21Cr节镍型双相不锈钢高温形变过程的静态软化分析

采用热模拟研究了21Cr双相不锈钢在高温变形道次间隔时间内的静态软化行为,讨论了变形温度、应变速率和变形程度对静态再结晶行为及微观组织的影响。结果表明,变形条件通过影响两相内部应变分配进一步影响双相不锈钢静态软化行为。随着变形温度和变形程度增加,铁素体相内承担的应变增加,铁素体内部再结晶程度增加,促进双相不锈钢的静态软化程度增加;而随着应变速率的增加,试验钢静态软化率的变化规律与奥氏体相承担的应变变化规律相同,都呈现出先降低后升高的变化趋势,奥氏体相在应变速率为1 s^-1时的内部再结晶程度最低。21Cr双相不锈钢静态再结晶激活能约为301 kJ/mol。     

不同变形温度下稀土Ce改性2507超级双相不锈钢的微观组织演变

采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等试验手段对不同温度(室温、高温)下变形后的稀土Ce改性2507超级双相不锈钢的微观组织演变进行了表征。结果表明:在不同温度的变形过程中,双相不锈钢中铁素体相比例明显增加,但其增加机理却不相同,热变形过程中奥氏体相向高温铁素体发生转变导致铁素体相含量增加,而冷变形过程中奥氏体相则发生形变诱导马氏体转变导致铁素体相含量增加。热变形过程中奥氏体发生动态再结晶,铁素体晶粒发生动态回复导致晶粒细化;而冷变形过程中奥氏体发生形变诱导马氏体转变和形变孪晶,铁素体晶粒则发生碎化而导致晶粒细化。     

节约型双相不锈钢2101高温变形过程中微观组织演化

采用电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)和TEM研究了节约型双相不锈钢2101在温度为1000℃和应变速率为5 s~(-1)的高温变形过程中的微观组织演化.结果表明,铁素体和奥氏体都发生以小角度晶界不断向大角度晶界转变为特征的连续动态再结晶(CDRX).固溶退火后双相不锈钢奥氏体内出现大量退火孪晶.随变形量增加,奥氏体中具有∑3位向关系的晶界逐渐消失.高温变形过程中双相微观组织演化机制的耦合作用共同决定了流变曲线特征.     

氮含量对022Cr25Ni7Mo3N双相不锈钢热加工行为的影响

通过热拉伸、热压缩试验研究了不同氮含量的022Cr25Ni7Mo3N双相不锈钢的热加工行为和软化机制。结果表明,试验钢高温抗拉强度随N含量增加而提高,该影响关系在较低变形温度区间尤为明显;在1100℃平面压缩达到稳态流变之后,试验钢的流变应力很快再次上升,出现二次硬化现象,N含量提高致使试验钢在更低的应变条件下更快地进入二次硬化阶段;试验钢高温变形过程中的应变主要传导到高温更软的铁素体相中,该相积蓄的较大应变能促进了铁素体的动态再结晶启动;022Cr25Ni7Mo3N双相不锈钢的软化机制主要是铁素体的动态回复和动态连续再结晶。     

氮含量对022Cr25Ni7Mo3N双相不锈钢热加工行为的影响

通过热拉伸、热压缩试验研究了不同氮含量的022Cr25Ni7Mo3N双相不锈钢的热加工行为和软化机制。结果表明,试验钢高温抗拉强度随N含量增加而提高,该影响关系在较低变形温度区间尤为明显;在1100℃平面压缩达到稳态流变之后,试验钢的流变应力很快再次上升,出现二次硬化现象,N含量提高致使试验钢在更低的应变条件下更快地进入二次硬化阶段;试验钢高温变形过程中的应变主要传导到高温更软的铁素体相中,该相积蓄的较大应变能促进了铁素体的动态再结晶启动;022Cr25Ni7Mo3N双相不锈钢的软化机制主要是铁素体的动态回复和动态连续再结晶。     

