Acid-catalyzed conversion of epoxyesters to hydroxyesters

Esters of 9,10-epoxystearic aeid (epoxidized oleic acid), dissolved in 1,4-dioxane, were treated at 15C, first with aqueoiis acid and then with water to convert them to 9,10-dihydroxystearates in high yields. Ester functions remained intact. Glycidyl 9,10-epoxystearate, ethylene glycolbis-9,10-epoxystearate and catecholbis-9,10-epoxystearate were converted to the corresponding tetrahydroxy esters by this method. Treatment of methyl 9,10-epoxystearate with diluted (24%) fluoboric acid gave methyl 9,10-dihydroxystearate in 89% yield. Under similar conditions glycidyl stearate did not react and the internal epoxy group of glycidyl 9,10-epoxystea-rate was hydrated preferentially. Hydration of methyl 9,10-epoxystearate with coned H₂SO₄ led to the formation of considerable amt of byproducts, principally methyl 9(10)-ketostearate. Side reactions were inhibited by diluting the acid-catalyst. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Minneapolis, 1963. A laboratory of the B. Utiliz. Res.& Der. Dir., ABS, USDA.     

NMR chemical shift reagents in structural determination of lipid derivatives: IV. Methylcis- andtrans-9,10-epoxystearate and methylerythro- andthreo-9,10-dihydroxystearate

Chemical shift reagents were used to expand the amount of structural information obtainable from NMR studies of derivatives of methyl oleate and elaidate:methylcis-9,10-epoxystearate, methyltrans-9,10-epoxystearate, methyl erythro-9,10-dihydroxystearate, and methyl threo-9,10-dihydroxystearate. Chemical shift reagent studies of methyltrans-9,10-epoxystearate and methyl threo-9,10-dihydroxystearate afforded the most information. Chemical shift reagent studies of methylcis-9,10-epoxystearate and methyl erythro-9,10-dihydroxystearate were decidedly inferior. The series of complementary interpretive techniques previously developed during chemical shift reagent studies of monofunctional fatty esters and model polyfunctional fatty esters were found to be applicable in the current study. However, to avoid ambiguity in several proton assignments, supplementary spin decoupling experiments were necessary.     

APEO非离子表面活性剂在布草洗涤剂中的替代研究

对布草洗涤的行业现状进行了简要分析,探究用MEO脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚替代目前市场上大量使用的APEO及AEO-9的可行性,进而研发出新型环保低泡的布草洗涤剂.通过对MEO脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚与APEO及AEO-9进行浊点、耐碱性、泡沫性和去污力等性能比较,能够总结出MEO脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚在低泡及去污力方面的优势,与其他类型表面...     

液晶显示器清洗剂配方开发

在以脂肪醇聚氧乙烯甲基醚、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯聚丙烯醚、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚、乙醇胺、乙二醇丁醚、乙二胺四乙酸为主要原料制备的清洗剂配方中,研究了脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚、乙醇胺、乙二醇丁醚的用量对清洗剂清洗效果的影响。通过正交试验优化了实验参数,得到了所选水平下的最佳配方:脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚用量为5%,乙醇胺用量为5%,乙二醇丁醚用量为15%。该配方下清洗剂的泡沫较少,碱性较强,清洗效果最佳。     

窄分布醇醚下游衍生产品的差异化

论述了窄分布脂肪醇(聚氧乙烯)醚的研究进展,从物化性能、合成及应用、国内外发展概况等方面重点介绍了脂肪醇醚羧酸盐(AEC)、脂肪醇醚磺基琥珀酸酯二钠盐(AESS)和脂肪醇醚磷酸酯(MAEP),展望了窄分布醇醚下游衍生产品的发展前景。     

A novel dianionic surfactant from the reaction of C14-alkenylsuccinic anhydride with sodium isethionate

A novel derivative of alkenylsuccinic anhydride has been developed. When the anhydride is opened with sodium isethionate, a difunctional surfactant, alkenyl carboxysulfonate (ACS), is produced. This product has a unique combination of properties: moderate foaming, effective detergency, as well as the capability to function as a hydrotrope and as a co-builder in formulated cleaning systems. This paper briefly reviews some past studies with ACS. The utility of ACS in hard-surface cleaning is also examined, especially the capacity of this molecule to act both as a low-streaking surfactant and a hydrotrope. This combined function should allow formulators to diminish or eliminate volatile solvents in a variety of cleaning products. ACS has shown merit as an agent to reduce soil redeposition in three different heavy-duty liquid formulations. Additionally, heavy-duty liquid detergents containing ACS can be formulated to high surfactant and organic builder levels. Presented at the 84th AOCS Annual Meeting, April 1993, in Anaheim, California.     

