厦门翔安海底隧道风化槽围岩渗透破坏及岩体流变试验研究

厦门翔安海底隧道需穿越多处海底风化槽,该地段围岩为破碎、风化的花岗岩,渗透性强、水压高、自稳性差、施工风险大,其物理力学特性研究对设计和施工方案制定意义重大。本文对风化槽围岩的渗透破坏和流变试验进行研究。渗透稳定性评价结果表明,在全水头作用下,F1、F4风化槽强风化带岩体渗透稳定性较好,但隧道开挖将引起地层变形,围岩渗透稳定性改变,施工中需进行评估监测并采取必要措施。三轴试验结果表明,风化槽强风化花岗岩强度低、变形大、弹性模量低,在应力达到峰值后,有明显的塑性流动。三轴流变试验结果表明,风化槽强风化花岗岩变形具有明显的粘性时效特征,对围岩开挖后的掌子面稳定性和长期变形稳定性都不利,在设计和施工中应引起注意;采用非线性蠕变模型对其流变特性进行拟合,效果良好,由此建立相应的流变力学模型。研究成果为本工程风化槽围岩注浆加固和支护结构设计提供可靠依据。     

600 ℃内高温状态花岗岩遇水冷却后力学特性试验研究

 通过对600 ℃内高温状态花岗岩遇水冷却后的力学特性试验研究及花岗岩体遇水热破裂劣化机制的探讨,发现高温状态花岗岩遇水冷却过程中,由于岩体内温度急剧变化,岩体内产生热破裂或热冲击现象,岩体力学性能劣化,从而导致超声波速、单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度及弹性模量随温度逐渐减小。具体表现为：(1) 高温状态花岗岩遇水冷却后超声波速随着经历温度的升高呈负指数函数关系降低;(2) 花岗岩经过高温遇水冷却处理,峰值应力和峰值应变及其单轴抗压强度都受到很大影响;(3) 高温状态遇水冷却处理对花岗岩的抗拉强度影响明显,抗拉强度随温度的变化规律符合负指数函数关系;(4) 高温状态花岗岩遇水冷却后其弹性模量随温度的升高呈负对数规律减小。     

厦门海底隧道强风化花岗岩力学特性研究

 厦门海底隧道海域隧道地段存在多处风化深槽,岩体主要为全、强风化花岗岩。由于该类岩石强度低,压缩性高,自稳和自承能力差,在隧道衬砌结构的设计和施工工艺的选择方面会遇到一系列特殊的问题。主要通过对天然和重塑强风化花岗岩岩样进行一系列的室内试验,在掌握其基本物理力学特性的基础上,重点对其流固耦合作用下的力学特性进行研究,并建立该类强风化花岗岩的力学模型,通过反演分析对力学模型进行验证。研究成果对风化花岗岩类工程的力学参数取值有重要借鉴意义,对该类岩体中隧道的设计施工具有指导作用。     

A study of the weathering of the Bukit Timah granite Part B: Field and laboratory investigations

Field investigations consisting of surface seismic refraction and electrical resistivity surveys, drilling and downhole geophysical logging of the rock mass and of the residual soil indicate that the weathering of the Bukit Timah granite has been rapid and is primarily caused by chemical decomposition due to the tropical climate in Singapore. The granite is usually overlain by a thick layer of residual soil. Laboratory tests indicated a large reductions of the material strength, the modulus of elasticity, the rock mass quality and other mechanical properties of the weathered granite. Apart from the mechanical properties of the residual material and/or of the weathered granite rock, physical properties including density, water content, Atterberg's limits, grain size distribution, permeability, sonic velocity and electrical resistivity were also studied in order to assess the weathering grade and the weathering processes.     

Stress ratio effect on fatigue life of tropically weathered rock

This paper investigates the fatigue life of weathered granite and weathered sandstone using a stress ratio of R = 0.17. A small stress ratio is adopted to control data discrepancy between weathered rocks for which stress amplitude is known to affect the fatigue life. The range of varying static strength between weathered rocks, especially for highly weathered rock (grade IV) which has lower static strength, resulted in adopting this small stress ratio. The details of rocks tested, including microscopic petrographic characterization as well as their physical properties obtained from laboratory work, is also explained in this paper. Weathered rock specimens from slightly weathered to highly weathered (grade II, grade III and grade IV) granite and sandstone were used during the investigation. The specimens were representative of rock collected in Sungai Buloh (granite) and Puncak Perdana (sandstone) in Selangor, Malaysia. In order to eliminate the influence of frequency and waveform, all rock specimens (54 in total) were tested under a cyclic compression load with a frequency of 1 Hz using a constant sinusoidal waveform. Result shows that grade IV specimens are the least affected by the small cyclic stress ratio as compared to grade II and grade III specimens. The number of cycles to failure is not dependent on rock weathering grade; it is greatly related to the petrological and microstructure of the individual rock. However, the weathering degree of a rock does contribute to the weakening of the rock's structure, consequently affecting the life of the rock.     

