浸渍石墨/38CrMoAlA (喷涂)配对密封摩擦副的干摩擦性能

针对干摩擦机械密封在高速运转工况下密封端面的摩擦磨损而导致密封失效问题,通过试验分析几种典型摩擦副材料组对在干摩擦下的摩擦磨损性能。选择浸锑石墨M106D和浸树脂石墨M106K分别与38CrMoAlA以及喷涂Cr2O3、Al2O3的38CrMoAlA硬环组对,采用Plint摩擦磨损试验机,监测摩擦副在高速干摩擦条件下的摩擦因数,分析轴向载荷及线速度对摩擦因数的影响,通过白光干涉仪观测试验前后端面形貌。结果表明：干摩擦下,喷涂的硬环表面石墨转移附着较少,其更耐磨、磨损程度小,浸锑石墨较浸树脂石墨磨损少;6组配对试验主要磨损形式为磨粒磨损,其中浸锑石墨/喷涂Al2O3的38CrMoAlA摩擦副摩擦因数最小;由于石墨的自润滑性,适当增加转速和轴向载荷均有利于降低端面摩擦因数。     

浸渍磷酸盐石墨与9Cr18Mo不锈钢配副的摩擦磨损性能研究

针对航空发动机石墨密封常用的摩擦副浸渍磷酸盐石墨(M234Ao)和9Cr18Mo不锈钢材料,在UMT-TriboLab试验机上进行球-盘、销-盘接触摩擦试验,研究其低速轻载、高速重载工况以及干摩擦、油润滑下的摩擦磨损性能,利用接触式形貌仪、金相显微镜等对摩擦副表面进行观察分析,并分析其磨损机制。结果表明：在油润滑及面-面接触下的摩擦因数和磨损率明显低于干摩擦和点-面接触下;添加油介质可以降低界面摩擦剧烈程度,抑制金属氧化以及降低摩擦因数,特别是在高速重载工况下;M234Ao和9Cr18Mo配副间的磨损机制以磨粒磨损和黏着磨损为主,伴随有犁沟、微裂纹及擦伤现象。     

玻璃陶瓷与高速钢表面摩擦磨损的试验研究

在盘销式摩擦磨损试验机上考察了氟金云母玻璃陶瓷与高速钢的摩擦磨损性能,在不同载荷条件下,测试了摩擦因数和玻璃陶瓷的磨损率,用金相显微镜观察和分析磨损表面形貌,并探讨了玻璃陶瓷材料的磨损机理.结果表明:在低载荷条件下,摩擦因数较低;随着载荷的增加,摩擦因数逐渐增加且趋于稳定,氟金云母玻璃陶瓷与高速钢的平均摩擦因数为0.088;玻璃陶瓷和高速钢的磨损率存在波动;玻璃陶瓷和高速钢的对磨过程以磨料磨损为主.     

直流磁场条件下GCr15/W18Cr4V摩擦磨损特性研究

大气条件下,在改进的MPV-1500型摩擦试验机上研究不同磁场强度下的GCr15/W18Cr4V配副干滑动摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察试样磨损后的表面形貌和组织,采用能量分散谱仪(EDS)测定磨损后的表面成分。结果表明:与无磁场条件下相比,有磁场时GCr15钢销的摩擦因数较小,磨损量较低;随磁场强度的增加,摩擦因数有减少的趋势,而磨损量则先急剧降低,至较低值后呈现缓慢下降的趋势;直流磁场吸附磨屑形成三体磨损,是直流磁场减摩耐磨的主要原因。EDS分析表明:在磁场条件下磨损后GCr15钢的磨损表面会生成更多的氧,氧化磨损比例增加。     

永磁场条件下45钢与GCr15钢摩擦磨损性能试验研究

基于HSR-2M高速往复摩擦磨损试验机,研究在永磁体磁场条件下滑动速度、载荷等参数对45#钢/GCr15钢摩擦副摩擦学性能的影响,通过磨痕形貌分析其磨损机制,并与无磁场条件下的试验结果进行对比。试验结果表明:磁场的引入可以在一定程度上减小摩擦因数和降低磨损率,证明磁场能够改善45#钢/GCr15钢摩擦副的摩擦学性能;增大滑动速度将降低摩擦因数和磨损率,增大载荷将降低摩擦因数,增加磨损率。无磁场时,摩擦副的摩擦磨损为典型的磨粒磨损,磨损系统的磨损率和摩擦因数较大;有磁场时,磨损形式主要为黏着磨损,摩擦因数和磨损率较小。     