节Ni型2101双相不锈钢的高温热加工行为研究

采用Gleeble-3800热力模拟试验机在温度为1123~1423 K、应变速率为0.001~10 s~(-1)的条件下对2101双相不锈钢进行了热压缩实验,以研究热变形参数对其热加工行为的影响规律。结果表明,相同应变速率下,随温度升高,流变曲线由动态再结晶向动态回复转变。变形速率由0.001 s~(-1)增至0.01和0.1 s~(-1)提高了动态再结晶温度范围,而1和10 s~(-1)的较高应变速率不利于动态再结晶。在应变速率为0.001~0.1s~(-1)、变形温度为1253~1323 K时,峰值应力所对应的应变越小,奥氏体动态再结晶越容易发生,有利于等轴状再结晶组织形成。低应变速率下,变形温度升高使奥氏体再结晶晶粒长大,且Zener-Hollomon参数较大时,动态再结晶效果变差与Mn稳定奥氏体能力较Ni弱有关。基于热变形方程计算得到该不锈钢热变形激活能Q=464.49 k J/mol,略高于2205双相不锈钢,并建立了峰值流变应力本构方程。结合不同变形条件下的应变曲线和显微组织,根据热加工图确定了最佳热加工区域为应变速率在0.001~0.1 s~(-1)、变形温度为1220~1350 K,该区域功率耗散系数处于0.40~0.47的较高值,发生了明显奥氏体动态再结晶。     

2205双相不锈钢焊接热影响区的组织转变行为

通过焊接热模拟方法和现代材料组织分析技术,研究了冷却时间t8/5和t12/8对2205双相不锈钢模拟热影响区(HAZ)组织转变行为的影响.结果表明,固定t12/8,改变t8/5,2205双相不锈钢模拟HAZ的组织形态和相比例相差不大,用t8/5作为参数研究这种材料HAZ组织转变行为是不恰当的;固定t8/5,改变t12/8,2205双相不锈钢模拟HAZ的组织形态和相比例变化比较大,t12/8是影响这种材料HAZ组织的本质因素,用它来研究对2205双相不锈钢HAZ组织的影响更为确切.冷却时间t12/8对2205双相不锈钢模拟HAZ组织的影响规律是,随着t12/8的增加,奥氏体由原来的长条状逐渐变成树枝状,晶界和晶粒内部均析出奥氏体,相互交集在一起形成网状.铁素体的比例随着冷却时间t12/8的增加而缓慢下降;2205双相不锈钢模拟HAZ组织中奥氏体和铁素体晶内比母材有更多的位错.     

18.7Cr-1.0Ni-5.8Mn-0.2N节Ni型双相不锈钢的大变形热压缩软化行为

在1123~1423 K、0.1~10 s^-1条件下对18.7Cr-1.0Ni-5.8Mn-0.2N节Ni型双相不锈钢进行70%大变形量热压缩研究。利用OM、SEM和EBSD分析热变形组织。结果表明,铁素体动态再结晶(DRX)主要发生在1123 K较低变形温度,随应变速率增大,晶粒细化程度增加,晶粒不均匀程度减小。应变速率对铁素体DRX影响较大,而奥氏体DRX对变形温度更加敏感。在1223 K、10 s^-1条件下,铁素体相发生了以小角度晶界(LAGB)向大角度晶界(HAGB)转变的连续动态再结晶(CDRX),而在1323 K、0.1 s^-1条件下,奥氏体相以不连续动态再结晶(DDRX)为主。低应变速率条件下升高温度易诱发DDRX,而在高应变速率条件下易发生CDRX。在高温低应变条件下,奥氏体相晶粒取向主要为(001)和(111)再结晶织构,而铁素体相在(001)和(111)织构之间存在竞争关系。拟合获得临界应力(应变)并确定了其与峰值应力(应变)的关系。随着应变增加,热加工失稳区缩小,且稳定区逐渐向高温高应变速率方向移动,1323~1423 K、0.01~6.05 s^-1的热参数条件最适合热加工。     

微观组织对2205双相不锈钢氢脆敏感性的影响

采用金相显微镜,氢渗透试验和慢应变速率拉伸试验结合扫描电镜研究了微观组织对2205双相不锈钢氢渗透行为及氢脆敏感性的影响。微观组织分析表明,随着固溶处理温度升高,铁素体含量升高,奥氏体含量降低。氢渗透试验结果显示,随着铁素体含量升高,氢在2205双相不锈钢中的扩散系数增大。结合慢应变速率拉伸试验和断口形貌观察发现,950 ℃固溶处理的2205双相不锈钢的氢脆敏感性较高,呈现脆性断裂;而1050 ℃固溶处理试样中的铁素体和奥氏体含量较均衡,氢脆敏感性较低,呈韧性断裂特征。     

