聚电解质涂层/纳米纤维膜复合滤膜的制备

以静电纺丝法制备的PAN纳米纤维多孔膜为基膜,以层层自组装成膜技术制备的壳聚糖-海藻酸钠聚电解质涂层为表面选择性涂层,成功制备了聚电解质涂层/纳米纤维膜复合滤膜。用扫描电镜(SEM)对复合膜的微观形态进行表征。在操作压力为0.7MPa的条件下,分别过滤纯水以及质量浓度为1000mg/L的NaCl和500mg/L的MgSO4溶液,测试结果表明:盐离子截留率随聚电解质涂层层数的增加而增加,但同时复合膜的水通量随之明显降低。当聚电解质涂层层数为10时,水通量均在18L/m·2h左右,对MgSO4截留率为64.22%,对NaCl截留达到52.45%。     

纺丝条件对PVDF/PVC中空纤维膜性能的影响

采用干-湿法纺丝工艺制备PVDF/PVC共混中空纤维膜,通过对水通量、孔径、截留率等的测试,研究了挤出速率、芯液流量、干纺程对PVDF/PVC中空纤维膜性能及结构的影响,并进行了详细的理论分析。试验结果表明挤出速率与膜通量存在最大值,芯液流量与膜通量及截留率呈线性关系,干纺程的影响效果跟挤出速率类似。可以通过改变纺丝条件来制备性能不同的中空纤维膜。     

UHMWPE/EVA中空纤维膜的制备及性能研究

通过在超高相对分子质量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纺丝液中添加不同含量的乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA),采用热致相分离法制备了UHMWPE/EVA中空纤维膜,实现对UHMWPE中空纤维膜的亲水改性,并通过扫描电子显微镜、接触角测量仪、差示扫描量热仪、万能材料试验机等对中空纤维膜的结构与性能进行了表征,采用自制UHMWPE/EVA中空纤维膜过滤装置对中空纤维膜的过滤性能及防污性能进行了评价。结果表明:随着EVA含量的增加,UHMWPE/EVA中空纤维膜的断面结构变得致密,熔点及结晶度下降,接触角减小,亲水性提高,但其拉伸强度有所下降;随着EVA含量的增加,UHMWPE/EVA中空纤维膜的孔隙率增大,但随着EVA添加质量分数(相对UHMWPE质量)进一步增大到20%,孔隙率则随之下降;当加入EVA质量分数(相对UHMWPE质量)15%时,UHMWPE/EVA中空纤维膜的纯水通量和截留率以及水通量回复率均达到最大值,即其纯水通量为435.77 L/m~2·h,对牛血清蛋白及碳素墨水的截留率分别为68.5%和93.95%,水通量回复率达94.66%;UHMWPE/EVA中空纤维膜中,EVA的最佳添加量其质量分数(相对UHMWPE质量)为15%。     

O-MWCNTs/PMIA中空纤维纳滤膜制备与性能研究

采用聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(PMIA)与羟基化多壁碳纳米管(O-MWCNTs)共混,通过干-湿相转化法制备中空纤维纳滤膜,研究了不同含量的羟基化多壁碳纳米管对O-MWCNTs/PMIA中空纤维纳滤膜结构与性能的影响。结果表明随着O-MWCNTs的含量的增加,膜内部指状孔明显增加,海绵状过渡层减少;O-MWCNTs/PMIA中空纤维纳滤膜的亲水性与表面电负性明显加强;共混纳滤膜的水通量随O-MWCNTs的增加而增加,对无机盐的截留出现先增加后减小的趋势。在渗透压力为1.0 MPa下,O-MWCNTs含量为0.1%时,O-MWCNTs/PMIA中空纤维纳滤膜的纯水通量为55.1 L/(m~2·h),对硫酸钠的截留率可达到78.5%,对甲基橙、亚甲基蓝、酸性红、直接红13的去除率可达到90.5%、94.4%、99.5%、99.9%。     

聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜蒸馏性能研究

采用疏水性聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)中空纤维微孔膜,以3.5%的NaCl水溶液为测试液,进行直接接触膜蒸馏(DCMD)脱盐过程研究.考察了盐水温度、流速、PVDF膜的壁厚、内径、组件长度及封装分率等因素对DCMD过程性能的影响.结果表明:盐水温度、流速提高都有利于提高DCMD过程的通量;随中空纤维膜壁厚增加,通量逐渐降低;内径从0.5mm增加到1.0mm,通量略有提高,且壁厚较薄的膜,内径变化对通量的影响较明显;膜组件长度、装填分率增加,产水通量降低但组件产水总量提高.截留率受操作条件、膜和组件结构的影响较小,基本保持在99.99%,产水电导率<4μS/cm.     