Contrasts in the surface activity of polyoxypropylene and polyoxybutylene-based block copolymer surfactants

Previous studies have shown that polyoxybutylene surfactant hydrophobes are less polar than polyoxypropylene hydrophobes. Polyoxyalkylene hydrophobes can be modified by ethoxylation to give terminal polyoxyethylene block hydrophilic groups. Polyoxybutylene/polyoxyethylene copolymer surfactants exhibit differentiated interfacial tensions, and wetting and foaming properties when compared to structurally equivalent polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene copolymers. There have been no reported comparisons, however, of polyoxybutylene/polyoxyethylene copolymers and polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene analogues in terms of fundamental parameters, such as critical micelle concentration, area per molecule at the interface, efficiency, and effectiveness. In one phase of this work, four polyoxybutylene/polyoxyethylene block copolymer surfactants were compared to structurally analogous polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene materials. Findings showed that polyoxybutylene/polyoxyethylene copolymers exhibited enhanced cotton wetting and lower surface and interfacial tensions compared to polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene analogues. Polyoxybutylene-based surfactants were typically one order of magnitude better in their ability to reduce surface tension at interface saturation. Polyoxybutylene/polyoxyethylene copolymers pack more efficiently at the interface, as evidenced by a smaller area per molecule at the interface. Critical micelle concentration values were also lower for polyoxybutylene/polyoxyethylene copolymers. A second phase of experiments focused on the surface activity of polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene triblock copolymers with higher molecular weight hydrophobes. Enhanced surface activity was found when compared to lower-molecular weight polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene copolymers.     

Design and properties of dynamic self-healing polyurea molecule based on disulfide bonds

Although thermosetting polymer materials have excellent mechanical properties, they are less self-healing, recycling than thermoplastic polymer materials, which may cause a serious waste of resources. Herein, a series of polyurea materials with high mechanical strength, good properties of self-healing and recycling are prepared by adjusting the ratio of polyether polyol and introducing disulfides into the synthesis of polyurea prepolymer in an innovative way. The composite polyurea (FHPUA) materials with tensile strength over 47 MPa and elongation at break of 720% are prepared. The experimental results show that by adjusting the content of aromatic disulfide, the tensile strength is further increased to 52 MPa, and the heat resistance of the material is improved. Through five self-healing experiments, the surface of the material recovers as before even after continuous heating at 70°C for 1 h. In addition, the tensile strength of the material recovers 86.56% and the elastic modulus recovers 70.21% after four recycling experiments. In practical application, it is expected to fill the shortcomings of traditional polyurea such as micro cracks, short service life and poor performance, and have great potential applications in the fields of coating layer of heavy-duty conveyor belts, encapsulation film of electronic devices and building facade coating.     

Effects of the ethylene oxide distribution on nonionic surfactant properties

Detergent-range primary alcohols are readily converted into nonionic surfactants by reaction with ethylene oxide. Optimum performance properties for these surfactants generally are attained by varying the number of moles of ethylene oxide reacted with each mole of alcohol or by altering the structure of the primary alcohol. However, variations in the ethoxylate-adduct distribution also affect surfactant properties in such a way that products with relatively narrow distributions possess features which are highly desirable in many household and industrial applications. For a given cloud point narrow-range ethoxylates have lower molecular weights and therefore lower pour points than broad-range surfactants. Because narrow-range ethoxylates contain less unreacted alcohol and other water-insoluble species, they are capable of forming aqueous solutions with much lower cloud points than their broad-range counterparts. Aqueous solutions of narrow-range products have lower viscosities, exhibit lower gel temperatures and remain fluid over a wider concentration range than solutions of broad-range surfactans. While the foams obtained with narrow-range surfactants in the Ross-Miles test are higher initially, they are less stable than those produced by conventional nonionic surfactants. Draves wetting data show that narrow-range products wet cotton substrates more efficiently than normal-distribution materials. Narrow-range ethoxylates exhibit higher aqueous surface tension and higher polyester adhesion tension values than their broad-range counterparts. In addition, narrow-range surfactants reduce the interfacial tension against paraffin oil more efficiently and more effectively than broad-range products. These results, along with laboratory detergency data, suggest that the use of narrow-range ethoxylates may lead to cleaning systems with improved performance and/or physical properties.     