低碳含铌细晶双相钢的组织控制

利用热模拟压缩变形实验研究了低碳含铌钢基于过冷奥氏体动态相变细晶双相钢的组织控制.相变前的奥氏体状态(再结晶奥氏体或形变奥氏体组织)及Nb的存在状态对动态相变有较大的影响.结果表明,由于铌在再结晶奥氏体中主要以固溶状态存在,其固溶拖曳作用延迟了铁素体动态相变,要求在动态相变中施以大的应变量才能获得细小马氏体岛弥散分布于细晶铁素体中的双相组织;形变奥氏体中,大部分铌在奥氏体未再结晶区形变中应变诱导析出,动态相变中固溶铌拖曳作用的降低以及未再结晶区形变对奥氏体有效晶界面积(Sv)的提高均有利于铁素体在动态相变中快速形核,在小应变量下即可获得铁素体晶粒为1～2μm,马氏体岛＜1μm的超细晶双相组织.     

Modeling of Work Hardening During Hot Rolling of Vanadium and Niobium Microalloyed Steels in the Low Temperature Austenite Region

This work extends the application of the well-established Estrin and Mecking (EM) work-hardening model in unstable low temperature austenite region. The interaction between work hardening, recovery and softening attributed to recrystallization and transformation to ferrite under dynamic conditions is considered. Experimental parameters were varied to study the effects of strain, strain rate and temperature during hot rolling in the low temperature austenite region. Hot compression tests were performed two microalloyed steels—one containing V and the other Nb—at strain rates between 0.1 and 10 s^?1 over a temperature range of 750-1000 °C. A model is presented that describes the influence of dynamic recovery on flow behavior in the unstable austenite region. The modified work-hardening model incorporates an additional fitting parameter to the EM model and is dependent on the recovery and softening rates. The new model improved prediction in the unstable austenite region, while the original EM model gave better correlation at relatively higher temperatures when dynamic recrystallization is dominant or at relatively lower temperatures when only dynamic recrystallization to ferrite was the softening mechanism.     

Dynamic Ferrite Transformation Behaviors in 6Ni-0.1C Steel

Phase transformation from austenite to ferrite is an important process to control the microstructures of steels. To obtain finer ferrite grains for enhancing its mechanical property, various thermomechanical processes followed by static ferrite transformation have been carried out for austenite phase. This article reviews the dynamic transformation (DT), in which ferrite transforms during deformation of austenite, in a 6Ni-0.1C steel recently studied by the authors. Softening of flow stress was caused by DT, and it was interpreted through a true stress–true strain curve analysis. This analysis predicted the formation of ferrite grains even above the Ae₃ temperature (ortho-equilibrium transformation temperature between austenite and ferrite), where austenite is stable thermodynamically, under some deformation conditions, and the occurrence of DT above Ae₃ was experimentally confirmed. Moreover, the change in ferrite grain size in DT was determined by deformation condition, i.e., deformation temperature and strain rate at a certain strain, and ultrafine ferrite grains with a mean grain size of 1 μm were obtained through DT with subsequent dynamic recrystallization of ferrite.     

形变温度对Q235碳素钢应变诱导相变的影响

研究了热模拟单向压缩条件下形变温度对Q235碳素钢应变诱导相变过程组织变化的影响,结果表明,铁素体可在A3以上较高的温度下因形变而存在,大应变下该钢不存在单纯的形变奥氏体状态,随形变温度的降低,组织变化的规律为由奥氏体的动态再结晶为主,过渡到奥氏体动态再结晶与铁素体的诱导析出同时进行,再过渡为铁素体的析出与铁素体的动态相继进行的过程,碳素钢热加工过程在微观上实质是动态复合转变过程,奥氏体的动态再结晶影响了铁素体的形态、分布与细化效果,高温形变后的保温导致铁素体向奥氏体的逆转变。     