跨海峡隧道风化槽围岩衬砌防排水技术研究

 采用钻爆法修建海底隧道必须采取有效措施预防塌方、涌水、突泥等地质灾害,海底隧道钻爆法施工时如何安全穿越断层破碎带是工程设计与施工的技术难点。结合厦门跨海峡隧道围岩的特点,研究钻爆法穿越断层破碎带的注浆加固、防排水技术,提出不同围岩条件下的隧道防排水和注浆设计方案。并根据实验室三轴试验结果得到强风化花岗岩渗透系数以及反演的围岩力学参数,分析风化槽隧道衬砌的外水压力分布特点和量值。研究成果为衬砌结构设计以及国内同类型隧道的衬砌防排水和衬砌支护技术设计提供可靠指导。     

中风化花岗岩层与基桩侧摩阻性能现场试验研究

 结合港珠澳大桥桥梁试桩工程,采用自平衡法进行2组共4根桩(每组2根桩)的中风化花岗岩与基桩的侧摩阻性能现场试验。试验时,将荷载箱埋设于中风化岩层内的桩身进行测试,并同步观测不同试验荷载下桩顶、中风化花岗岩层顶面对应的桩身截面、荷载箱和桩底的位移和桩身轴力。2组试桩桩位处岩石强度有一定差异,且岩石完整程度不一,但各试桩荷载箱上方桩身的荷载–位移曲线均具有明显的突变特征。处于岩石强度小、破碎岩层内的试桩组,其荷载箱上方岩层与基桩侧摩阻力小于荷载箱下方岩层与基桩侧摩阻力;处于岩石强度高、较破碎岩层内的试桩组,其荷载箱上方、下方岩层与基桩侧摩阻力基本一致。荷载箱以上桩段岩石侧阻发挥系数实测值表现为岩石强度愈高,岩石侧阻发挥系数实测值也愈高;而荷载箱以下桩段,在本项目的试验条件下则表现为岩石强度愈高,侧阻发挥系数实测值愈低。     

Geological difficulties and countermeasures for socket diaphragm walls in weathered granite in Shenzhen,China

In Shenzhen, a complex series of folds and fractures, and intensive metamorphism took place during the pre-Caledonian, Caledonian, and Hercynian to Indosinian orogenies. Then, Yanshanian orogeny, with the most tectonic movement, occurred. Strong invasive activity of granitic magma, a massive blowout of acidic volcanic rock, and magmatism-related mineralisation are the features of Yanshanian orogeny. Moreover, deep faults were also developed and wide folds were formed. A large amount of granite rock was formed from the Yanshanian orogeny in Shenzhen. The outcrop area of the granite in Shenzhen reaches 760 km², almost covers 50 % of Shenzhen land area. Granite is primarily susceptible to chemical weathering. Though weathered, granite and solitary granite boulders are of high uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). The weathered granite may be covered by Quaternary soil with low shear strength, such as backfill, sand, silty clay, and clay. The thickness of the Quaternary soil ranges from 0 to 40 m. Socket diaphragm walls are usually adopted during deep excavation construction in Shenzhen for their safety and low impact on the surrounding environment. When the excavation depth is increased, the socket diaphragm walls are embedded in weathered granite to a depth of between 3 and 10 m. However, the traditional socket diaphragm wall construction is only viable in soft ground, as it is not practical to penetrate hard weathered granite. As a consequence, difficulties arise during construction in the Shenzhen region, such as difficulty in breaking down the rock, socket diaphragm wall collapse and leakage. To solve these construction problems, countermeasures, such as monitoring, heavy hammer dropping, smooth blasting and a modified slurry, are proposed in this study. It can be concluded that the heavy hammer dropping method should be chosen to deal with weathered granite with a UCS of less than 50 MPa and the smooth blasting method should be adopted to deal with weathered granite with a UCS of more than 50 MPa. A case study of a metro station excavation using the smooth blasting method in Shenzhen is also introduced. The successful construction of the socket diaphragm walls demonstrates the applicability of the smooth blasting method.     