赛龙轴承材料摩擦学性能的试验研究

利用数显式高速环块摩擦试验机,对赛龙轴承试块/镀镍钢环配副,分别在干摩擦、湿润滑、海水润滑条件下,进行摩擦磨损试验研究,分析赛龙轴承的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:赛龙干摩擦时的平均摩擦因数为0.4左右,相对其他非金属材料,赛龙的干摩擦性能较好,但赛龙不耐高温,高温时材料表面会被破坏生成丝状磨屑;湿润滑时赛龙的摩擦因数比干摩擦时的低,说明湿润滑时已处于边界润滑状态;海水润滑时摩擦因数较低,此时润滑状态逐渐变为完全流体动压润滑状态.正交试验结果表明,干摩擦和湿润滑时,转速变化对摩擦因数的影响较大;海水润滑时,载荷变化对摩擦因数影响较大.     

载流条件下铬青铜/纯铜摩擦副摩擦磨损性能研究

在自制的销盘摩擦磨损试验机上,对铬青铜/纯铜摩擦副进行载流条件下的干滑动模拟试验,研究了电流、速度、载荷对铬青铜/纯铜摩擦磨损性能的影响规律。试验结果表明:电流是影响摩擦副摩擦磨损性能最显著的因素,摩擦因数和磨损率都随着电流的增大而增大;速度和载荷对摩擦因数和磨损率也有显著影响;电流的存在,摩擦副间产生了比无电流时更严重的粘着磨损和塑性变形,同时增加了电化学腐蚀,使磨损更加严重。     

PEEK与不同材料配副时的干摩擦磨损性能研究

为选择与聚醚醚酮（PEEK）匹配良好的配副材料以适应干摩擦苛刻工况，利用销盘式摩擦试验机，对PEEK与Si3N4陶瓷、2507不锈钢、6061铝合金配副的干摩擦磨损性能进行研究。结果表明：3种摩擦副的摩擦因数和磨损率均随滑动速度的增大而增大；当PEEK与陶瓷材料配副时摩擦因数最大，PEEK表面犁削效应显著，磨损机制以磨粒磨损和黏着磨损为主；当PEEK与2507不锈钢和6061铝合金配副时，犁削效应有所削弱，摩擦界面发生物质转移并形成黏附层，摩擦表面较为光滑，摩擦因数较低。研究表明，在干摩擦条件下，PEEK与6061铝合金配副在低转速下表现出更好的摩擦磨损性能，PEEK与2057不锈钢配副在高转速下的摩擦学性能更加出色     

干滑动条件下45CrNi材料摩擦磨损规律研究

以某自行火炮底座传动箱摩擦副所用材料45CrNi为研究对象，考察了该材料在不同热处理状态下（530℃回火、380℃回火、830℃淬火及原始状态）组成摩擦副时的干滑动摩擦磨损特性。试验结果表明：530℃回火盘和摩始销组成摩擦配副时结合最好，具有较好的摩擦磨损性能，销试样磨损率最小；在较低速度下载荷是影响材料摩擦因数的主要因素，而速度对摩擦因数的影响较小；粘着磨损是材料配副磨损的主要形式。     

高载荷条件下石墨-石墨摩擦副的摩擦学特性研究

利用研制的高载荷条件下摩擦因数测试装置,研究了石墨/石墨摩擦副在空气、水和油介质中的摩擦学特性。结果表明在4~15MPa范围内,随着载荷的增加,摩擦副在空气、水和油介质中的摩擦因数都逐渐降低;在油介质中摩擦副的摩擦因数最小,在水介质中摩擦因数变化最平稳,在空气中摩擦因数最大,且随载荷的增加变化幅度最大。磨损表面原始形貌对比分析表明,在空气中,摩擦副表面处于边界润滑状态,主要磨损机制是粘着磨损和犁削;水润滑条件下为轻微犁削;油润滑条件下,摩擦副表面处于为边界润滑和流体润滑状态,油中的减摩剂对试样表面有抛光作用。     

