成像应用的投影Landweber多重网格超分辨算法,该算法以投影Landweber算法作为主迭代过程,通过逐步频域内插避免了频谱混叠,从而实现频谱外推和超分辨。实验结果表明,该算法改善了收敛速度,增强了图像的分辨率,减少了计算量,有利于无源毫米波成像超分辨的实时实现。     

利用异形像元探测器提高空间分辨率

为了解决光电系统成像中探测器分辨率低的问题,针对造成探测器分辨率低的两大主要因素-采样率不足及感光区域的低通滤波效应,提出一种基于异形像元探测器的超分辨成像方法.综合现有的超分辨重建技术和减少像元尺寸方法的优缺点,将现有的探测器矩形像元逐一"变形",去除同一位置1/4象限;利用该异形像元探测器阵列获取一序列相互错位1/2像元的欠采样图像;最后利用图像算法计算出这些图像的灰度矩阵信息,重建最终的高分辨图像.该方法可同时提高探测器的采样频率和截止频率,拓展带宽,从而实现高分辨率成像.为了验证该方法的有效性,在试验中选取填充因子100%的46 μm×46 μm中波红外探测器,利用焦距为6 000 mm、口径为600 mm的红外平行光管和焦距为50 mm的中波红外镜头成像,如果不采用任何技术,物方分辨率为11.04 mm;过采样技术可将分辨率提高1.60倍,物方分辨率为6.9 mm;而采用异形像元探测器超分辨成像方法,在试验中将每个像元都抠掉23 μm×23 μm后, 物方分辨率为3.1 mm.     

有序金纳米棒阵列的超分辨成像

显微成像技术受限于光学成像系统的衍射极限，无法分辨亚波长尺度的结构。通过饱和散射抑制成像技术已经实现了单个纳米颗粒的超分辨成像，但是涉及到纳米颗粒集合，需要考虑纳米颗粒间的耦合作用。利用超越衍射极限的双光束方法，可以在有序金纳米棒阵列上实现远场超分辨光学成像。本文设计了纳米棒长径比为2的5×5金纳米棒阵列，通过矢量光场理论和热扩散理论计算了金纳米棒阵列在连续波激光下的热分布，并模拟了双光束激光即脉冲激发光和连续波抑制光下的散射成像。仿真结果显示，连续波激光能够有效抑制金纳米棒阵列对脉冲激光的散射，双光束方法实现了80 nm横向特征尺寸的超分辨成像。     

面向超分辨光学成像的浸没微球透镜控制

微球透镜配合传统光学显微镜可以采集到衍射极限以下的超分辨光学图像,为了精确控制微球透镜在样品表面的位置,同时扩大超分辨成像范围,提出了一种控制微球透镜的方法,结合多轴微动平台实现微球透镜的精确定位与成像扫描操作。通过光学仿真分析了微球透镜超分辨成像效果,并对精密微动平台进行了运动学分析。为了提高超分辨成像效果,将微球透镜浸没于液体介质中,并对在液体中运动的微球透镜进行力学分析。通过实验,清晰分辨出130nm(~λ/4)的蓝光光碟条纹间隙,证明了微球透镜具有超分辨成像能力,结果表明,微球透镜可以在传统光学显微镜的基础上进一步提高约3.52倍的放大倍数。通过控制微球透镜以5×10~(-6) m/s的速度在液体中按"S"型轨迹移动,实现了对一个视场内样品的超分辨成像,此控制方法可以精确控制微球透镜的运动,通过扫描的方式可以扩大微球透镜的观测范围,提高观测速度。     

基于超分辨图像复原的显微圆孔孔径测量方法

为提高圆孔的光学显微测量准确性,研究了基于超分辨图像复原的显微圆孔孔径测量方法。该方法通过超分辨图像复原处理圆孔显微图像,提高了传统光学显微系统对圆孔成像的分辨率,确定了以超分辨复原图像灰度值为0.399作为圆孔物理边缘判据,实现对圆孔边缘的准确探测。理论分析表明该方法可准确测量微米级及以上直径圆孔。核孔膜孔径测量实验中,由二值化图像得到孔径测量结果为6.35μm(测量不确定度为0.08μm),与扫描电镜测量结果6.268μm(测量不确定度为0.083μm)相符,测量误差仅0.08μm。该技术有助于实现对圆孔形状的快速、准确在线测量。     