The effects of discontinuity surface roughness on the shear strength of weathered granite joints

Surface roughness is one of the most important parameters governing the shear strength of rock discontinuities. Roughness types may vary based on genesis, physico-mechanical, and mineralogical properties of rocks. In this study, granite samples representing three different weathering degrees were selected to evaluate the effects of surface roughness and weathering degree on shear strength. To this aim, we determined the profile roughness coefficient (PRC), profile roughness angle (PRA), and joint roughness coefficient (JRC) for the selected fresh and weathered granite joint samples. Values of PRC were in the range of about 1.043–1.073, and PRA and JRC varied in the ranges of 16.67–21.45 and 12–18, respectively. Weathering led to the increment of joint surface roughness of the selected granitic joints due to the higher resistance of quartz crystals in the weathered matrix. However, the increment in surface roughness did not result in an increase in the shear strength. On the contrary, the shear strength of discontinuities dramatically decreased.     

厦门海底隧道右线穿越F1风化槽施工方案探讨

 厦门翔安海底隧道右线A2标需要穿越F1风化槽段，制定切实可行的穿越F1风化槽段施工方案显得尤其关键。针对该工程施工难度大、工期紧、施工风险大和质量标准高等特点，并结合厦门海底隧道的工程地质特点，制定了穿越F1风化槽段的总体施工技术建议方案，分别从超前地质预报、风化槽段的开挖及支护方案、帷幕注浆、施工排水系统、隧道衬砌施工、突发事件应急处理预案等方面阐述了钻爆法穿越F1风化槽的施工方案与施工注意事项，为工程合理方案的选取奠定基础。     

The effect of different types of water on the swelling behaviour of expansive clays

In the design of foundations of structures, especially light buildings, on clayey soils, the main soil behaviours to be considered are swelling properties and surface heave. Therefore, determination of swelling properties by means of swell percent and maximum swell pressure as well as estimation of the surface is very important in the investigation of such soils and light structures on them. In order to obtain the swelling parameters of clayey soils, experimental laboratory tests were carried out and standardised. Distilled water is generally used during these experimental tests; however, the soil in situ interacts with different types of water having different water chemistries. Therefore, the swelling behaviour of expansive soils tested with distilled water would naturally be different from the behaviour of expansive soils tested with different water types and chemistries. For this reason, it was anticipated that determination of the realistic swell behaviour in laboratory experiments requires the use of the same water as in the in situ condition. In this article, the effect of the water type and chemistry on the swelling behaviour of the clays was investigated by testing the clay samples with eight different types of water collected from the sea, river, lake and different rock formations. The main result of this research was that the anticipated clay swell percentages and pressures for different types of water were lower than for the distilled water routinely used in testing.     

The relationship between physical and chemical weathering indices of granites around Seoul,Korea

In order to assess the relationship between chemical weathering indices and physical properties of granite, physical and chemical analyses were performed on both natural and artificially weathered granite samples from the Seoul area, where the pH of the rainfall occasionally drops to below 5. The results suggest that slake durability, uniaxial compressive strength, Ruxton ratio, Parker index, modified weathering potential index, chemical alteration index and loss on ignition effectively revealed changes of the degree of chemical weathering. However, the study showed no such good correlation between chemical and physical properties except dry density against loss on ignition and modified weathering potential index against uniaxial compressive strength. It is recommended that both physical and chemical indices should be used for the classification of weathering grade for the granites in the Seoul area.

---

     

Particle flow code simulation of intact and fissured granitic rock samples

This study presents a calibration process of three-dimensional particle flow code (PFC3D) simulation of intact and fissured granite samples. First, laboratory stress–strain response from triaxial testing of intact and fissured granite samples is recalled. Then, PFC3D is introduced, with focus on the bonded particle models (BPM). After that, we present previous studies where intact rock is simulated by means of flat-joint approaches, and how improved accuracy was gained with the help of parametric studies. Then, models of the pre-fissured rock specimens were generated, including modeled fissures in the form of “smooth joint” type contacts. Finally, triaxial testing simulations of 1 + 2 and 2 + 3 jointed rock specimens were performed. Results show that both elastic behavior and the peak strength levels are closely matched, without any additional fine tuning of micro-mechanical parameters. Concerning the post-failure behavior, models reproduce the trends of decreasing dilation with increasing confinement and plasticity. However, the dilation values simulated are larger than those observed in practice. This is attributed to the difficulty in modeling some phenomena of fissured rock behaviors, such as rock piece corner crushing with dust production and interactions between newly formed shear bands or axial splitting cracks with pre-existing joints.     

