Effect of Formulation on Physicochemical Properties and Water Status of Nutritionally Enriched Fresh Pasta

A standard fresh pasta formulation (STD, the control sample) was modified by introducing soy and carrot ingredients both in dry and in liquid forms (soy and carrot flour and soy milk and carrot juice) to obtain eight nutritionally enriched fresh pasta samples with different formulations. The effect of formulation on selected physicochemical properties and water status of fresh pasta were studied. Colour, texture (force at rupture and extensibility), and cooking loss were found significantly affected by the formulation. Soy and carrot decreased the force at rupture and extensibility of fresh pasta and increased the solids loss during cooking. Improper gluten network development due to either a steric hindrance of soy and carrot solids or improper water availability for gluten hydration due to different water–solid interaction developed were hypothesized. Soy and carrot ingredients significantly altered the water dynamics in the pasta matrix at different space-time levels (macroscopic, moisture content and water activity; macromolecular, frozen water content; molecular, proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry) of fresh pasta in a manner dependent upon the physical state of the added ingredient. Soy flour increased both the frozen water content and the overall proton mobility (¹H FID, ¹H T ₁ and T ₂) of fresh pasta while these parameters did not markedly differed from STD when soy milk was used. The presence of both carrot flour and carrot juice decreased significantly the frozen water content of fresh pasta but, at a molecular level, carrot flour altered the proton molecular mobility, while carrot juice did not.     

Spatial Investigation of the Non-frozen Water Distribution in Frozen Foods using NMR SPRITE

ABSTRACT: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to investigate the spatial distribution of the non-frozen water in foods during freezing and frozen storage. For samples such as beef, orange juice, and dough, their NMR responses were characterized and studied over temperature and during storage at subzero temperatures. The content of liquid-like components, such as unfrozen water, was measured in the temperature range between 20 and -40 °C. Ice formation led to a significant decrease of the amount of liquid-like components. This also was gradually diminished during storage, due to slow crystallization. Moreover, 1- and 2-dimensional images of the proton distributions in the frozen samples were obtained by single point ramped imaging with T₁ enhancement (SPRITE). The use of SPRITE to examine frozen foods allowed a spatial evaluation of liquid-like spins during freezing and storage.     

藜麦粉对冷冻面团特性及其面包品质的影响

将藜麦和小麦粉按一定比例混合,用快速粘度分析法测定混合粉糊化特性,流变仪测定了冻藏过程中小麦-藜麦冷冻面团的流变学特性,核磁共振法测定面团中水分迁移,并测定其发酵体积变化,最后分析了冷冻面团组织状态与产品品质的关系。结果表明：藜麦粉对冷冻面团及面包的品质均有改善。藜麦粉降低了混合粉体系的糊化粘度和崩解值。冻藏后,冷冻面团的弹性模量和粘性模量增加,小麦粉冷冻面团损耗角正切值增加了4.73%,添加量为5%时冷冻面团损耗角正切值仅增加0.41%;小麦冷冻面团自由水上升了3.90%,藜麦添加后仅上升2.40%,可见藜麦粉能冷冻面团降低水分迁移程度;同时,添加藜麦粉能维持面团面筋网络结构的完整性,发酵体积由26.42 mL/h增大到29.17 mL/h。不同添加量的藜麦粉对面团及面包的品质改善程度不同,最适添加量为10%,烘烤后面包比容为3.08 mL/g,硬度为2803.48 g。本研究可为开发藜麦冷冻面团提供理论基础,在藜麦新产品开发方面具有重要的指导意义。     

High-Resolution NMR and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Studies on Fresh and Frozen Cod ( Gadus morhua) and Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus)

Changes in the fish muscle from cod ( Gadus morhua ) and haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus ) were investigated by high-resolution NMR and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Water- and salt-soluble extracts from fish stored at −20°C and −30°C were analysed by high-resolution proton NMR and enabled the identification of metabolites including trimethylamine oxide, trimethylamine (TMA) and dimethylamine. It was not possible to detect formaldehyde by NMR either in the stored fish samples or in spiked water or salt extracts even at high levels of formaldehyde addition, probably due to polymerisation. Systematic and controlled storage trials indicated the presence of dimethylamine at around 9 months for samples stored at −20°C, whereas no changes were detected at the control storage temperature of −30°C. A comparison of cod and haddock fillets stored for 1 year at −20 and −30°C confirmed the production of dimethylamine only in cod stored at −20°C. It was interesting to note that ‘fresh’ cod and haddock samples purchased from a local supermarket showed high levels of TMA indicating a breakdown of trimethylamine oxide to TMA by bacteria. TMA was not detected in the fish fillets especially obtained for the storage trials. MRI of fresh cod and fish stored at −8 and −30°C indicated that the fish half stored at −8°C exhibited dense lines or arches which are indicative of gaps in the tissue due to possible breakdown of the connective tissue. The images of fish stored at −30°C did not indicate any differences compared with the fresh fish. MRI also showed the presence of frozen and unfrozen areas in the fish non-destructively.     

