残余碳对取向硅钢初次和二次再结晶的影响

研究了脱碳退火样品中的残余碳对取向硅钢初次和二次再结晶的组织和磁性能的影响。结果表明：随着脱碳退火样品中残余碳含量的提高,初次再结晶的平均晶粒尺寸减小,表层和中心层的晶粒尺寸差增大;初次再结晶的强{111}<110>或{111}<112>织构向强{112}<110>织构转变,部分1/4层的Goss晶粒或{111}<112>晶粒转变为其他取向的晶粒;残余碳含量超过0.0200%后,高温退火样品二次再结晶不完善,磁性能较差。相变是导致上述现象的主要原因。     

薄规格取向硅钢二次再结晶过程中Goss织构演变的Monte Carlo模拟

通过EBSD实验获取了薄规格取向硅钢(0.18mm厚)初次再结晶样品表面晶粒组织的取向数据,并以此构建模拟的初始组织。采用Potts模型Monte Carlo方法对薄规格取向硅钢初次再结晶样品的二次再结晶过程进行了模拟仿真,研究了表面能对Goss织构演变的影响。模拟结果表明:Goss取向晶粒与相邻晶粒的表面能差是Goss取向晶粒异常长大的重要驱动力;表面能差存在一个临界值(约12%),只有当表面能差大于此临界值时才会发生表面能驱动Goss取向晶粒的异常长大。     

薄规格取向硅钢二次再结晶过程中Goss织构演变的Monte Carlo模拟

通过EBSD实验获取了薄规格取向硅钢(0.18 mm厚)初次再结晶样品表面晶粒组织的取向数据,并以此构建模拟的初始组织.采用Potts模型Monte Carlo方法对薄规格取向硅钢初次再结晶样品的二次再结晶过程进行了模拟仿真,研究了表面能对Goss织构演变的影响.模拟结果表明:Goss取向晶粒与相邻晶粒的表面能差是Goss取向晶粒异常长大的重要驱动力;表面能差存在一个临界值(约12％),只有当表面能差大于此临界值时才会发生表面能驱动Goss取向晶粒的异常长大.     

高温卷取的热轧态原料与常化态原料生产高牌号无取向硅钢的比较

研究了采用高温卷取热轧态原料和常化态原料生产高牌号冷轧无取向电工钢组织、织构和磁性能。研究发现钢卷采用750℃高温卷取,下线后立即采用"保温罩"对钢卷进行保温,时间96h,然后空冷至100℃时上线生产的工艺可取代常化工艺生产高牌号冷轧无取向电工钢。冷轧上线前,热轧态原料的表层为大量的再结晶组织,这部分组织包括了热轧轧制时保留下来的动态再结晶组织,钢卷本身高温回复后产生再结晶晶粒,以及在保温罩内保温时形成的再结晶组织。高温卷取的热轧态和常化态的热轧卷作为原料时,试样织构类型相似,取向分布密度接近,再结晶后织构类型仍然相似,取向分布密度仍然接近。Goss织构对磁性能增加有促进作用。实验钢中较好的磁性能对应的织构[{100}+Goss]/{111}的比值较高,体现了织构的遗传性。     

升温速率对冷轧超薄取向硅钢再结晶行为的影响

利用EBSD技术对比分析了升温速率对冷轧超薄取向硅钢再结晶行为的影响.结果表明,冷轧超薄带中再结晶形核位置、再结晶织构类型受升温速率的影响不大,主要取决于形变组织;剪切带、{111}〈112〉取向晶粒晶界、形变带和形变不均匀区均为再结晶的形核位置,剪切带的再结晶形核优势更为明显;再结晶晶粒取向以Goss({110}〈001〉)取向为主,同时存在{210}〈001〉、{310}〈001〉以及一定比例的杂乱取向.然而,升温速率显著影响Goss织构的强度及退火样品的组织均匀性;慢速升温条件下,Goss织构比例和锋锐度降低,说明回复导致不同织构的形变组织储存能差异减小,降低了Goss取向的形核优势;快速升温条件下,剪切带内的Goss晶核具有更大的形核优势,吞并临近的形变组织完成再结晶,形成更强和锋锐的Goss织构.此外,快速升温可提高再结晶完成后的组织均匀性、降低平均晶粒尺寸.     