铜碲硒铁合金的干摩擦磨损性能

利用环-盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究了铜碲硒铁合金的干摩擦磨损行为,分析了载荷和摩擦速度等参数对该合金摩擦磨损性能的影响,并用扫描电子显微镜对磨损形貌进行了观察.结果表明:铜碲硒铁合金的摩擦因数随载荷的增加变化不大,但随摩擦速度的增加而明显增大;合金的磨损率随载荷和摩擦速度的增加均增大;在轻载低速条件下,合金的磨损机制以犁削磨损和粘着磨损为主;在重载高速条件下,磨粒磨损和粘着磨损加剧.     

高温氧气条件下CrNiMo钢的摩擦磨损特性研究

以CrNiMo钢和H96黄铜组成配副,利用QG-700型高温气氛摩擦磨损试验机,研究了高温氧气气氛环境中滑动速度、接触压力等对CrNiMo钢摩擦学特性的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对磨损表面进行表征.结果表明:在高温氧气气氛中,随着滑动速度和接触压力的增大,摩擦因数逐渐减小,磨损率逐渐增大.在滑动速度和接触压力逐渐增大的过程中,CrNiMo钢的主要磨损机制由粘着磨损转变为氧化磨损.     

Tribological properties of flame sprayed Fe–Ni–RE alloy coatings under reciprocating sliding

Fe–Ni–RE self-fluxing alloy powders were flame sprayed onto 1045 carbon steel. The tribological properties of Fe–Ni–RE alloy coatings under dry sliding against SAE52100 steel at ambient conditions were studied on an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester in a ball-on-disc contact configuration. Effects of load and sliding speed on tribological properties of the Fe–Ni–RE coatings were investigated. The worn surfaces of the Fe–Ni–RE alloy coatings were examined with a scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and an energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). It was found that the Fe–Ni–RE alloy coatings had better wear resistance than the SAE52100 steel. An adhered oxide debris layer was formed on the worn surface in friction. Area of the friction layer varied with variety of sliding speed, but did not vary with load. The oxide layer contributed to decreased wear, but increased friction. Wear rate of the material increased with the load, but dramatically decreased at first and then slightly decreased the sliding speed. The friction coefficient of the material was 0.40-0.58, and decreased slightly with the load, but increased with sliding speed at first, and then tended to be a constant value. Wear mechanism of the coatings was oxidation wear and a large amount of counterpart material was transferred to the coatings.     

铜锡铅锌合金的摩擦磨损性能

利用MMU-200型摩擦磨损试验机研究了铜锡铅锌合金与GCr15钢对磨时的摩擦磨损特性,利用扫描电子显微镜对合金的磨损表面形貌进行了观察。结果表明:铜锡铅锌合金的磨损率随载荷和摩擦速度的增加而增大;其摩擦因数随摩擦速度的增加而减小,随载荷的增加先增大后减小;其磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损;合金中的铅相起到了润滑作用,有利于提高合金的耐磨性能。     

Friction and wear behaviour of stainless steel rubbing against copper-impregnated metallized carbon

A series of experimental tests were carried out using stainless steel rubbing against copper-impregnated metallized carbon under electrical current on a pin-on-disc test rig. The test parameters include the sliding speed of 60-100 km/h, normal force of 40-80 N and electrical current of 0-50 A. During testing, the friction coefficient and wear volume were recorded. The topography of worn surfaces was also observed with SEM. The cross sectional profiles of worn surfaces of stainless steel were measured with Ambios profiler. The result displays that electrical current, normal load and sliding speed have a distinct effect on the friction and wear behaviour of stainless steel rubbing against copper-impregnated metallized carbon. Without electric current, the friction coefficient is largest but the wear volume of copper-impregnated metallized carbon is lowest. With increasing electric current, the friction coefficient decreases while the wear volume of copper-impregnated metallized carbon increases. Through the whole test, it is found that the wear loss of stainless steel was light. The wear of copper-impregnated metallized carbon becomes severe when electrical current or sliding speed is high. When the electrical current or sliding speed is high, arc ablation is a dominant wear mechanism of copper-impregnated metallized carbon.     