杂萘联苯共聚醚砜中空纤维超滤膜的制备

以杂萘联苯共聚醚砜为膜材料、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂、乙二醇甲醚(EGME)为添加剂,采用干-湿纺丝工艺制备新型中空纤维非对称超滤膜,考察了EGME含量、干纺程长度以及凝胶浴温度对杂萘联苯共聚醚砜中空纤维膜结构和性能的影响。结果表明,随着EGME含量的增加超滤膜的水通量增大,而对聚乙二醇10000的截留率基本不变,干纺程长度和凝胶浴温度对超滤膜的性能有较大影响,所制备的中空纤维超滤膜对聚乙二醇10000的截留率高于95%,水通量达到258 L/(m2.h)。     

PDA/MMT/PVDF超滤膜的制备及处理乳化油性能研究

以聚多巴胺(PDA)、硅烷偶联剂(KH550)改性蒙脱土为添加剂,采用非溶剂致相分离法制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)共混超滤膜。利用SEM、接触角测量仪、测试水通量和BSA截留率等方法分析膜的结构与过滤性能。结果表明,KH550-MMT/PDA膜的过滤效果极好,水通量达到了893.67 L/(m²·h),截留率达到了91.14%。KH550-MMT/PDA的添加,能够改善膜的微观形貌结构,极大地提升了膜的孔隙率、截留率与水通量,显著降低了膜的接触角,极大地增强了膜的抗污染性能。在含油废水的实验中,过滤3种乳化含油废水的截留率均保持在90%以上,其中,煤油乳化油截留率为98.76%。     

PVDF/PVA共混膜对牛血清蛋白截留性能的影响

腹水浓缩回输术是目前治疗腹水的主要方式。通过实验选择一种膜放在腹水浓缩回输之前,将对人体有益的物质如白蛋白等透过膜,而对人体有害分子量大于蛋白质的物质如细菌和癌细胞等截留。以聚偏氟乙烯和聚乙烯醇作为膜原料,以聚乙烯吡咯酮为添加剂,采用热致相分离法制备聚偏氟乙烯平板膜、中空纤维膜,测试了膜的水通量、孔隙率,并以牛血清蛋白为研究对象,测试不同类型的膜对牛血清蛋白的截留效果。实验结果表明聚偏氟乙烯/聚乙烯醇(PVDF/PVA)平板膜的截留效能优于中空膜。     

聚醋酸乙烯酯对聚偏氟乙烯膜结构及性能的影响

采用浸没沉淀相转化法制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)平板膜,研究了亲水性添加剂聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc)的含量对膜的结构及亲水性、水通量、截留率、抗污染性等性能的影响。结果表明,添加剂PVAc可以明显改善膜的亲水性、抗污染性,纯水通量也得到明显提高,但PVAc含量较高时,膜的纯水通量下降。当PVAc含量为2%时,膜的综合性能最好,纯水通量达到238 L/(m~2·h),对BSA的截留率为93.2%,纯水通量恢复率达90.3%。     

聚偏氟乙烯和聚砜共混中空纤维膜的制备和性能研究

考察了聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)和聚砜(PSF)共混比例、聚合物浓度对制得的中空纤维膜结构和性能的影响。通过扫描电镜观察膜的结构,并用相关设备测试检测中空纤维膜的纯水通量、截留率、孔隙率和断裂强度等膜性能;通过实验数据对比,最终确定一个最佳配比。     