Effects of freezing and frozen storage conditions on the rheological properties of different formulations of non-yeasted wheat and gluten-free bread dough

Empirical and fundamental rheological measurements were made on fresh and frozen dough to study the effects of freezing and frozen storage conditions. Frozen dough was stored at two different temperatures, −18 °C and −30 °C, and for 1, 7 and 28 days. Four dough formulations were tested: a standard wheat dough, a fibre-enriched wheat dough, a standard gluten-free dough and a gluten-free dough containing amaranth flour. No yeast was used in any formulation. The wheat dough is more affected by freezing and by the first days of storage whereas the gluten-free dough is more affected by a longer storage time. A storage temperature of −30 °C alters dough rheological properties more than a storage temperature of −18 °C. The addition of dietary fibres to the wheat dough increases its resistance to freezing and frozen storage. The addition of amaranth flour to gluten-free dough also increases its resistance to freezing but decreases its resistance to storage conditions.     

Effects of Waxy Wheat Flour and Water on Frozen Dough and Bread Properties

ABSTRACT:  The quality of bread made from frozen dough is diminished by changes that occur during freezing. New cultivars of waxy wheat flour (WWF), containing less than 2% amylose, offer unique properties for the production of baked products. In this study, dough properties and bread quality were investigated at various levels of WWF (0% to 45% flour weight) and water (55% to 65%). Dough stickiness increased with higher levels of WWF and water. During frozen storage, dough with greater WWF and lower water had less change in stickiness. Maximum resistance to extension (MRE) decreased with higher WWF and water. Dough with greater WWF and less water had less change in extensibility after frozen storage. Dough with greater WWF and water was more extensible. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies showed that frozen dough with higher WWF content had lower transverse relaxation ( T ₂) time of 9 to 11ms. After frozen storage, dough with higher WWF still showed lower T ₂. Dough with 15% WWF had higher yeast activity. Bread made from 15% and 30% WWF had higher volume in bread made from unfrozen and frozen dough. Bread firmness decreased with higher amounts of WWF and water. This research demonstrated that specific combinations of WWF and water produced a better quality of frozen dough and bread.     

核磁共振研究膳食纤维面包制作过程的水分迁移行为

利用核磁共振测定三种不同配方面包在制作过程(和面、发酵、醒发和焙烤)中质子的自旋-自旋弛豫时间(T2),面团中流动性不同的水分,表现出不同的弛豫时间。实验表明,在面包制作过程中,其束缚相和自由相的迁移行为不同,此外140MPa处理的膳食纤维具有强持水性,添加至面包中可改善其储藏性。     

核磁共振研究蔗糖对面团中分子流动性的影响

利用脉冲梯度场核磁共振技术(PFG-NMR)研究蔗糖对面团自旋-自旋弛豫特性的影响。分子的自旋-自旋弛豫特性与分子的流动性呈正相关。采用CPMG脉冲序列检测面团中质子的自旋-自旋弛豫时间(T2)。在面团中流动性不同的水分,表现出不同的弛豫时间。实验结果表明,蔗糖的亲水性能够显著改变面团的自旋-自旋弛豫时间。通过磁共振图像可以发现蔗糖能够明显促进面团中质子的均匀分布,增强其流动性。当水分含量一定时,面团的自旋-自旋弛豫时间随蔗糖含量的增加而增加。     