双相不锈钢中奥氏体沉淀相的晶粒取向及界面特征分布

利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术和基于Rodrigues-Frank(R-F)空间的取向差分析方法研究双相不锈钢中过饱和铁素体(α)经1323K沉淀析出的奥氏体(γ)相的晶粒取向和界面(晶界和相界)特征分布。结果表明:α晶粒经ε=2预先轧制变形后,γ析出相具有较强的织构,晶粒内取向差呈现以小角度晶界为主,孪晶界次之的晶界特征分布,这些晶粒与α基体的取向关系满足K-S,N-W和Bain关系的数量基本相当。具有相同取向而未经轧制变形的α晶粒沉淀析出的γ晶粒取向基本随机分布,与基体的取向关系主要以K-S为主;但内部发生孪晶的γ晶粒与基体不再满足K-S关系,其周围的相界约有1/4满足35°/〈110〉的新型取向关系。     

取向电工钢中碳化物在冷变形过程中的行为

用场发射扫描电子显微镜观察了取向电工钢在0-68%冷压加工过程中主要组成为碳化物的第二相粒子的分布状态,统计了不同尺寸粒子面密度的变化。结果表明,冷变形过程造成了碳化物粒子的碎化和回溶行为。粒子碎化到一定程度后其回溶可能是热力学自发过程。这种碎化和回溶有利于促进二次再结晶过程的顺利进行和锋锐Goss织构的生成,也有利于促进一次冷轧板的脱碳过程.     

退火张力对无取向硅钢再结晶织构和磁性能的影响

采用取向分布函数(ODF)分析了无取向电工钢冷轧板施加不同张力时再结晶退火后组织织构的变化。结果表明,随着退火张力的增加,再结晶晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,当退火张力为4 MPa时,晶粒平均直径达最大值75μm,且尺寸均匀,Goss织构和立方织构组分也增强,其铁损P_(1.5/50)降低到4.34 W·kg~(-1),同时磁感B50升至1.684T;当张力增加到6 MPa时,晶粒直径减小至40μm,{110}〈001〉和{001}〈100〉织构组分减弱,γ线织构组分明显增强,磁性能恶化。     

基于电子背散射衍射分析晶粒大小分布和微观织构的关系

采用电子背散射衍射技术检测了三种薄钢板试样的晶粒尺寸统计分布规律,并测定了取向成像图和取向分布函数图,统计了各织构晶粒所占比率以及晶粒取向差分布状况。分析了晶粒大小统计分布状况对微观织构形成的影响。结果表明:晶粒尺寸分布越集中,越利于增加{111}∥ND有利织构的含量;取向成像图和取向分布函数图所分析的织构结果是一致的,晶粒取向差分布状况与织构特征的形成有一定的对应关系。     

超薄取向硅钢组织及织构与磁性能的关系

本工作旨在探讨超薄取向硅钢组织及织构与磁性能的关系,并从加工工艺角度揭示如何减少不利于磁性能的组织和织构的产生。利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术和X射线衍射(XRD)技术对两种磁性能不同的商业超薄取向硅钢带材的显微组织和织构进行对比分析,结果发现,二者组织、织构差异均比较明显。磁性能差的带材样品的组织尺寸不一,均匀性较差,η线织构(〈100〉//RD)所占比例偏低,非η线取向晶粒所占比例高且晶粒尺寸大,其取向特征主要表现为{210}〈001〉、{411}〈148〉及{111}〈110〉。这些不利组织的产生可能与轧制、退火工艺控制不当有关。因此,晶粒尺寸及η线取向晶粒所占比例的不同是造成两种带材性能差异的主要原因,在高性能取向硅钢超薄带材制备过程中,应精准控制轧制、退火制度等相关工艺,以避免非η线取向晶粒形成、长大。     

初次再结晶组织和渗氮量对低温渗氮取向硅钢二次再结晶行为的影响

通过控制初次再结晶工艺获得尺寸不同的低温渗氮取向硅钢初次再结晶组织,研究初次晶粒尺寸对二次再结晶行为和磁性能的影响,探索初次晶粒尺寸过大条件下合适的渗氮量,并分析初次再结晶组织中{411}〈148〉织构对二次再结晶行为的影响。结果表明:随着初次晶粒尺寸由10μm升高至15μm,二次再结晶温度升高,Goss织构更加锋锐,成品磁性能提高,当初次晶粒尺寸为28μm时,合适的渗氮量约为6×10-4。初次再结晶组织中{411}〈148〉取向晶粒生长能力更强,极易粗化,阻碍二次晶粒的异常长大,同时{411}〈148〉与黄铜晶粒之间为大于45°的低迁移率晶界,对黄铜晶粒异常长大的阻碍作用更为显著。     