用于处理染料废水的PVDF/TPU共混中空纤维膜的制备

采用相转化法制备PVDF／TPU共混中空纤维膜,以PVP为添加剂可以改善成膜性能。通过水通量超滤实验、牛血清白蛋白截留实验、扫描电子显微镜表征膜的表面与截面结构分析得出铸膜液中纤维膜的质量分数为16％,m（PVDF）：m（11Pu）为80：20,添加5％PVP时制备的膜的综合性能最佳。对不同的溶液包括BSA、PVPK30、PEG10000、染料活性艳蓝KN-R进行截留实验分析膜过滤性能。在pH范围为1—14时,膜的水通量及截留率均无明显变化,说明PVDF／TPU共混中空纤维膜具有良好的抗酸、碱性。用清水冲洗10min后,膜污染的恢复率即可达到86．5％,膜的抗污染性能良好。     

Effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone molecular weights on morphology,oil/water separation,mechanical and thermal properties of polyetherimide/polyvinylpyrrolidone hollow fiber membranes

We prepared polyetherimide (PEI) hollow fiber membranes using polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVP) with different molecular weights (PVP 10,000, PVP 40,000, and PVP 1,300,000) as additives for oil/water separation. Asymmetric hollow fiber membranes were fabricated by wet phase inversion technique from 25 wt % or 30 wt % solids of 20 : 5 : 75 or 20 : 10 : 70 (weight ratio) PEI/PVP/N‐metyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) solutions and a 95 : 5 NMP/water solution was used as bore fluid to eliminate resistance on the internal surface. Effects of PVP molecular weights on morphology, oil‐surfactant‐water separation characteristics, mechanical, and thermal properties of PEI/PVP hollow fiber membranes were investigated. It was found that an increase in PVP molecular weight and percentage in PEI/PVP dope solution resulted in the membrane morphology change from the finger‐like structure to the spongy structure. Without sodium hypochlorite posttreatment, hollow fiber membranes with higher PVP molecular weights had a higher rejection but with a lower water flux. For oil‐surfactant‐water emulsion systems (1600 ppm surfactant of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and 2500 ppm oil of n‐decane), experimental results illustrated that the rejection rates for surfactant, total organic carbon, and oil were 76.1 ≈ 79.8%, 91.0 ≈ 93.0%, and more than 99%, respectively. Based on the glass transition temperature values, PVP existed in hollow fiber membranes and resulted in the hydrophilicity of membranes. In addition, using NaOCl as a posttreatment agent for membranes showed a significant improvement in membrane permeability for PVP with a molecular weight of 1300 K, whereas the elongation at break of the treated hollow fiber membranes decreased significantly. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 2220–2233, 1999     

Morphological and separation performance study of polysulfone/titanium dioxide (PSF/TiO2) ultrafiltration membranes for humic acid removal

In this study, polysulfone (PSF) hollow fiber membranes with enhanced performance for humic acid removal were prepared from a dope solution containing PSF/DMAc/PVP/TiO₂. The main reason for adding titanium oxide during dope solution preparation was to enhance the antifouling properties of membranes prepared. In the spinning process, air gap distance was varied in order to produce different properties of the hollow fiber membranes. Characterizations were conducted to determine membrane properties such as pure water flux, molecular weight cut off (MWCO), humic acid (HA) rejection and resistance to fouling tendency. The results indicated that the pure water flux and MWCO of membranes increased with an increase in air gap distance while HA retention decreased significantly with increasing air gap. Due to this, it is found that the PSF/TiO₂ membrane spun at zero air gap was the best amongst the membranes produced and demonstrated > 90% HA rejection. Analytical results from FESEM and AFM also provided supporting evidence to the experimental results obtained. Based on the anti-fouling performance investigation, it was found that membranes with the addition of TiO₂ were excellent in mitigating fouling particularly in reducing the fouling resistances due to concentration polarization, cake layer formation and absorption.     