Effect of soy addition on microwavable pocket-type flat doughs

Microwavable frozen baked goods are widely used by the food industry. However, the altered heat and mass transfer patterns associated with microwave radiation result in tough and rubbery baked products due to reduced plasticization of the polymers. Ingredients with high water-holding capacity and high content of polar lipids have been shown to enhance gluten plasticization and to improve water retention. Therefore, this study explored the physicochemical changes imparted by microwave baking of pocket-type flat doughs with and without soy added at 10%, 20%, and 26% and compared these to their conventionally baked counterparts. Microwave baking resulted in a soft, rubbery, and tough wheat product with increased "freezable" water. Soy was added to the formulation as a means to improve polymer plasticization. Conventional baking of soy doughs resulted in rubbery and tough products due to changes in water state and mobility (freezable water approximately 15 compared with 7.09 of the control). However, soy reduced the cohesiveness of the microwave baked products reaching the lowest value at 20% soy addition (cohesiveness 0.33 ± 1, comparable to that of the conventionally baked control). These data suggest that reduction of water mobility induced by soy proteins and polar lipids (confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis [TGA] and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance [1H NMR]) possibly plasticized the starch-gluten network of microwave baked soy doughs. Thus, soy was shown to improve the texture of microwave baked pocket-type flat doughs although further formula optimization is warranted. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Microwavable pocket-type flat doughs are used frequently by the food industry to enrobe meat, vegetable, and sweet items for convenient meal delivery. Microwave heating of such doughs induces the development of crustless products compared to conventionally baked products, resulting in a tough and rubbery texture. Partial substitution of wheat flour with soy, in the form of soy flour and soy milk powder, prevented the deleterious textural changes associated with microwave heating. These results suggest that soy is a functional ingredient for the textural improvement of microwavable pocket-type flat doughs.     

冻藏对非发酵面团水分状态及冰晶形态的影响

为明确不同搅拌时间及冻藏过程中,非发酵冷冻面团中水分的状态及分布情况,采用低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)测定粉质仪和面过程中面团及其冻藏后的水分结合状态及比例的变化情况.结果表明:在面团搅拌过程中,刚离开500 BU时的面团中强结合水比例(A21)最高,弱结合水比例(A22)最低,水分结合状态最好,面筋充分水合.不同...     

Effect of Glutathione and Storage Time on Rheological Properties of Per-proofed Frozen Dough

The effect of reduced glutathione （GSH） on fresh and pre-proofed frozen dough rheological properties were investigated using dynamic stress rheometry and small scale extensibility with the addition of three levels （80×10^-6, 160 ×10^-6 and 240× 10^-6 GSH） and six storage times （0 and 1 day, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks）. Three relaxation times （1, 13 and 26min） after loading the dough in the rheometer were used to determine storage （G＇） and loss （G＂） moduli. Correlations for G＇ （r=-0.678 and 0.622 at 0.05, and 10Hz, respectively） and G＂ （r=0.699, and 0.690 at 0.05, and 10Hz, respectively） were observed with the area under the extension curve at 26 min relaxation time. The addition of GSH to fresh dough reduced G＇ （16.4% to 55.9%） and G＂ （13.7% to 52.2%）. Freezing and frozen storage caused increase in G＇ and G＂. The addition of GSH reduced dough strength indicated by the reduction in maximum resistance to extension （Rmax） and the ratio of maximum resistance to extensibility（Rmax/E）. The reduction in Rmax across all relaxation times ranged from 16.2% to 59.4%. An increase in dough extension （E） was observed with 240 ×10^-6 GSH at all frozen storage and rest period times. Addition of GSH caused an increase of liquid phase （30.6% to 35.3%） in fresh dough and frozen dough （10.3% to 20.7%） after one day frozen storage. Negative correlations of water content in the solid phase with dough extensibility and area under the extensibility curve were found （r=-0.594 and -0.563, respectively, p 〈 0.001）. This suggests a loss of dough extensibility and strength as the water holding capacity of the dough components changes during frozen storage.     

抗冻蛋白对预发酵冷冻面团中蛋白质特性及水分状态的影响

采用Ellman’s试剂比色法、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术、傅里叶变换红外光谱技术以及核磁共振技术,研究冻藏和冻融循环条件下抗冻蛋白对冷冻面团的蛋白质特性以及水分子存在状态的影响。结果表明：经过冻藏和冻融循环,冷冻面团中游离巯基含量上升,二硫键含量下降。添加抗冻蛋白对冷冻面团亚基无影响。随着冻藏时间的延长,二级结构中分子间β-折叠含量增大,β-转角含量减小,而冻融循环使得α-螺旋结构含量下降,添加抗冻蛋白组的蛋白质特性变化均小于无添加组。无添加抗冻蛋白冷冻面团的失水率明显升高,驰豫时间随冻藏时间的延长逐渐变大,结合水含量减少,表明抗冻蛋白能够抑制二硫键的断裂和二级结构的变化,减少冰晶的重结晶,防止面团的水分散失,维持面团的持水能力。     

