玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料与镀层界面的Ni颗粒强化工艺

针对玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料与镀层结合界面强度低的问题,基于复合材料/镀层间的机械互锁原理及传统塑料基体化学镀工艺,提出通过增强颗粒的桥接作用,增加含有增强颗粒的过渡层来强化镀层界面的复合材料金属化方法。对金属化后的玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料试件采用拉伸试验法测量镀层的结合强度,并通过截面和断面的显微观测,分析了增强颗粒对于镀层界面的强化机制;同时获得了玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料表面粗糙度和增强颗粒质量分数对含有过渡层的镀层结合强度的影响规律。结果表明:采用上述金属化方法可以显著提高镀层的界面强度,与传统的金属化工艺制备试件相比,玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在不同表面粗糙度下,镀层结合强度平均提高161%;同时,镀层的结合强度随着增强颗粒质量分数的增加,呈现先增大后减小的趋势,当增强颗粒的质量分数为50%时,镀层的结合强度达到最大。      

热压烧结制备SiC增强石墨复合材料及其性能

以天然鳞片石墨为起始原料,SiC颗粒为增强相,采用热压烧结工艺制备了SiC增强石墨复合材料。研究了SiC含量对SiC增强石墨复合材料微观结构、力学性能和摩擦性能的影响。结果表明:SiC颗粒均匀分布在石墨基体中,降低了基体中的孔隙率;随着SiC含量增加,SiC增强石墨复合材料的相对密度和弯曲强度相应增加,开孔率显著降低,当SiC含量达到40vol%时,SiC增强石墨复合材料中形成了SiC网络骨架结构,相对密度达到了94.2%,比商品高强纯石墨材料提高了11.8%,弯曲强度达到了146 MPa,比商品高强纯石墨材料提高了147%;基体石墨保持了层状结构;SiC含量低于40vol%时,SiC增强石墨复合材料的摩擦系数随SiC含量的增加轻微增加,与纯石墨材料的摩擦系数相当,具有良好的摩擦性能。     

颗粒增强铜基复合材料研究进展

颗粒增强铜基复合材料在基本保持金属铜优良导电和导热性能的基础上大大提高了铜基复合材料的强度和耐磨性,是一种具有良好发展前景的复合材料.回顾了近年来颗粒增强铜基复合材料的增强相和制备方法的发展,并指出了今后研究发展的方向.     

碳化钨颗粒增强钢基表层复合材料的热物理特性

采用真空实型铸渗(V-EPC)工艺制备碳化钨颗粒增强钢基表层复合材料,并测试其热膨胀系数和热导率,研究了工艺参数对热物理特性的影响。结果表明,随着测试位置与表层复合材料过渡区间距的增大热膨胀系数逐渐减小,而在相同位置同一温度下表层复合材料的热膨胀系数随着碳化钨颗粒的增大而增大。不同粒度碳化钨颗粒增强表层复合材料的热导率,均随着温度的升高呈增大趋势。当温度较低(40℃与105℃)时,不同碳化钨颗粒粒度的复合材料的热导率相差不大。但是当温度升高到一定值(大于170℃)时,复合材料的热导率随着碳化钨颗粒粒度的增大呈降低趋势。在预制层中加入Ni粉,可降低表层复合材料的热膨胀系数和热导率。     

颗粒增强铝基复合材料界面性能的研究

颗粒增强铝基复合材料具有较好的比刚度、比强度、抗疲劳、耐热耐磨和辐射屏蔽等优点,广泛应用于航空航天、军工、电子和汽车等领域。在这类材料中,基体-增强体界面的结构与性能对复合材料宏观性能影响显著。综述了颗粒增强铝基复合材料主要的制备方法和应用现状,特别聚焦于界面的结构及其对复合材料宏观性能的影响方式与机制,同时指出了复合材料制备过程中各种因素对材料界面性质的影响。最后,展望了颗粒增强铝基复合材料界面性能研究的发展前景,指出可采用先进的微纳米尺度的测量技术,结合显微结构表征的方法,系统地研究界面性能与结构之间的关系。     

喷射沉积颗粒增强铝基复合材料显微组织调控与强韧化机制的研究现状

喷射沉积颗粒增强铝基复合材料有着广阔的应用前景,但是因成形困难、强韧性低而使得应用受到限制,制备时控制热变形过程中的动态再结晶行为和揭示强韧化机制是关键。本文综述了喷射沉积铝基复合材料的冶金结合情况,分析了导致强韧性降低的因素,认为通过旋球同步微变形能抑制沉积颗粒表面的氧化,使增强颗粒与基体结合紧密,并通过冶金结合调控增强颗粒的分布,优化材料的组织,实现梯度材料的制备;同时通过选择不同的增强颗粒得到不同的增强效果,针对性地提高强度、耐磨性等性能;通过显微组织调控(如层状结构、网状结构等)实现构型强韧化。本文还展望了喷射沉积铝基复合材料的发展趋势,认为系统研究增强颗粒、组织构型和颗粒增强复合材料强韧性机制是进一步提升颗粒增强铝基复合材料综合性能的关键问题。     

碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料中颗粒尺寸对材料断裂韧性的影响

通过对三种不同的碳化硅颗粒尺寸增强的铝基复合材料的断裂韧性的分析得到，复合材料的断裂韧性随增强剂颗粒尺寸的变化并不呈现单调变化规律。当颗粒尺寸很小时，断裂韧性随颗粒尺寸的增加而增加；但当颗粒尺寸本身很大时，复合材料的断裂韧性却随着颗粒的增加而减小，本文从实验和理论两方面证实了上述结论的正确性。     

颗粒增强镁基复合材料的研究现状及发展趋势

综述了颗粒增强镁基复合材料的研究概况,着重介绍了颗粒增强镁基复合材料的制备技术,界面行为和制备热力学与动力学三大研究热点,另外,对颗粒增强镁基复合材料的增强机理及常温力学性能作了简单介绍,最后,对颗粒增强镁基复合材料的研究方向进行了一些看法和展望,指出原位颗粒增强镁基复合材料的制备技术交城为制备镁基复合材料的发展趋势,镁基复合材料由于具有高的比强度,比模量和良好的耐磨性、耐高温性能和减震性能,在航空航天,特别是汽车工业具有在的应用前景和广阔的市场。     

颗粒增强铝基原位复合材料

原位反应合成的颗粒增强铝基复合材料的弹性模量，比强度和高温强度均高，是航空，汽车工业上很有发展潜力的新型结构材料。综述了它的制备方法，组织结构及力学性能方面的研究进展。     

搅拌摩擦加工制备颗粒增强铝基复合材料的研究现状及展望

铝合金作为现代工程和高新技术领域发展的关键材料之一,具有密度小、比强度和比刚度高、耐蚀性好等特点。通过在铝基体中添加增强相颗粒,制备得到的颗粒增强铝基复合材料既有铝合金良好的强度、韧性、易成形性等特点,又有颗粒的高强、高模等优点,是近年来应用最广的一类金属基复合材料。 目前,制备铝基复合材料的方法主要有粉末冶金法、铸造以及超声波法等,但这些方法在制备过程中需要较高的温度,颗粒与金属基体容易发生不良的界面反应,从而影响界面结合效果,降低复合材料的性能。搅拌摩擦加工(FSP)作为一种新型的固相加工技术,可同时实现材料微观组织的细化、致密化和均匀化。目前,FSP直接法已在铝基复合材料制备方面取得应用,主要是将增强相颗粒通过打盲孔或开槽的方式预置在金属基体内再进行FSP,进而制备出高致密度的颗粒增强铝基复合材料。因为FSP过程的温度低,颗粒与铝基体不会发生界面反应,所以该方法也被用于制备具有形状记忆效应(SME)的铝基功能复合材料。 近年研究结果表明,颗粒相对FSP制备的铝基复合材料晶粒细化起到显著作用,这有助于提高复合材料的拉伸强度、显微硬度及疲劳强度等力学性能。随着颗粒含量的增加和颗粒尺寸的减小,复合材料的力学性能得以增强。再者,减小颗粒尺寸有利于改善颗粒与基体之间的结合。另外,通过优化搅拌头的结构、形状和尺寸,以及FSP工艺参数,已经可以实现加工后颗粒相在基体中的均匀分布。 鉴于搅拌摩擦加工(FSP)直接法在制备颗粒增强铝基复合材料方面所具备的短流程、高效能以及基体与增强相颗粒界面无杂质等优势,本文对目前FSP直接法制备颗粒增强铝基复合材料的最新研究现状进行了总结。主要综述了FSP制备颗粒增强铝基复合材料过程中颗粒的含量、类型及尺寸对复合材料组织与力学性能的影响,并对颗粒分布均匀性以及颗粒与铝基体的界面问题做了阐述。文章最后深入分析了当前研究中的不足之处并展望了未来的研究方向。     

The fracture toughness of composites reinforced with weakened fibres

Fibre fractures which occur near, but not at, the plane of matrix failure in a composite, lead to fibre pull-out during fracture. Energy absorbed in this process contributes directly to the work of fracture and hence to the toughness of the composite.Factors which determine the mean length of fibre pulled out during fracture are discussed for the case of composites reinforced with continuous fibres having variously spaced points of weakness. The presence of such weak points also affects the strength of the composite, but not all composites of the same strength have the same toughness. The greatest toughness for a given strength is always found in composites reinforced with discontinuous fibres.     