Hydrophilic modification of poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) via a cross‐linking reaction

A highly hydrophilic hollow fiber poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane [PVDF‐cl‐poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) membrane] was prepared by a cross‐linking reaction with the hydrophilic PVP, which was immobilized firmly on the outer surface and cross‐section of the PVDF hollow fiber membrane via a simple immersion process. The cross‐linking between PVDF and PVP was firstly verified via nuclear magnetic resonance measurement on PVP solution after cross‐linking. The hydrophilic stability of the modified PVDF membrane was evaluated by measuring the pure water flux after different times of immersion and drying. The anti‐fouling properties were estimated by cyclic filtration of protein solution. When the cross‐linking time was as long as 6 hr and the PVP content reached 5 wt %, the pure water flux (J_v) was constant as ～ 600 L m^?2 hr^?1. The hydrophilicity of the PVDF‐cl‐PVP membrane was significantly enhanced and exhibited a good stability. The PVDF‐cl‐PVP membrane showed an excellent anti‐protein‐fouling performance during the cyclic filtration of bovine serum albumin solution. Therefore, a highly hydrophilic and anti‐protein‐fouling PVDF hollow fiber membrane with a long‐term stability can be prepared by a simple and economical cross‐linking process with PVP. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Polyvinyl alcohol/polysulfone (PVA/PSF) hollow fiber composite membranes for pervaporation separation of ethanol/water solution

Polysulfone (PSF) hollow fiber membranes were spun by phase‐inversion method from 29 wt % solids of 29 : 65 : 6 PSF/NMP/glycerol and 29 : 64 : 7 PSF/DMAc/glycol using 93.5 : 6.5 NMP/water and 94.5 : 5.5 DMAc/water as bore fluids, respectively, while the external coagulant was water. Polyvinyl alcohol/polysulfone (PVA/PSF) hollow fiber composite membranes were prepared after PSF hollow fiber membranes were coated using different PVA aqueous solutions, which were composed of PVA, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO₉), maleic acid (MAC), and water. Two coating methods (dip coating and vacuum coating) and different heat treatments were discussed. The effects of hollow fiber membrane treatment methods, membrane structures, ethanol solution temperatures, and MAC/PVA ratios on the pervaporation performance of 95 wt % ethanol/water solution were studied. Using the vacuum‐coating method, the suitable MAC/PVA ratio was 0.3 for the preparation of PVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membrane with the sponge‐like membrane structure. Its pervaporation performance was as follows: separation factor (α) was 185 while permeation flux (J) was 30g/m²·h at 50°C. Based on the experimental results, it was found that separation factor (α) of PVA/PSF composite membrane with single finger‐void membrane structure was higher than that with the sponge‐like membrane structure. Therefore, single finger‐void membrane structure as the supported membrane was more suitable than sponge‐like membrane structure for the preparation of PVA/PSF hollow fiber composite membrane. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 247–254, 2005     

Solvent treatment of CTA hollow fiber membrane and its pervaporation performance for organic/organic mixture

Cellulose triacetate (CTA) hollow fiber membrane used to separate methanol/methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) by pervaporation (PV) has been prepared from CTA hollow fiber reverse osmosis (RO) membrane for desalination of brackish water with high salinity. Acetone was selected as a modification agent of CTA membrane. PV performance depended on the solvent concentration, the treatment time and modification temperature of CTA RO hollow fiber membrane soaked in the aqueous acetone. The results show that CTA hollow fiber membrane modified with the solvent has a superior performance both the separation factor and the permeate flux in the PV experiment conditions.     

Preparation and characterization of alumina hollow fiber membranes

With the rapid development of membrane technology in water treatment, there is a growing demand for membrane products with high performance. The inorganic hollow fiber membranes are of great interest due to their high resistance to abrasion, chemical/thermal degradation, and higher surface area/volume ratio therefore they can be utilized in the fields of water treatment. In this study, the alumina (Al₂O₃) hollow fiber membranes were prepared by a combined phase-inversion and sintering method. The organic binder solution (dope) containing suspended Al₂O₃ powders was spun to a hollow fiber precursor, which was then sintered at elevated temperatures in order to obtain the Al₂O₃ hollow fiber membrane. The dope solution consisted of polyethersulfone (PES), Nmethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which were used as polymer binder, solvent and additive, respectively. The prepared Al₂O₃ hollow fiber membranes were characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TG). The effects of the sintering temperature and Al₂O₃/PES ratios on the morphological structure, pure water flux, pore size and porosity of the membranes were also investigated extensively. The results showed that the pure water flux, maximum pore size and porosity of the prepared membranes decreased with the increase in Al₂O₃/PES ratios and sintering temperature. When the Al₂O₃/PES ratio reached 9, the pure water flux and maximum pore size were at 2547 L/m²·h and 1.4 μm, respectively. Under 1600dgC of sintering temperature, the pure water flux and maximum pore size reached 2398 L/(m²·h) and 2.3 μm, respectively. The results showed that the alumina hollow fiber membranes we prepared were suitable for the microfiltration process. The morphology investigation also revealed that the prepared Al₂O₃ hollow fiber membrane retained its’asymmetric structure even after the sintering process.     