38CrSi自配副的摩擦磨损性能

采用自制的销盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究了38CrSi自配副干滑动时的摩擦因数、磨损率随滑动速度和载荷的变化规律;利用SEM观察了磨损面的微观形貌,分析了摩擦磨损机理。结果表明:其摩擦因数随着载荷和速度的增加而减小;磨损率随着载荷的增加而增大,随着速度的增加先增大后减小,和常用材料的磨损率随速度增加而增大的规律不同;磨损机理为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损。     

Friction and wear properties of bronze–graphite composite under water lubrication

Bronze–graphite composite was prepared using powder metallurgy. The friction and wear behaviors of the resulting composites in dry- and water-lubricated sliding against a stainless steel were comparatively investigated on an MM-200 friction and wear tester in a ring-on-block contact configuration. The wear mechanisms of the bronze–graphite composite were discussed based on examination of the worn surface morphologies of both the composite block and the stainless steel ring by means of scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersion spectrometry and on determination of some typical elements on the worn surfaces by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the friction coefficient was higher under water lubrication than that under dry sliding and it showed margined change with increasing load under the both sliding conditions. A considerably decreased wear rate of the bronze–graphite composite was registered under water-lubricated sliding than under dry sliding, though it rose significantly at a relatively higher load. This was attributed to the hindered transfer of the composite onto the counterpart steel surface under water-lubricated sliding and the cooling effect of the water as a lubricant, while its stronger transfer onto the steel surface accounted for its higher wear rate under dry sliding. Thus, the bronze–graphite composite with much better wear-resistance under water-lubricated sliding than under dry sliding against the stainless steel could be a potential candidate as the tribo-material in aqueous environment.     

Tribological properties of Ni3Al-Cr7C3 composite coating under water lubrication

The tribological properties of Ni₃Al-Cr₇C₃ composite coating under water lubrication were examined by using a ball-on-disc reciprocating tribotester. The effects of load and sliding speed on wear rate of the coating were investigated. The worn surface of the coating was analyzed using electron probe microscopy analysis (EPMA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show the friction coefficient of the coating is decreased under water lubrication. The wear rate of the coating linearly increases with the load. At high sliding speed, the wear rate of the coating is dramatically increased and a large amount of the counterpart material is transferred to the coating worn surface. The low friction of the coating under water lubrication is due to the oxidizing of the worn surface in the wear. The wear mechanism of the coating is plastic deformation at low normal load and sliding speed. However, the wear mechanism transforms to microfracture and microploughing at high load with low sliding speed, and oxidation wear at high sliding speed. It is concluded that the contribution of the sliding speed to an increase in the coating wear is larger than that of the normal load.     

聚酰亚胺复合材料与不同金属间干滑动时的摩擦学性能

采用MPX-2000型摩擦磨损试验机研究了聚四氟乙烯和二硫化钼填充聚酰亚胺复合材料在干滑动摩擦条件下与45钢、镍铬合金、铜和铝对磨时的摩擦磨损性能,并利用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜分析了复合材料及对偶件的磨损表面形貌。结果表明:复合材料与铝对磨时的摩擦因数和磨损率最低,分别约为与钢摩擦时的43%和49%;摩擦后铝表面形成均匀连续的转移膜,45钢、镍铬合金和铜的表面没有形成有效转移膜,因此复合材料的摩擦因数较大;复合材料与不同金属材料摩擦时的磨损机理主要是粘着磨损与疲劳磨损。     

青铜-石墨热喷涂层在干摩擦和水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能

在MM-200摩擦磨损试验机上研究了青铜-石墨热喷涂层在干摩擦和水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电镜(SEM)对磨损表面形貌进行了观测和采用X射线能谱分析(XPS)分析了涂层成分。结果表明,在水润滑条件下涂层摩擦因数和磨损率均低于干摩擦条件下;在水润滑条件下磨损机制为轻微磨粒磨损和犁削磨损,在干摩擦下主要是较为严重的粘着磨损和犁削。这是由于水润滑降低了摩擦副界面温度,提高了石墨润滑膜的韧性,改善了润滑效果,从而阻止了粘着磨损的发生,水还促进了钢偶件表面致密氧化膜的形成,从而减轻磨损。因此水润滑对涂层磨损性能有较大影响。