EBSD Investigation on Oriented Nucleation in IF Steels

The mechanism responsible for the formation of recrystallization texture in cold-rolled Ti bearing interstitial free （IF） steel sheets was investigated using electron back-scatter diffraction （EBSD）. In addition, the origin of nuclei with specific orientations was studied. The formation of recrystallization texture was explained by oriented nucleation. Most nuclei have a high misorientation angle of 25-55° with the surrounding deformed matrices, but no specific orientation of misorientation axis between the nucleus and the surrounding deformed matrix is observed. The stored energy of deformed grains is in the decreasing order of the {111}〈112〉,{111}〈110〉, {112}〈110〉 and {001}〈110〉 orientations. New {111}〈110〉 grains are nucleated within deformed {111}〈112〉 grains and new {111}〈112〉 grains originate in the deformed {111}〈110〉 grains.     

Texture evolution during inclined cold rolling of used non-oriented silicon steel

With the objective of optimizing the texture components and exploring a method to improve the magnetic properties of used silicon steel, the methods of one inclined rolling and two inclined rolling were applied. The result shows: the new Goss grains were nucleated except at {111} deformed grains, and also formed at the grain boundary between two deformed grains with {113} orientation, and at grains boundaries between {113} and {100} deformed grain. The grain size after one inclined rolling (57 %) was larger and more homogeneous than the grain size after the two inclined rolling. Although with different cold rolling methods (one and two inclined rolling), the resulted annealing textures all had similar features. The difference was the relative intensities between the main texture. A significant feature of one inclined rolling was the intensification of the η-fiber and the Goss texture component and the weakening of γ-fiber. At an inclination angle of 60°, a significantly strong Goss texture was produced, which was highest among all samples, and the maximum volume fraction of {110}+{100} texture can also be obtained. One inclined rolling can better improve the magnetic properties of used silicon steel (B₅₀), and the magnetic induction is between 1.712 T and 1.742 T. The highest magnetic induction of 1.742 T can be obtained by one inclined rolling (at an inclination angle of 60°).     

薄规格取向硅钢中晶粒取向和尺寸对Goss晶粒异常长大的影响

利用EBSD技术统计了薄规格取向硅钢片中初次再结晶和二次再结晶前期组织中{411}〈148〉、{111}〈112〉、{100}〈025〉取向晶粒尺寸分布,分析了三种不同取向的晶粒对Goss晶粒异常长大的影响。结果表明:初次再结晶组织中不同的取向晶粒对应的平均晶粒尺寸(d)存在差异,{411}〈148〉取向晶粒的平均尺寸最大,其次为{100}〈025〉取向晶粒,{111}〈112〉取向晶粒的平均尺寸最小。Goss取向晶粒异常长大的过程中优先吞噬{111}〈112〉取向晶粒,其次是{411}〈148〉取向晶粒,最后是近{100}〈025〉取向晶粒和近黄铜取向晶粒。{111}〈112〉、{411}〈148〉取向晶粒对Goss取向晶粒异常长大的影响主要体现在二次再结晶的前期。因此,可以推断取向硅钢中最终残留的"岛晶"可能来源于近黄铜取向晶粒或近{100}〈025〉取向晶粒。     

Effect of sulphur and acid soluble aluminium content on grain oriented silicon steel

The effect of sulphur (S) and acid soluble aluminium (Al_s) content on precipitation behaviours, microstructures and textures of hot rolled grain oriented silicon steels were investigated. The results showed that precipitates were mainly MnS and a little amount of MnS–AlN composite. Similar characteristics of precipitates, microstructures and textures were found in specimens containing similarly higher S content and different Al_s content. More fine precipitates, less recrystallisation and more and stronger Goss texture component were presented in specimen containing lower S content. It was not Al_s content but S content that played a key role during hot rolling. High proportion and intensity of Goss texture component were due to the effective inhibiting effect of finely and uniformly dispersed precipitates on dynamic recrystallisation.     