Use of monoglyceride hydrogel for the production of low fat short dough pastry

The influence of palm oil replacement with a monoglyceride-palm oil-water gel (hydrogel) on physical properties and acrylamide content of a low fat short dough pastry was studied. The effect of the incorporation of the hydrogel was monitored during storage by assessing moisture, firmness, proton density/mobility using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and acrylamide content. The use of hydrogel allowed the lipid content of pastries to be reduced with minor effects on their quality characteristics. However, the hydrogel-containing pastries showed a crunchier crust, higher acrylamide content and a higher tendency to staling. As assessed by MRI, these results were ascribable to the development of a peculiar system morphology promoted by hydrogel incorporation in the food matrix.     

Effect of β‐Glucan–Rich Barley Flour Fraction on Rheology and Quality of Frozen Yeasted Dough

Research has shown that prolonged frozen storage of bread dough reduces the quality of the end product. In this study, the effect of air‐classified barley flour fraction rich in β‐glucan (approximately 25%) on rheology and quality of frozen yeasted bread dough was investigated. Wheat flour (W) was replaced by air‐classified barley flour fraction (B) at 10% without or with 1.4% vital gluten to produce β‐glucan enriched barley dough (WB) or barley dough plus gluten (WB + G). Dough products were stored at ?18 ºC for 8 wk and their rheological properties were investigated weekly. During frozen storage dough extensibility increased, while elastic and viscous moduli decreased. Differential scanning calorimeter and nuclear magnetic resonance data indicated that WB and WB + G dough products contained approximately 10% less freezable water and 9% more bound water compared to the control dough (W). β‐Glucan enriched dough also exhibited less changes in gluten network as shown by SEM photographs. The addition of air‐classified barley flour fraction at 10% in frozen dough reduced deterioration effects caused by frozen storage via minimizing water redistribution and maintaining rheological properties of frozen dough.     

冻融循环下抗冻多肽对冷冻马铃薯面团的品质保护及作用机理

通过将抗冻多肽添加到马铃薯面团中,研究在冻融循环条件下抗冻多肽对冷冻马铃薯面团品质的保护作用。在冻融循环条件下测定抗冻多肽（tilapia scale antifreeze peptides,TSAPP）对冷冻马铃薯面团的比容、发酵性能、失水率、淀粉糊化度、质构特性、水分分布与迁移等的影响及作用机理。结果表明：添加1% TSAPP使马铃薯面团比容增大、发酵时间缩短、淀粉糊化程度高、失水率降低;质构分析显示,与空白对照组相比,1% TSAPP组的马铃薯馒头硬度、咀嚼性和胶黏性分别下降了29.96%、26.99%、28.30%;核磁共振分析显示,TSAPP可以影响冷冻马铃薯面团中的水分状态使深层结合水含量增加,半结合水含量减少;TSAPP还能抑制水分流失,提高马铃薯面团的持水力。结论：抗冻多肽可作为冷冻马铃薯面团产品的低温保护剂。     

银杏粉对小麦面团流变学特性和水分分布及迁移规律的影响

目的：探究不同添加比例银杏粉对小麦面团的流变学特性及水分分布及迁移特性的影响。方法：采用粉质仪、快速黏度分析仪、流变仪测定混合面团的流变学特性,以及差示扫描量热仪、核磁共振仪测定混合面团的水分分布及迁移规律。结果：从流变学的角度分析,随着银杏粉的添加,混合粉的吸水率、公差指数和宽带均逐渐增大;形成时间先减少后增加,在添加量为12%时,面筋网络形成时间最短;糊化特性各指标均呈现出下降趋势;储能模量（G’）、损耗模量（G’’）均随着频率的增加逐渐上升;损耗角正切（tanδ）在银杏粉添加量为18%时达到最大,但随着添加量继续增加开始出现了拐点,反而不利于其综合黏弹性。从水分分布及迁移规律角度分析而言,随着银杏粉的添加,水分融化焓变逐渐降低,可冻结水逐渐降低,非可冻结水逐渐增加,体系中水分流动性降低;弱结合水和自由水的含量相应减少,而深层结合水在银杏粉添加量为18%时才开始逐渐增加。结论：综上所述,当银杏粉的添加量为12%～18%时,对小麦面团的流变学特性和面团中分布状况均具有显著影响（P＜0.05）,且面团品质较好。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对小米制面性能及淀粉体外消化的影响

