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1.
2.
J. K. Weil F. D. Smith W. M. Linfield 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1972,49(6):383-386
Nonionic surface active agents with two oxyalkyl chains were prepared from the triethylamine catalyzed reaction of ethylene
oxide with diethanolamides of palmitic, stearic and tallow fatty acids. The addition of 4 moles of ethylene oxide was required
to render these diethanolamides water soluble, whereas 9 moles were required to make the corresponding monoethanolamide soluble.
Efficiency of lime soap dispersion increased as oxyethyl chain length was increased. Best detergency of soap-nonionic combinations
was achieved when the oxyethyl chain length was at the minimum required for water solubility. Theγ-hydroxyethanolamides and -diethanolamides were prepared by the uncatalyzed reaction of the corresponding amines withγ-stearolactone. These compounds became water soluble at lower levels of oxyethylation, but the lime soap dispersing power
and detergency were not improved over those of corresponding compounds derived from stearic acid.
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Los Angeles, April 1972.
E. Market. Nutr. Res. Div., ARS, USDA. 相似文献
3.
F. D. Smith J. K. Weil W. M. Linfield 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1974,51(10):435-438
α-Sulfo fatty alkanolamides were prepared by sodium methylate catalyzed reactions of methyl α-sulfo fatty esters with alkanolamines,
such as ethanolamine, N-methyl-2-hydroxyethylamine, diethanolamine, 3-hydroxypropylamine, 2-hydroxypropylamine, and diglycolamine.
Pure compounds, such as α-sulfo palmitamides and stearamides, as well as the α-sulfo tallow amides, were prepared and evaluated
as surface-active agents. The α-sulfo fatty alkanolamides were found to have excellent stability to alkali. Their stability
to acid ranged from excellent in the case of α-sulfo diglycolamides to poor in the case of α-sulfo diethanolamides. Poor stability
to acid was related to ease of conversion to ester-amines. Washing tests on standard soil cloths showed that the compounds
were good detergents by themselves and were also effective in combination with soap and silicates. Their lime soap dispersant
requirements ranged from 7–10.
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, September 1973, Chicago.
ARS, USDA. 相似文献
4.
Philip L. Robinson 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1992,69(1):52-59
A unique polycarboxylic acid, 5(6)-carboxy-4-hexyl-2-cyclohexene-1-octanoic acid, has been available commercially for over
15 years. A new high-purity (>97%), light-color version of the C-21 dicarboxylic acid has been developed recently. Soaps of
the C-21 dicarboxylic acid can be used as hydrotropes to increase the solubility of nonionic surfactants in aqueous solutions
containing builders and/or anionic surfactants. Since these soaps are anionic fatty acid derivatives, they reduce the surface
tensions of formulations, thus improving detergency. The nontoxic and biodegradable nature of this dicarboxylic acid makes
it an attractive formulation component. This paper outlines application evaluations of the soaps prepared from the C-21 dicarboxylic
acids. These evaluations demonstrate how the soaps interact with nonionic surfactants or pine oil to provide clear formulations,
how they wet cotton skeins in neutral to highly alkaline solutions, and how they inhibit gel formation when preparing high-solids
fatty acid soap solutions. Furthermore, the preparation and characterization of the soaps of the C-21 dicarboxylic acid products
are discussed. Mass-balance equations describe the preparation of aqueous soap solutions at any given concentration. Characterization
of the resulting soap solutions includes acid number, pH, color, color stability, foam stability, surface tension as a function
of concentration, and hard-water compatibility. 相似文献
5.
A. J. Stirton R. G. Bistline Jr. Eileen B. Leardi M. V. Nuñez-Ponzoa 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1967,44(2):99-102
Saturated (I, ROSO3Na) and unsaturated (II, R’OSO3Na) tallow alcohol sulfates, the disodium salt ofa-sulfonated saturated tallow fatty acids (III, RCH(SO3Na)CO2Na), the sodium salt of the methyl ester ofa-sulfonated saturated tallow fatty acids (IV, RCH(SO3Na) CO2CH3), and commercial tallow soap flakes (V) were compared, singly and in combinations, as built and unbuilt solutions in soft
and hard water, with respect to foam height and detergency, using four different types of standard soiled cotton.
Built solutions of combinations of the two most soluble detergents, II and IV, at concentration 0.05% total active ingredient
plus 0.20% builder in hard water of 300 ppm, remained perfectly clear on standing for several months. Built solutions containing
I or II had the best foaming properties. The presence of soap decreased foam height.