Facile fabrication of poly(vinyl alcohol) gels and derivative aerogels

A facile preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) hydrogels and their derivative PVOH/montmorillonite clay aerogels is reported, using water as solvent and divinylsulfone as crosslinking agent, making use of an environmentally friendly freeze drying process. The materials exhibit significantly increased mechanical properties after crosslinking. The compressive modulus of an aerogel prepared from an aqueous suspension containing 2 wt% PVOH/8 wt% clay increased 29-fold upon crosslinking, for example. Crosslinking of the polymer/clay aerogels decreased the onset decomposition temperature as measured by thermogravimetric analysis, and generated a more continuous structure at higher clay contents. Such polymer/clay aerogels are promising materials for low flammability applications.     

Synthesis,Properties and Applications of Biodegradable Polymers Derived from Diols and Dicarboxylic Acids: From Polyesters to Poly(ester amide)s

Poly(alkylene dicarboxylate)s constitute a family of biodegradable polymers with increasing interest for both commodity and speciality applications. Most of these polymers can be prepared from biobased diols and dicarboxylic acids such as 1,4-butanediol, succinic acid and carbohydrates. This review provides a current status report concerning synthesis, biodegradation and applications of a series of polymers that cover a wide range of properties, namely, materials from elastomeric to rigid characteristics that are suitable for applications such as hydrogels, soft tissue engineering, drug delivery systems and liquid crystals. Finally, the incorporation of aromatic units and α-amino acids is considered since stiffness of molecular chains and intermolecular interactions can be drastically changed. In fact, poly(ester amide)s derived from naturally occurring amino acids offer great possibilities as biodegradable materials for biomedical applications which are also extensively discussed.     

Polymers with upper critical solution temperature behavior in alcohol/water solvent mixtures

Thermoresponsive polymers are of great importance in numerous nanotechnological and biomedical applications. Compared to polymers that undergo a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase transition in aqueous solution, i.e., demixing occurs upon heating, polymers exhibiting the reversed upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior in aqueous solution have been much less documented as it is more challenging to achieve this behavior in aqueous solutions. Furthermore, the high sensitivity of UCST behavior to minor variation in polymer structure and solution composition hampered the development of applications based on these polymers [18]. However, polymers with UCST transition in alcohol/water solvent mixtures are more commonly reported and exhibit promising properties for the preparation of ‘smart’ materials. This review will focus on the theory and development of such polymers with UCST behavior in alcohol/water solvent mixtures. By highlighting reported examples of UCST polymers in alcohol/water solvent mixtures, we aim to demonstrate the versatility and potential that such UCST polymers possess as biomedical and ‘smart’ materials.     

Alpha sulfo fatty esters in biologically soft detergent formulations

Salts of α-sulfo tallow and coconut esters were subjected to river die-away, activated sludge and Warburg tests, and results show these derivatives to be biologically soft detergents with disappearance curves approximating those of the fatty alcohol sulfates. Selection of the proper fatty acid starting material, alcohol of esterification, and alkali for neutralization provides for a high degree of flexibility in tailor-making biologically soft surface active agents for a wide range of applications. Selected compounds have been found which exhibit remarkable foaming, lime soap dispersing, fabric and hard surface detergency, wetting and related surface-active properties. These properties allow the formulation of a variety of synthetic and soap-synthetic combinations. Primary emphasis is given to the presentation of data on surfactant formulation application studies. Salts of short chain alkyl esters of α-sulfo tallow acid are ideally suited for “combo” soap bar and built heavy-duty detergent applications. Salts of short chain alkyl esters of selected coconut fatty acids are uniquely suitable for light duty liquids, cosmetic and related surfactant applications. An improved process for the manufacture of these sulfo esters has been developed which produces high yield, high purity and light colored products, and which should provide for their acceptance on a large scale in the detergent field. Presented at the 37th Annual AOCS Meeting, Minneapolis, Minn. Oct. 1, 1963.     

Preparation of ductile PLA materials by modification with trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate

Polylactide (PLA) is biodegradable and has been useful in various biomedical applications. Since the majority of the biodegradable polymers in clinical use are rather stiff materials that exhibit limited extendibility with low elongation at break values, the physical and mechanical properties of PLA must be improved to allow for more biomedical applications. Poly(ester-urethane) structure polymer materials were prepared; PLA was reacted with a small amount of trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate to obtain ductile PLA with markedly improved mechanical properties. Elongation at break was increased by more than 20 times while maintaining relatively high tensile stress when compared to pristine PLA. Impact resistance (notched) improved 1.6 times. Thus, the modified PLA biodegradable polymers presented here may have greater application as a biomedical material due to its enhanced mechanical properties.     

脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯三乙醇胺盐的研制及其应用

以脂肪醇和环氧乙烷为原料,五氧化二磷为酯化剂,三乙醇胺为中和剂,合成了脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯三乙醇胺盐,对其合成工艺及其复配油剂在腈纶上的应用进行了研究。结果表明,最佳合成工艺条件为:环氧乙烷与脂肪醇的摩尔比为2．0,脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚与五氧化二磷的摩尔比为3．8,五氧化二磷投料时间1．5 h,酯化温度70℃,酯化反应时间3．0 h,三乙醇胺的加入量是脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯的0．73-0．76 倍。用酯肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯三乙醇胺盐为单体复配的油剂,其在腈纶中的应用情况与进口日本油剂相当。     

多孔陶瓷及其在清洁方面的应用

多孔陶瓷是一种新型材料,由于其具有化学稳定性等优良特性,而被广泛地应用于众多科学领域。综述了多孔陶瓷的特点、分类、制备工艺,并着重论述其在清洁方面的应用。展望多孔陶瓷的发展前景。     

One-dimensional electrospun ceramic nanomaterials and their sensing applications

One-dimensional sensing materials that are prepared via electrospinning and controlled annealing exhibit intrinsic properties, such as electron transmissivity, magnetic susceptibility, specific heat capacity, as well as optical and mechanical characteristics. Particularly, the electronic transmission characteristics of the ceramic fiber materials, such as the electrical conductivity, photocurrent, magnetoresistance, nanocontact resistance, and dielectric properties, exhibited great potential for applications in the next generation of electronic sensing devices. First, electrospun ceramic materials with different structural and functional characteristics were reviewed here, after which the strategies for improving their properties, as well as the method for assembling the flexible devices, are summarized. Moreover, the electrospun ceramic nanofibers were detailedly discussed regarding applications in device construction and wearable electronics, such as photosensors, gas sensors, mechanical sensors, and other energy storage devices. Finally, the future development direction of the electrospinning technology for multifunctional and wearable electronics skin was proposed.     

一种硅醚乳液消泡剂的制备

以有机烃油作溶剂、有机硅油作消泡成分、SP60和脂肪酸聚氧乙烯醚为乳化剂及低分子醇类作防凝剂制备一种硅醚乳液消泡剂。通过实验确定了消泡剂的配方,并对其性能进行了讨论。     

Supported photosensitizers as new efficient materials for gas-phase photo-oxidation

The photosensitised oxidation of dimethylsulfide in the gas phase was carried out for the first time on original silica materials in a flow reactor and under visible light irradiation. The photocatalysts were prepared either by physisorption of two different photosensitizers, 9,10-dicyanoanthracene or 9,10-anthraquinone on commercial silica beads, or by incorporation of 9,10-dicyanoanthracene in sol–gel monoliths. Oxidation products are mainly sulfoxide, sulfone and disulfide, and it is assumed that singlet oxygen is the most probable reactive oxygen species.

These materials display several advantages as they are activated by visible light, and they act as very efficient traps for partially oxidized products. Accordingly, the gas-flow at the outlet of the photocatalytic device is free of any toxic or nauseous product for several days. As soon as products appear in the gas flow, the catalyst is deactivated, but the silica beads can be easily regenerated by mild thermal treatment under controlled conditions.

With regard to the photo-oxidative efficiency, our results point out the influence of the properties of the silica support itself, such as transparency, homogeneity and specific surface area. The adsorption capacity of the material is a crucial parameter, as the most DMS adsorbing material is also the most efficient.     

液体脂肪醇硫酸盐的生产及应用性能

简单介绍了液体脂肪醇硫酸钠的反应原理和工艺流程,对在生产过程中影响产品质量的因素进行了研究,得到了在生产过程中维持工艺空气的露点在-60℃以下、硫磺流量稳定、产品浓度不超过35％等条件,可生产出高质量的产品。通过对液体脂肪醇硫酸钠基本性能的测试,得出液体脂肪醇硫酸钠具有优异的去污、起泡、乳化和生物降解性能。同时,通过研究液体脂肪醇硫酸钠在洗洁精、洗衣粉和牙膏中的应用,得到的液体脂肪醇硫酸钠可代替部分脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠、烷基苯磺酸钠和固体脂肪醇硫酸钠在洗洁精、洗衣粉和牙膏中的应用。