Modeling the effect of statistical variations in length and diameter of randomly oriented CNTs on the properties of CNT reinforced nanocomposites

A nano-mechanical model has been developed to calculate the tensile modulus and the tensile strength of randomly oriented short carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced nanocomposites, considering the statistical variations of diameter and length of the CNTs. According to this model, the entire composite is divided into several composite segments which contain CNTs of almost the same diameter and length. The tensile modulus and tensile strength of the composite are then calculated by the weighted sum of the corresponding modulus and strength of each composite segment. The existing micro-mechanical approach for modeling the short fiber composites is modified to account for the structure of the CNTs, to calculate the modulus and the strength of each segmented CNT reinforced composites. Multi-walled CNTs with and without inter-tube bridging have been considered. Statistical variations of the diameter and length of the CNTs are modeled by a normal distribution. Simulation results show that CNTs inter-tube bridging, length and diameter affect the nanocomposites modulus and strength. Simulation results have been compared with the available experimental results and the comparison concludes that the developed model can be effectively used to predict tensile modulus and tensile strength of CNTs reinforced composites.     

Modelling and simulation of earthquake resistant 3D woven textile structural concrete composites

Concrete is a composite material composed of water, sand, coarse granular material called aggregate and cement that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them together. Conventional building structures are made up of steel skeleton with concrete impregnation. These are very heavy weight structures with steel vulnerable to corrosion. The conventional concrete structures tend to undergo large deformations in the event of a strong earthquake. Mechanical simulation of various textile structural concretes is carried out successfully for their ductility behaviour. 3D woven reinforced concretes display superior ductile character showing ray of hope to develop seismic resistant building. Simulation of three 3D woven fabrics and their composites was carried to predict ductility and strengths of fabric reinforced concrete structures. Maximum deformation was observed for beam reinforced with orthogonal interlock fabric under the same load and minimum deformation was observed for plain concrete. Maximum equivalent stress was observed to be highest for plain concrete followed by beam reinforced with angle interlock fabric followed by orthogonal fabric and warp interlock fabric under similar loading conditions. From the results it was clear that 3D fabric reinforced structures are more ductile than the traditional steel reinforced structures. Hence 3D fabric reinforced concrete structures are much better in strength and ductility as compared to conventional construction materials. Among the three 3D fabric, orthogonal fabric reinforced composites are most ductile and are also less stiff. They can deform more than the other two fabric composites. Hence, orthogonal fabric reinforced composites can undergo higher deformations without collapsing. These composites can be more elastic under earthquake shaking.     

新型复式连通SiC/390Al复合材料的制备和性能

以空心多孔SiC泡沫陶瓷为增强体,用挤压铸造法制备了新型复式连通双连续相SiC/390Al复合材料,研究了泡沫陶瓷骨架筋的结构对复合材料的影响,以及复合材料中的界面对力学性能的影响.结果表明,SiC空心多孔泡沫陶瓷与390Al复合后形成了复式连通双连续相复合材料,具有独特的互穿式界面结构,材料界面的结合优异.随着复合材料界面结合的加强和泡沫增强体的复合韧化,复合材料的屈服强度、压缩强度和弯曲强度明显提高,韧性显著增强.     

苎麻纤维复合材料医用夹板的开发及智能化

以脱胶苎麻精干麻为增强材料,以环氧树脂和聚丙烯(PP)为树脂基体,分别制备出纤维含量不同的复合材料板。经测试分析发现,纤维含量的变化导致两种基体复合材料的压缩、弯曲以及剪切强度呈现不同的变化趋势。在纤维含量相同时,苎麻/PP较苎麻/环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能总体偏差,强度增量较低,纤维抽拔效果明显,断面破坏程度大,最终确定纤维含量在20%(体积分数,下同)时的苎麻/环氧树脂复合材料最适于制作医用夹板。在苎麻/环氧复合材料板上安装粘贴柱状硬块的传感器,实验证明测试结果可以达到理想的目的和要求。     

双随机分布细观分析模型与复合材料性能预报

发展了一种细观力学有限元分析方法——拟真实的参数化双随机分布模型, 该模型综合考虑了纤维增强树脂基复合材料的真实微结构特点和纤维单丝综合力学性能测试结果的离散性特征, 模拟了复合材料中纤维排列和强度分布的随机性。借助移动窗口法研究了该参数化双随机分布模型的可靠性, 确定了其代表性体积单元的尺寸。基于能量法原理推导了单向复合材料的弹性模量预测公式, 结合能量法和渐进失效分析方法, 利用该细观力学有限元方法分别预测了单向纤维增强树脂基复合材料T300/5228的弹性模量和强度性能。数值模拟结果和大部分试验结果吻合良好, 表明发展的细观力学有限元方法能够较好地预测复合材料的力学性能。      