Q235碳素钢应变强化相变的基本特点及影响因素

在热模拟单向压缩实验中,通过形变参数的变化考察了Q235碳素钢应变强化相变的基本规律及铁素体晶粒细化效果,结果表明,铁素体的超细化在热力学上是由于应变强化相变最大限度地提高了相变过冷度,在动力学上是由于形核集中在局部的高应变区,同时在转变过程中形变不断产生新的形核地点并抑制铁素体生长的结果,实现铁素体的超细化需要一最小变量及一定的应变速率,以使转变完毕并加抑制铁素伯的生长及形变成长条状,应变明显削弱了奥氏体晶粒尺寸的差异带来的铁素体尺寸的差异,应变造成的铁素体动态再结晶进一步细化了晶粒,这种特征是动态转变所特有的,此外,还比较了应变强化相变与无应变及传统近轧控冷铁素体形成时的差异。     

DEFORMATION ENHANCED FERRITE TRANSFORMATION IN PLAIN LOW CARBON STEEL

1. IntroductionGrain refinement is an effective way of increasing strength and ductility of metallicmaterials simultaneously. In recent ten years the approach to the grain refinement in steelsexperienced a period from thermal mechanical controlling processing (TMCP) in the yearsof 60--70's to the strain induced transformation in 80's. Its basic concept is to the controlof recrystallization, transformation and grain growth in different periods of hot working byutilizing microalloying elemellt…     

Numerical simulation of dynamic strain-induced austenite–ferrite transformation in a low carbon steel

A modified cellular automaton modeling has been performed to investigate the dynamic strain-induced transformation (DSIT) from austenite (γ) to ferrite (α) in a low carbon steel. In this modeling, the γ–α transformation, ferrite dynamic recrystallization and the hot deformation were simulated simultaneously. The simulation provides an insight into the mechanism of the ferrite refinement during the DSIT. It is found that the refinement of ferrite grains derived from DSIT was the result of the increasing ferrite nuclei density by the “unsaturated” nucleation, the limited ferrite growth and the ferrite dynamic recrystallization. The effects of prior austenite grain size and strain rate on the microstructural evolution of the DSIT ferrite and the characteristics of the resultant microstructure are also discussed.     

Dynamic Phase Transformation and Spheroidization of Cementite of Hypereutectoid Steel Containing Aluminum during Deformation

利用Gleeble 1500热模拟试验机进行单轴热压缩实验, 研究了合金元素Al对过共析钢缓冷相变和 过冷奥氏体动态相变组织的影响. 结果表明: 在缓冷相变时, Al的加入抑制网状渗碳体形成, 细化珠光体 片层间距; 在过冷奥氏体形变过程中, 动态转变经历动态相变和相变所得珠光体中渗碳体球化及铁素体动 态再结晶等过程. 在动态相变过程中, 没有形成晶界网状渗碳体, 而直接产生珠光体. Al的加入使动态相变过程中奥氏体的稳定性提高、珠光体转变推迟, 进一步细化了珠光体片层间距. 在相变所得珠光体中渗碳体球化及铁素体动态再结晶的过程中, Al阻碍渗碳体粗化, 使渗碳体颗粒和铁素体晶粒尺寸细化.     

Flow stress analysis for determining the critical condition of dynamic ferrite transformation in 6Ni–0.1C steel

In order to clarify the occurrence of dynamic ferrite transformation in a 6Ni–0.1C steel, the stress–strain behavior in uniaxial compression was analyzed for a wide range of temperatures and strain rates. Significant softening of flow stress for austenite was observed at lower temperatures at a constant strain rate, which seemed to correspond with the occurrence of dynamic transformation to ferrite. Analysis of the maximum stress in the stress–strain curves indicated that dynamic ferrite transformation occurred above a certain value of the Zener–Hollomon parameter (Z). The critical deformation condition (Z_C) for the occurrence of dynamic transformation was determined. Increasing the amount of softening resulted in an increase in the fraction of ferrite, and the maximum flow stress came close to the flow stress of ferrite. Microstructural observations revealed that the specimens exhibiting softening consisted of ferrite grains with typical characteristics of deformation microstructure, such as a change in crystal orientation within the ferrite grain, inhomogeneity in ferrite morphology and dislocation substructures inside the grains. All these characteristics confirmed the occurrence of ferrite transformation during deformation, i.e. dynamic ferrite transformation.