Cloths A and B showed the detergency of built solutions to be in the order I=II>IV>III>V, and all combinations containing
I or II were superior detergents. With cloth C, detergents ranked in the order I=II=IV>III>V, and many combinations containing
I or II with IV were synergistic. Cloth D did not distinguish sharply between detergents in built solutions in hard water.
In general, detergent systems containing tallow alcohol sulfates witha-sulfo esters had the most desirable solubility, wetting, foaming, and detergent properties.
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Philadelphia, October 1966.
E. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA. 相似文献
6.
F. D. Smith M. K. Sucharski W. M. Linfield 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1976,53(2):69-72
Amphoteric surfactants were prepared either by direct esterification of α-sulfo fatty acids with various alkanolamines or
by rearrangement of the corresponding alkanolamides of the α-sulfo fatty acids to the amino esters with the aid of aqueous
hydrochloric acid. The α-sulfo fatty acid monoesters of diethanolamine could be prepared only via the rearrangement method.
The amino esters in the C16−C18 range possessed limited water solubility whereas α-sulfolaurate esters were soluble at room temperature. The amino esters
were found to be stable to acid hydrolysis; however, they were generally not stable to alkali, by which they were either hydrolyzed
or rearranged to the corresponding amide. Only the esters of isopropanolamine and diglycolamine were stable to alkali. Surface
active properties of the esters were determined. The lime soap dispersant requirements of the compounds were slightly poorer
than those of the corresponding amides. The compounds were good cotton detergents by themselves as well as in combination
with soap and a silicate builder. The overall surface active properties of the amino esters were greatly inferior to those
of the sulfobetaines previously reported. This indicates that an effective amphoteric lime soap dispersant should have its
anionic group located at the very end of the molecule and the cationic group somewhat farther away, instead of the reverse.
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Philadelphia, September 1974. 相似文献
7.
T. J. Micich W. M. Linfield J. K. Weil 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1974,51(7):297-301
A series of sodium methyl N-alkylsulfosuccinamates was prepared by the reaction of methyl N-alkylmaleamates with sodium bisulfite in aqueous ethanol. The surface-active properties and detergency of these derivatives were compared with those of a series of disodium N-alkylsulfosuccinamates prepared by the reaction of sodium sulfite with N-alkylmaleamic acid in water. The ester derivatives generally showed good lime soap dispersing requirement and washing ability in combination with soap, where-as the disodium salts were somewhat deficient in these properties and exhibited good washing ability only at 0.2% concentration with the surfactant as the sole component. 相似文献
8.
Soap manufacture from fatty acids is a well established precess with some advantages over continuous saponification of neutral fats. These include:
- Ability to use cheaper fats.
- Easier glycerol recovery.
- Better control over by-products.
- Versatility-fatty acids can be used to make other derivatives than soaps.
9.
N. Parris J. K. Weil W. M. Linfield 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1973,50(12):509-512
A series of amphoteric surfactants was prepared by the reaction of 1,3-propanesultone with fat derived primary amines, N-methylalkylamines,
N,N-dimethylalkylamines, and N-acyl-N′,N′-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamines. Both mono- and disulfopropylated derivatives of the
primary amines were synthesized. All compounds were found to be excellent lime soap dispersing agents. The quaternary sulfobetaines
were found to possess the best detergency properties both by themselves and when formulated with tallow soap with or without
sodium silicate builder. The detergency performance of such formulations is ca. the same as that of a commercial phosphate-built
detergent.
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleands, May 1973.
ARS, USDA. 相似文献
10.
R. G. Bistline Jr. W. R. Noble J. K. Weil W. M. Linfield 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1972,49(1):63-69
Blends of soap with small amounts of lime soap dispersing agents are efficient detergents in hard water and require little
or no tripolyphosphate builder. Lime soap dispersing agents examined include sulfated ethoxylated fatty alcohols, sulfated
N-(2-hydroxyethyl) fatty amides, methyl esters of α-sulfo fatty acids, 2-sulfoethyl fatty acid esters and N-methyl-N-(2-sulfoethyl)
fatty amides as well as nonionics derived from tallow alcohols. Detergency evaluations were carried out with three commercial
soiled cotton cloths as well as by a laboratory multi-wash technique. Formulations containing 80% soap, 10% lime soap dispersing
agent and 10% builder gave optimum detergency values. Builder effectiveness was rated tripolyphosphate>silicate (1:1.6)> metasilicate
= citrate = oxydiacetate = nitrilotriacetate>carbonate≫sulfate. The detergency of soap-lime soap dispersed combinations compared
favorably with a standard brand household heavy duty granular detergent in 50, 150 and 300 ppm hardness water on three soiled
cloths.