研究谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TGase)处理对小米面团的制面性能和淀粉体外消化的影响及其内在机理。添加15%的谷朊粉或蛋清粉的小米面团用于制备面条,通过色差仪、质构仪、蒸煮实验和体外模拟消化,测定小米面条的色泽、质构、蒸煮特性和淀粉消化速率。结果表明,小米面团经TGase处理,降低了小米面条的蒸煮损失,提高了面条弹性,但减小了面条的黄色值(b~*)。而且,TGase处理显著降低了含谷朊粉小米面条的淀粉消化速率,使快消化淀粉(RDS)含量降低而抗性淀粉(RS)含量增加,但对含蛋清粉小米面条的淀粉消化影响不明显。此外,SDS-PAGE和游离氨基含量分析表明,TGase可以催化含谷朊粉或蛋清粉的小米面条中的蛋白质发生交联反应。扫描电镜显微图像(SEM)显示TGase处理使淀粉颗粒被更好的包裹在网络结构中。核磁共振成像(MRI)发现小米面条中添加TGase可以减缓储藏过程中的水分迁移和面条结构的劣变。     

Overall and Local Bread Expansion,Mechanical Properties,and Molecular Structure During Bread Baking: Effect of Emulsifying Starches

In order to determine the relationship between molecular structure of wheat bread dough, its mechanical properties, total and local bread expansion during baking and final bread quality, different methods (rheological, nuclear magnetic resonance, magnetic resonance imaging and general bread characterisation) were employed. The study was extended on wheat dough with starch modified by octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) in order to generalise the results. The interest of investigating multi-scale changes occurring in dough at different phases of baking process by considering overall results was demonstrated. It was found that OSA starch improved the baking performance during the first phase of baking. This feature was due to a higher absorption of water by OSA starch granules occurring at temperatures below that of starch gelatinization, as confirmed by NMR, and consecutive higher resistance to deformation for OSA dough in this temperature range (20–60 °C). This was explained by a delayed collapse of cell walls in the bottom of the OSA dough. In the second phase of baking (60–80 °C), the mechanism of shrinkage reduced the volume gained by OSA dough during the first phase of baking due to higher rigidity of OSA dough and its higher resistance to deformation. MRI monitoring of the inflation during baking made it possible to distinguish the qualities and defaults coming from the addition of OSA starch as well as to suggest the possible mechanisms at the origin of such dough behaviour.     

NMR和MRI技术对面包和奶酪二元体系在贮藏过程中水分迁移的研究(英文)

采用低场核磁共振成像技术中的spin3D、CPMG等序列对面包和奶酪二元体系进行成像并测定自旋-自旋弛豫时间等参数,并对其在贮藏过程中水分迁移行为及规律进行了研究,为核磁共振技术在食品中的应用打下良好的基础。     

谷朊粉和小麦淀粉添加量对重组面团冻藏品质的影响

面团的冷冻保存品质无法满足鲜湿面条工业化生产的要求。为了研究面团主要组分（面筋蛋白和淀粉）对面团冷冻品质的影响,以高筋小麦面粉（50%）、谷朊粉和小麦淀粉（不同比例）为原料进行面团重组,-18℃冻藏20 d分析其水分分布、流变特性、糊化特性、凝胶强度、微观结构以及氢键强度,以100%原小麦面粉作为对照组。结果表明,随着谷朊粉:小麦淀粉比例从4:1减小至1:4,冷冻重组面团中的水分分布逐渐由结合水向自由水迁移,弹性模量从125900 Pa降低至73020 Pa;样品的各项糊化参数增大,凝胶硬度也由114.30 g增大到181.39 g。扫描电镜观察发现,谷朊粉:小麦淀粉比例越低越不利于面筋蛋白网络结构的均匀性。添加了谷朊粉和小麦淀粉后,重组面团中的氢键强度均大于对照组,且随着谷朊粉:小麦淀粉比例的减小不断增大。当谷朊粉:小麦淀粉为4:1时,冻藏20 d的重组面团的弹性模量值比对照组高49.95%,有效延缓了面团在冻藏过程中的品质劣变。将淀粉与面筋蛋白进行面团重组可以提高面团的黏弹性,进而有利于其冷冻保存品质。