Effect of PVP Molecular Weights on the Properties of PVDF-TiO2 Composite Membrane for Oily Wastewater Treatment Process

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes consisted of TiO₂ and different molecular weight (M_w) of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (i.e., 10, 24, 40, and 360 kDa) were prepared to treat synthesized oily wastewater. The membrane performances were characterized in terms of pure water flux, permeate flux, and oil rejection while their morphological properties were studied using SEM, AFM, and tensile tester. Results show that the PVDF-TiO₂ composite membrane prepared from PVP40k was the best performing membrane owing to its promising water flux (72.2 L/m².h) coupled with good rejection of oil (94%) when tested with 250 ppm oily solution under submerged condition. It is also found that with increasing PVP M_w, the membrane tended to exhibit higher PVP and protein rejection, greater mechanical strength, smaller porosity, and a smoother surface layer. Regarding the effect of pH, the permeate flux of the PVDF-PVP40k membrane was reported to increase with increasing pH from 4 to 7, followed by decrease when the pH was further increased to 10. Increasing oil concentration in the feed solution was reported to negatively affect the water flux of PVDF-PVP40k membrane, owing to the formation of thicker oil layer on the membrane surface which increased water transport resistance. A simple backflushing process on the other hand could retrieve approximately 60% of the membrane original flux without affecting the oil separation efficiency. Based on the findings, the PVDF-TiO₂ membrane prepared from PVP40k can be potentially considered for oily wastewater treatment process due to its good combination of permeability and selectivity and reasonably high water recovery rate.     

Air-sintered silicon (Si)-bonded silicon carbide (SiC) hollow fiber membranes for oil/water separation

In this work we evaluated the effect of adding Si as sintering additive into SiC for producing air-sintered hollow fiber membranes. According to crystallographic analyses, SiC and Si were converted to SiO₂ after sintering at 1350 °C. The addition of 30 wt% of Si into SiC ceramic material promoted the binding of SiC particles and improved the membrane mechanical resistance to 42.25 ± 3.39 MPa after air sintering at 1350 °C. The produced asymmetric ceramic membrane presented a packed pore-network and micro-voids with pore sizes of 1.73 and 5.29 μm, respectively. The filtration of an oil/water emulsion enabled oil retention 98.75 ± 0.95 %. Cake formation was the main fouling occurrence and membrane regeneration with equivalent oil retention and similar steady sate flux was achieved after water cleaning under ultrasound irradiation. Thus, the use of Si as air-sintering aid was favorable for producing Si-bonded SiC hollow fiber membranes with suitable application for oil/water separation.     

聚乙烯吡咯烷酮对聚醚砜膜结构和性能的影响

以聚醚砜为膜材料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为添加剂,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂,采用相转化法制备了聚醚砜超滤膜。通过制膜液粘度、膜的孔隙率、表面接触角、机械性能以及对牛血清蛋白分离性能的测试和扫描电镜（SEM）对膜孔结构的观察,研究了PVP的添加量对聚醚砜制膜液粘度及其膜结构和性能的影响。结果表明,PVP的添加提高了膜的亲水性和制膜液的粘度,但膜的抗拉强度有所降低;膜的水通量随着PVP含量的增加先升高后降低,在5%时最大水通量是508.33L/（m^2·h）,而此时牛蛋白截留率最小为66.27%;SEM观察的结果是膜的断面上部形成指状孔结构,下部形成海绵状孔结构,当PVP含量为5%时膜有斜指状孔结构,且指状孔也逐渐延伸到膜的底部,其壁为稀疏的海绵状孔结构。