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Atlantic City, October 1971.
East. Market. Nutr. Res. Div., ARS, USDA. 相似文献
11.
E. A. Knaggs J. A. Yeager L. Varenyi E. Fischer 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1965,42(9):805-810
Salts of α-sulfo tallow and coconut esters were subjected to river die-away, activated sludge and Warburg tests, and results
show these derivatives to be biologically soft detergents with disappearance curves approximating those of the fatty alcohol
sulfates.
Selection of the proper fatty acid starting material, alcohol of esterification, and alkali for neutralization provides for
a high degree of flexibility in tailor-making biologically soft surface active agents for a wide range of applications. Selected
compounds have been found which exhibit remarkable foaming, lime soap dispersing, fabric and hard surface detergency, wetting
and related surface-active properties. These properties allow the formulation of a variety of synthetic and soap-synthetic
combinations.
Primary emphasis is given to the presentation of data on surfactant formulation application studies. Salts of short chain
alkyl esters of α-sulfo tallow acid are ideally suited for “combo” soap bar and built heavy-duty detergent applications. Salts
of short chain alkyl esters of selected coconut fatty acids are uniquely suitable for light duty liquids, cosmetic and related
surfactant applications.
An improved process for the manufacture of these sulfo esters has been developed which produces high yield, high purity and
light colored products, and which should provide for their acceptance on a large scale in the detergent field.
Presented at the 37th Annual AOCS Meeting, Minneapolis, Minn. Oct. 1, 1963. 相似文献
12.
Edwin M. Meade 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1962,39(5):235-237
Tall oil fatty acids have been fractionated into 80–90% oleic acid, and 60–80% linoleic acid fractions, by precipitation of
the oleic acid as acid soap from polar solvents. Sodium and potassium acid soaps are equally effective, but ammonium acid
soaps require lower operating temperatures. The choice of solvent is not critical as regards degree of separation, but technically
attractive filtration rates have been obtained only with methanol and acetone. Acidulation gives colorless oleic acid of very
low rosin acid and unsaponifiable content, but with 5–10% of conjugated linoleic acid. 相似文献
13.
Ainie Kuntom Hamirin Kifli Peang-Kean Lim 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1996,73(1):105-108
Manufacture of soaps from distilled fatty acids of palm oil (PO) and palm kernel oil (PK) is a well-established technology
in Malaysia. Data on quality and characteristics of various blends of PO/PK fatty acid-based (palm-based) soaps made in Malaysia
are not available, however. In view of this, the study described in this paper was undertaken. Eleven blends of palm-based
bar soaps were made, and their properties were evaluated. There was an increase in the acid value of blended raw materials
with increasing amounts of PK fatty acids. The iodine value and titer (°C) of blended raw materials, however, bear an inverse
relationship with the amount of PK fatty acids. As expected, the hardness of the soap bars from the various blends increased
with increasing PK fatty acid. Total fatty matter ranged from 76–85%, free caustic content was 0.1%, and sodium chloride content
was 0.3–0.4%. Characteristics of soap blends made for this study were comparable with those from other countries. Quality
of the soap obtained was comparable to those produced commercially. 相似文献
14.
T. J. Micich W. M. Linfield J. K. Weil 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1977,54(3):91-94
A series of amphoteric surfactants was synthesized by reaction of 1,3-propanesultone with N-alkyl-N′-(ω,ω-dimethylaminoalkyl)succinamides.
The intermediate succinamides were prepared by reacting methyl N-alkylsuccinamates, obtained from alkylamines containing 8
to 18 carbon atoms, with N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propylenediamine or N,N-dimethylethylenediamine neat. The amphoterics were isolated
as hygroscopic crystalline solids having superior lime soap dispersing ability, water solubility, and calcium ion stability.
Detergency studies at 0.2% concentration (300 ppm water hardness) indicated good washing ability when used alone and excellent
performance in combination with soap or in soap-silicate formulations.
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Cincinnati, 1975. 相似文献
15.
16.
Sodium salts of citric, glycolic, diglycolic and three sugar acids, directly derived from D-glucose, were evaluated as builders
in a formulation for a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate detergent. Only sodium citrate and diglycolate were at least 60% as effective
as sodium tripolyphosphate in building action in hard water. Detergency appeared to be related to calcium sequestration by
the salts at pH 10.
No. Utillz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA. 相似文献
17.