光学超分辨理论与实用化前景

论述了超分辨光学的一些新理论,叙述了衍射光栅显微镜、超分辨光学头、超分辨光刻技术以及合成孔径、超微粒干涉等的原理,评价了这些超分辨技术的实用化前景。     

利用普通CCD实现百万帧/秒超高速成像的时序驱动技术

提出了基于普通CCD的掩模式成像技术来大幅提高CCD的图像获取速度,实现百万帧/秒的CCD时序驱动方法。介绍了加掩模后CCD的工作过程,利用掩模把普通CCD的光敏区划分为带有存储区的像素阵列,实现了普通CCD的片上存储功能。分析了利用普通CCD实现百万帧/秒超高帧频的时序驱动方法,掩模形状决定了帧速,帧数和图像的分辨率。对系统的时序结构、电荷转移方式和驱动电路进行了说明,通过特殊驱动电路和图像处理软件设计实现了百万帧/秒的超高帧频。最后,对驱动时序进行了仿真和实验验证。采用条状孔阵列掩模,基于普通CCD图像传感器进行了百万帧/秒工作速度的验证,获得了14幅79pixel×79pixel的图像,其帧频达到200×104 frame/s。文章所述技术具有一定的通用性。     

受限MUSIC法在雷达中的应用

分析了用“受限MUSIC法”对多目标的检测,对它应用于高频地波雷达的情况,进行了建模和仿真,仿真结果表明,受限“MUSIC算法”可以有效将相干的信号与海杂波分辨开来。     

Frequency Domain TOA Estimation Algorithm Based on Cross-HOC

High-Order Cumulants(HOC)and cross-correlation was combined to suppress the Gaussian color noises and the un-related noises in real applications.The cross-HOC TOA estimation model was developed based on the diagonal slice of the forth-cross-cumulant.The eigen analysis was carried out,and the eigen noise space and the eigen signal space was achieved.Then the Frequency Domain TOA estimation algorithm based on Cross-HOC was developed.Different simulation experiments were carried out to draw out the conclusions.     

Axial Superresolution by Oblique Two-Dimensional Nondiffracting cos Beam Illumination

Nondiffracting cos beams may be used in the object space of an optical microscope for causing a nonuniform illumination. This irradiance distribution consists in a set of equidistant plane maxima, and therefore the light radiated by the sample decays in its neighborhood. We propose to observe over an object plane coinciding with one of these illumination peaks, which results in a superresolving axial effect. For that purpose, illumination and detection should be oblique processes, and a computer-assisted z-scanning process is needed in order to access the axial structure of a thick object.     

Imaging nanometre-scale structure in cells using in situ aberration correction

Accurate distance measurements of cellular structures on a length scale relevant to single macromolecules or macromolecular complexes present a major challenge for biological microscopy. In addition to the inherent challenges of overcoming the limits imposed by the diffraction of light, cells themselves are a complex and poorly understood optical environment. We present an extension of the high-resolution colocalization method to measure three dimensional distances between diffraction-limited objects using standard widefield fluorescence microscopy. We use this method to demonstrate that in three dimensions, cells intrinsically introduce a large and variable amount of chromatic aberration into optical measurements. We present a means of correcting this aberration in situ [termed 'Colocalization and In-situ Correction of Aberration for Distance Analysis' (CICADA)] by exploiting the fact that there is a linear relationship between the degree of aberration between different wavelengths. By labelling a cellular structure with redundantly multi-colour labelled antibodies, we can create an intracellular fiducial marker for correcting the individual aberrations between two different wavelengths in the same cells. Our observations demonstrate that with suitable corrections, nanometre scale three-dimensional distance measurements can be used to probe the substructure of macromolecular complexes within cells.     

Resolution beyond the Rayleigh limit using beam displacement

Two fluorescence microscope systems which claim to achieve resolution beyond the Rayleigh limit have recently been described. These systems operate using two displaced beams focused on the sample and produce the image from the region of overlap. We describe an analogous system, which performs in a similar manner but does not rely on fluorescence. The imaging performance of these systems is analysed and we show that they all give improved resolution although, crucially, the optical bandwidth is not increased. These systems merely attenuate the lower spatial frequencies and, although such systems can be useful and operate in a manner analogous to pupil plane filters, it is important to appreciate that they do not offer true superresolution, contrary to the impression given in previous papers.     

Practical limitations of superresolution imaging due to conventional sample preparation revealed by a direct comparison of CLSM,SIM and dSTORM

We evaluate the suitability of conventional sample preparation and labelling methods for two superresolution techniques, structured illumination microscopy and direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, by a comparison to established confocal laser scanning microscopy. We show that SIM is compatible with standard fixation procedures and immunofluorescence labelling protocols and improves resolution by a factor of two compared to confocal laser scanning microscopy. With direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, fluorophores can theoretically be localized with much higher precision. However, in practice, with indirect immunofluorescence labelling density can be insufficient due to the bulky probes to reveal biological structures with high resolution. Fine structures like single actin fibres are in fact resolved with direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy when using small affinity probes, but require proper adjustment of the fixation protocol. Finally, by a direct comparison of immunofluorescent and genetic labelling with fluorescent proteins, we show that target morphology in direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy data sets can differ significantly depending on the labelling method and the molecular environment of the target.