电石渣制备纳米碳酸钙时预处理方式对产品的影响

以电石渣为原料,采用联钙法制备纳米碳酸钙,具体考察了氯化铵铵化和盐酸氨水铵化两种预处理方式对产品的影响,结果表明,电石渣分别经过氯化铵铵化和盐酸氨水铵化预处理后,碳化均能制备出符合国家标准的纳米碳酸钙。氯化铵预处理时,氯化铵与电石渣最佳质量比为1.5：1。盐酸氨水铵化预处理最佳条件为盐酸调节电石渣溶液pH值至8,氨水与电石渣最佳质量比为2：1（以28%氨水计）。电石渣分别在两种预处理方式最佳条件下处理碳化制备纳米碳酸钙的收率、纯度和白度差异较小。氯化铵氨化预处理电石渣处理制备纳米碳酸钙更经济实用。     

反应温度对电石渣合成纳米碳酸钙形貌的影响

为了提高电石渣的附加值,在未使用晶型诱导剂的情况下,研究反应温度对电石渣合成纳米碳酸钙形貌的影响。结果表明:反应温度为3、8℃时,分别生成板片状和类球状方解石型碳酸钙;温度为10、80℃时,分别生成球状球霰石型碳酸钙和针状文石型碳酸钙,且球状、类球状和针状碳酸钙纳米颗粒的平均颗粒粒径分别为90、70、80 nm。     

用电石废渣制备纳米碳酸钙的研究

利用电石废渣制备得到了不同形貌的纳米级碳酸钙晶体。实验过程包括:电石废渣经过提纯后制成CaCl2溶液,然后在一定条件下和(NH4)2CO3溶液反应。在添加剂存在的情况下,制备出了纳米级碳酸钙晶体。并对反应条件如物料的浓度、反应温度、添加剂种类及作用机理进行探讨,确定了用电石废渣生产纳米碳酸钙的最佳方法,即控制温度为25℃,物料浓度为1.5mol/L,使用自制水溶性高分子添加剂,得到立方形碳酸钙,使用硼砂等可得到链状碳酸钙,添加醇类有机物可得到针状碳酸钙。     

汉白玉废料制备球形纳米碳酸钙的研究

将汉白玉废料通过高温煅烧分解得到氧化钙,再用氯化铵循环液溶解氧化钙制得碱性氯化钙溶液,除去其中的Mg、Fe等杂质得到氯化钙精制溶液,利用化学方法合成得到碳酸钙粉体.用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)及激光粒度分析仪、白度仪对碳酸钙产品的晶相组成、形貌、粒度分布、白度及化学组成进行了分析,所得产品为纯度达98.5%以上、白度达97%以上、平均粒度为80nm左右的球形纳米级碳酸钙.并对碳化反应速率及合成球形纳米碳酸钙的影响因素进行了分析.实验中循环使用NH4Cl,氨的排放量小,减少了环境污染.     

纳米碳酸钙制备过程中添加剂作用机理探讨

采用鼓泡碳化法 ,在最佳反应温度、反应物浓度的条件下 ,考察了添加剂对产物形状及粒径大小的影响 ,得到了直径为 2 0～ 30nm、长径比在 2 0左右且分散性能良好的针状纳米碳酸钙 ,并对添加剂作用机理进行了分析。     

温石棉尾矿活化产物制备纳米SiO_2实验研究

为了减少温石棉尾矿的大量丢弃而造成环境污染与资源浪费,以青海芒崖温石棉尾矿的活化产物为原料,采用碳化法制备纳米二氧化硅,研究Na2SiO3溶液浓度、碳化时间、碳化温度、碳化终点pH值及表面改性剂用量对纳米SiO2形成的影响。采用X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱分析及扫描电镜对制备的纳米SiO2样品的物相、化学成分及颗粒形貌进行表征。结果表明:当Na2SiO3溶液浓度为0.6 mol/L、碳化时间50 min、反应温度为70℃、碳化终点pH值为8.5左右、表面改性剂质量分数为0.6%时,可制备出粒度为50 nm左右的球状无定形纳米SiO2,且w(SiO2)=99%,同时,纳米SiO2的转化率达77%以上。     

碳酸钙的改性制备及表征

采用碳化法制备改性碳酸钙,考察了碳化温度、添加剂用量、Ca(OH)2浓度、CO_2浓度等关键工艺条件对碳酸钙粒径的影响,利用沉降法、比表面积、SEM、XRD等测试技术对产物进行了表征。结果表明:当碳化温度为50℃、添加剂用量为1%、CO_2浓度为100%、Ca(OH)2浓度为12%时,制备出了晶型为方解石型,平均粒径为4.82μm,粒度范围为2.71~6.95μm,比表面积为11.57m2·g-1的改性碳酸钙,同时对添加剂的作用机理进行了讨论。     

水氯镁石制备硅钢级氧化镁

以水氯镁石为原料,采用氨法沉镁-煅烧-添加剂的方法制备硅钢级氧化镁。考察了反应温度、反应pH值、陈化时间对中间体氢氧化镁纯度及转化率的影响;研究了煅烧温度和煅烧时间对氧化镁水化率的影响及添加剂的量对氧化镁悬浮性能的影响。控制实验条件为:反应温度55℃,pH值为9.5,陈化时间2h,煅烧温度1050℃,煅烧时间2h,添加剂量为0.8%,制得氧化镁的纯度为98.99%、水化率为2.92%、悬浮性能为3mm/h,达到硅钢级氧化镁的要求。     

碳化法制备片状碳酸钙的研究

初步探讨了快速碳化低固含氢氧化钙悬浮液制备片状碳酸钙的可行性,考察了初始固含率、分布器孔径、二氧化碳气量、温度等过程参数对产物形貌的影响,对碳化规律进行了初步分析,结果表明降低溶液pH值、强化CO₂吸收、维持较低的Ca²⁺/CT比值均利于片状产物的形成.最佳工艺条件为:悬浮液初始固含率<0.1％(m),分布器孔径0.7～15mm;CO₂气量100～400mL/min,温度20～30℃.     

粉煤灰?电石渣制浆矿化的固碳增强特性

为实现工业烟气中CO_2矿化固定减排与工业固废建材化利用的协同效应,本工作研究了粉煤灰-电石渣制浆矿化的固碳增强特性。实验考察了电石渣配比、养护温度以及矿化反应时间对胶凝试块抗压强度的影响规律。结果表明,电石渣配比为30%和养护温度为60℃时,可获得3 d强度较优的胶凝试块。在电石渣配比为20%～50%之间,获得试块最佳强度的矿化反应时间随电石渣配比增大出现先延长后缩短的趋势,当电石渣配比达40%和矿化时间达50 min时,对应试块的3 d强度最高,较不矿化反应时的强度提高了82.1%。胶凝试块的XRD分析结果表明,浆体碳化反应30 min后,胶凝试块中的氢氧化钙衍射峰完全消失,伴随明显的CaCO_3衍射峰出现。TGA测试结果表明,矿化后所得胶凝试块出现明显的CaCO_3分解失重峰。电石渣配比分别为20%、30%、40%时,获得最佳3 d强度的试块中Ca(OH)_2的存留率分别为75.6%、68.4%和64.8%,碳化度分别为7.9%、5.7%和10.2%,对应每吨胶凝试块可矿化固定CO_2的量分别为7 kg、13 kg和31 kg。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...