R. G. Bistline Jr. W. R. Noble W. M. Linfield 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1974,51(4):126-132
Alkylbenzenes, such as industrial detergent alkylates, as well as pure 1-phenylalkanes whose side chain lengths varied C8−C12, were converted into the corresponding alkylbenzenensulfonyl chlorides with chlorosulfonic acid. Surface active sulfonamides were obtained from the reaction of the sulfonyl chlorides with various low mol wt aminosulfonic acids, such as N-methyltaurine, or with aminoalkyl esters of sulfuric acid, such as 2-aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate. The hydrolytic stability of the resulting surface active sulfonamide derivatives was investigated. As expected, the sulfonates were quite resistant to acid or alkaline hydrolysis, while the sulfates were more susceptible to hydrolysis. Hydrolytic stability of the sulfonamides was compared with that of the analogous fatty acid amide sulfactants. All of the compounds were excellent lime soap dispersing agents giving Borhetty-Bergman values of 4–10. The compounds were evaluated for detergency either alone or formulated either with tallow soap or with tallow soap and sodium silicate (Na2O/SiO2 ratio of 1∶1.6) The derivatives of the pure hydrocarbons which gave the best overall detergency were those of 1-phenyldecane and 1-phenyldodecane, whereas those of 1-phenyloctane exhibited poor detergency. This ranking was observed when the compounds were tested alone as well as when formulated. The sulfonamide derivatives of the detergent alkylate type of alkylbenzenes exhibited excellent detergency characteristics and showed substantial potentiation of detergency when mixed with soap or with a soap-sodium silicate blend. The detergency performance of some of these formulated detergents was equal to that of a commercial household detergent used as a control. 相似文献
18.
J. K. Weil C. J. Pierce W. M. Linfield 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1976,53(12):757-761
Blends of soap and surfactants that possess good lime soap dispersing properties were dispersed in hard water. The turbidity
of such dispersions varied depending on the type of dispersant used and also on the soap:dispersant ratio. Differences in
coarseness of various dispersions could be measured empirically by filtration through a membrane of intermediate (1.2 μm)
porosity. For determinations of the chemical composition of the dispersions a somewhat finer membrane (0.8 μm or less) was
chosen, which retained most of the dispersed solids. Filter residues and filtrates were analyzed for sodium, calcium, magnesium
and lime soap dispersing agents (LSDA). All of the calcium remained on the filter, whereas sodium was found primarily in the
filtrate. Magnesium was held completely on the filter only if sufficient soap was present to tie up all Ca++ and Mg++. Analysis of the organic portion of the residues indicated that the soap:LSDA ratio found was the same as that used in the
preparation of the original dispersion. On filtration through a fine membrane (0.05 μm) virtually all dispersed material was
retained on the membrane. The filtrate possessed only slight activity in terms of surface tension and detergency, whereas
the resuspended solids possessed high surface activity similar to the unfiltered dispersion. This indicates that the dispersed
solids are the major source of surface activity.
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, September 1975, Cincinnati. 相似文献
19.
Heavy duty household type detergents were formulated from tallow soap-AOS(α-olefin sulfonate)-builder combinations. Various
commercial AOS samples were evaluated. These were derived either from closely fractionated α-olefins such as C14, C16, and C18 or from samples representing broader mol wt ranges such as C14−C16 and C16−C18. The builders incorporated into these combinations were a sodium silicate (Na2O∶SiO2=1∶1.6), sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium citrate, sodium carbonate, and trisodium nitrilotriacetate. Detergency evaluations
of 0.2% solutions in 300 ppm hard water (as CaCO3) were determined with three commercial soiled cloths and by a multiwash test in which clean cloth was repeatedly soiled and
washed. The relative proportions of soap, AOS, and builder were varied to obtain maximum detergency, and comparisons were
made to other soap-LSDA (lime soap dispersing agents)-builder combinations as well as to a commercial high phosphate detergent
used as a control. Detergency performance of soap-AOS combinations ranked just below that of the commercial high phosphate
detergent control and below that of soap formulations containing sodium methyl α-sulfotallowate.
Presented at the AOCS meeting, Philadelphia, September 1974. 相似文献
20.
William N. Marmer David E. Van Horn Warner M. Linfield 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1974,51(4):174-177
Research was performed on the development of lime soap dispersing agents derived from alkylbenzenes. The sulfonation with sodium bisulfite of a variety of methyl β-p-alkylbenzoylacrylates (III) produced adducts (I) whose detergent properties were studied. Yields were optimized, model compounds were synthesized, and products characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The sulfonated adduct (I-A) derived from a commercial mixture of alkylbenzenes can be formulated with tallow soap, sodium silicate, and sodium carboxy methylcellulose to give a product that is competitive with a standard linear alkylbenzenesulfonate-phosphate household detergent. 相似文献