The effect of fibre content on the mechanical properties of hemp and basalt fibre reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites

In this study, mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural and impact strengths of hemp/phenol formaldehyde (PF), basalt/PF and hemp/basalt hybrid PF composites have been investigated as a function of fibre loading. Hemp fibre reinforced PF composites and basalt fibre reinforced composites were fabricated with varying fibre loading i.e. 20, 32, 40, 48, 56 and 63 vol%. The hybrid effect of hemp fibre and basalt fibre on the tensile, flexural and impact strengths was also investigated for various ratio of hemp/basalt fibre loading such as 1:0, 0.95:0.05, 0.82:0.18, 0.68:0.32, 0.52:0.48, 0.35:0.65, 0.18:0.82 and 0:1. Total fibre loading of the hybrid composites was 40 vol%. The results showed that the tensile strength and elongation at break increase with increasing fibre loading up to 40 vol% and decrease above this value for hemp fibre reinforced PF composite. Similar trend was observed for flexural strength and the maximum value was obtained for 48 vol% hemp fibre loading. Impact strength of hemp/PF composite showed a regular trend of increase with increasing fibre loading up to 63 vol%. Tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength values of basalt/PF composites were found to be lower compared to hemp/PF composites. The tensile strength and elongation at break of basalt/PF composite increased by incorparation of basalt fibre up to 32 vol% and decreased beyond this value. Flexural strength of basalt/PF composite decreased linearly with fibre loading. However, the maximum impact strength was obtained for 48 vol% basalt fibre loading. For hemp/basalt hybrid PF composite, the tensile strength decreased with increasing basalt fibre loading. On the other hand, the flexural and impact strengths showed large scatter. The maximum flexural strength value was obtained for 0.52:0.48 hemp/basalt ratio. Corresponding value for impact strength was obtained for 0.68:0.32 hemp/basalt fibre ratio.     

A Study of Strength Transfer from tow to Textile Composite Using Different Reinforcement Architectures

The paper proposes an experimental and analytical approach of designing composites with the predetermined ultimate strength, reinforced with warp interlock fabrics. In order to better understand the phenomena of transfer of tensile properties from a tow to the composite, intermediate phases of composite manufacturing have also been taken into account and tensile properties of tows taken from the loom and the woven reinforcements have also been tested. Process of transfer of mechanical properties of raw materials to the final product (composite) depends on various structural factors. Here the influence of weave structure, which ultimately influences crimp has been studied. A strength transfer coefficient has been proposed which helps in estimating the influence of architectural parameters on 3D woven composites. 3 woven interlock reinforcements were woven to form composites. The coefficients of strength transfer were calculated for these three variants. The structural parameters were kept the same for these three reinforcements except for the weave structure. In was found that the phenomenon of strength transfer from tow to composite is negatively influenced by the crimp. In general the strength transfer coefficients have higher values for dry reinforcements and afterwards due to resin impregnation the values drop.     

Influence of nanosize clay platelets on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polyester composites

Glass fiber reinforced polyester composite and hybrid nanoclay-fiber reinforced composites were prepared by hand lay-up process. The mechanical behavior of these materials and the changes as a result of the incorporation of both nanosize clay and glass fibers were investigated. Composites were prepared with a glass fibre content of 25 vol%. The proportion of the nanosize clay platelets was varied from 0.5 to 2.5 vol%. Hybrid clay-fiber reinforced polyester composite posses better tensile, flexural, impact, and barrier properties. Hybrid clay-fiber reinforced polyester composites also posses better shear strength, storage modulus, and glass transition temperature. The optimum properties were found to be with the hybrid laminates containing 1.5 vol% nanosize clay.     

Mechanical properties of glass-fibre mat/PMMA functionally gradient composite

Glass-fibre mat (GFM) reinforced poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) composites with different fibre content and four kinds of functionally gradient material (FGM) composites were fabricated. To investigate the effects of glass-fibre content and spatial gradient, flexural test and instrumented impact test were conducted. Flexural modulus increased with the increment of fibre content. However, the flexural strength and the impact absorption energy of the composite exhibited maximum values at 30 vol.%. FGM composite with GF-rich side at both outer layers showed the highest flexural strength. Compared with isotropic composite, higher flexural modulus were obtained from the FGM composites. Impact absorption energies of four FGM composites were similar but their ductility indices (DI) were quite different. FGM composites with proper spatial gradient could have improved mechanical properties compared with conventional isotropic composites.