Control of microstructure and earing behaviour in aluminium alloy AA 3004 hot bands

Abstract

Control of earing behaviour at the hot band stage is a critical requirement for successful manufacture of aluminium alloy sheet for beverage cans. The present study has combined production scale experiments with laboratory examinations to investigate the effect of various material and process parameters on microstructure, texture, and earing of the resulting products. It is shown that optimisation of the product is strongly dependent on (i) iron content of the alloy, (ii) ingot homogenisation temperature, (iii) finish hot rolling temperature, and (iv) heating rate during hot band annealing. Earing level after annealing is shown to depend on the balance between cube (+ Goss) texture intensity and the volume of material having almost randomly spread orientations. Pronounced 0/90° earing tendency is usually associated with coarse and elongated grain structures. A model is shown which represents the microstructure–texture evolution as a competition between cube/Goss grains, which nucleate systematically within transition bands, and randomly oriented grains, which nucleate in the vicinity of coarse second phase particles.

MST/1032     

晶粒尺寸对304奥氏体不锈钢组织演变和性能的影响

研究了初始织构相近而晶粒尺寸不同的304奥氏体不锈钢在后续10%压缩变形和热处理过程中微观组织、力学和耐蚀性的变化。结果表明,具有相似织构而晶粒尺寸不同的样品变形热处理后其织构不同,粗晶在变形中织构的变化更大;织构相近时抗拉强度对晶粒尺寸的依赖较大;织构不同时,织构对硬度和抗拉强度的影响大于晶粒尺寸和微应变的影响;变形热处理后普通大角度晶界和晶内微应变的增大降低了试样的耐腐蚀性能;初始晶粒尺寸较小的试样在变形热处理后出现四种密排面平行于外表面的织构,其耐点蚀的性能更优。     

Texture evolution and probability distribution of Goss orientation in magnetostrictive Fe–Ga alloy sheets

Texture evolution and the distribution of Goss orientation in polycrystalline Fe–Ga alloy were investigated as a series of rolling and subsequent annealing processes were used to develop highly textured rolled sheet. A dramatic change from the random nature of the as-rolled and primary recrystallized texture is observed when careful control of atmosphere and temperature during anneal leads to development of a sharp Goss orientation over up to 98 % of the surface of a sample during secondary recrystallization. In this work, grain boundary properties in local areas surrounding Goss grains are investigated and the evolution of Goss orientation is traced through the different stages of alloy processing using electron backscatter diffraction analysis. To evaluate the evolution of grains with Goss orientation, {011} grains are selected and separated from other texture components at each processing step and statistical analysis used to correlate the structural inheritance chain of Goss-oriented grains. The four processing stages considered are the alloy after hot rolling, the as-rolled alloy (i.e., after subsequent warm and cold rolling), the alloy after an initial anneal during which primary recrystallization occurs, and the alloy after final anneals in which secondary recrystallization with abnormal grain growth occurs. Analysis of Goss grain orientation probability distribution functions after primary and secondary recrystallization convincingly demonstrates that the orientation of the abnormally grown Goss texture that develops during secondary recrystallization is determined by the orientation of Goss components that develop during the primary recrystallization stage of alloy processing.     

The effect of SiC nanoparticles on deformation texture of ARB-processed steel-based nanocomposite

In this study, the influence of SiC nanoparticles on deformation texture of steel-based nanocomposite fabricated by accumulative roll bonding process was investigated. It was found that there was a texture transition from the rolling texture to the shear texture for both pure interstitial free steel and steel-based nanocomposite. However, the texture transition occurred in different cycles for the pure steel (the third cycle) and steel-based nanocomposite (the first cycle). It was realized that the fraction of low misorientation angle grain boundaries was decreased and the fraction of high misorientation angle grain boundaries was increased by the number of cycles. Also, recrystallization occurred in the pure steel and steel-based nanocomposite samples after the third and first cycles, respectively. In addition, the occurrence of recrystallization in steel-based nanocomposite was sooner than that of pure steel. At the early stage of dynamic recrystallization in processed steels, the {011}< 100 >-oriented grains were evolved and the fraction of grains with α-fiber and γ-fiber orientations was slightly decreased. The formation of the rolling texture in the steel-based nanocomposite samples was different from the typical rolling texture for the pure steel samples, due to the presence of the SiC nanoparticles in the nanocomposite. The weak rolling texture was attributed to the high stored energy of deformation, which was, in turn, due to low deformation temperature.