膨胀流变性围岩隧洞预制钢筋混凝土衬砌稳定性分析

 针对一实际流变、膨胀性围岩的室内实验结果及初步设计与施工方案, 应用引进的岩土工程仿真分析软件F INAL 对隧洞施工期、运行期的围岩变形与薄拱片钢筋混凝土衬砌结构的内力、强度特性进行了较系统的数值仿真分析。分析结果说明: 膨胀、流变性围岩一次开挖后按距掌子面2～ 3 倍洞径时施作薄拱片钢筋混凝土衬砌的开挖与支护方案是可行的; 在个别岩性岩层复杂的洞段, 由于衬砌内力受力不均匀可能导致弯矩较大而使衬砌在个别部位出现拉裂缝; 在所讨论的情况下, 衬砌内力受围岩膨胀性影响最大, 外水压力荷载次之, 流变影响最小。     

大岗山花岗岩动态力学特性的试验研究

以大岗山花岗岩为例,分别进行静力三轴和动力三轴试验,分析花岗岩的抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比以及相应的极限应变等重要参数与应变速率的关系。试验结果表明:不同围压下,随应变速率的增加,花岗岩的侧向破坏应变随应变速率的增加几乎保持不变,并且绝大部分统计结果值在0.002～0.004范围内;轴向破坏应变的增加幅度不明显;抗压强度增加,试验现象明显;弹性模量的提高幅度随围压的增加有减小的趋势;不同围压下花岗岩的泊松比与应变速率没有明确的关系。基于大岗山花岗岩静力三轴测试全过程应力–应变曲线和损伤力学分析,发现脆性岩石在不同围压下均以侧向损伤为主,通过回归拟合分析,建立大岗山花岗岩静力三轴压缩条件下的损伤演化方程。进一步根据损伤理论建立岩石动力损伤与静力损伤之间的关系,考虑动态强度与初始弹性模量的率相关性建立经验型的岩石动力损伤本构模型,可以作为研究地震荷载作用下岩体结构中应力波传播和衰减规律的基础。     

Triaxial unloading test of rocks and its implication for rock burst

 The behaviour of rock deformation and its failure characteristics under loading and unloading conditions are substantially different. In this paper, triaxial unloading tests have been designed to simulate the unloading process during tunnel excavation in three kinds of rock (granite, migmatitic granite and limestone). The results show that elastic moduli obtained under unloading conditions are generally less than under loading conditions. The strength of the rock samples also decreases with an increasing rate of unloading. This study reveals that rock bursts during tunnelling in a high in-situ stress area could be controlled or reduced by lowering the excavation speed or applying precautionary measures to control the displacement of surrounding rocks. Received: 25 February 1999 · Accepted: 20 June 2000     

Experimental relation between shear strength under low pressure and S-wave velocity of rock subjected to mechanical weathering

The reduction in the shear strength of rock exposed on slope surfaces due to mechanical weathering is a ubiquitous phenomenon in regions where extreme environmental conditions prevail, i.e., repeated changes in temperature and moisture. In dealing with the slope instability problems in such regions, the long-term effects of weathering on the strength, deformation and durability characteristics of exposed rock are envisaged in this study. Therefore, in addition to conducting multiple-cycle standard slake durability tests on rock samples taken from the lithologies of Pakistan and Japan, and on artificial soft rock, the decrease in strength and stiffness is also studied by reproducing mechanical weathering in the laboratory. The reproduced laboratory weathering (RLW) is conducted with a new device that enables vacuumed saturation, freezing, thawing, drying and cooling under a maintained level of confining pressure. The decrease in strength, stiffness and durability is elucidated from the test results, which indicate that rock having a very low level of reference strain (shear strength/modulus at small strain) is resistant to RLW and slaking. Intact rock exhibits very low reference strain and this reference strain increases with an increase in the degree of weathering, which is the case of weathered rock. The decrease in the strength of rock is an important property for judging the safety of rock slopes undergoing weathering. Thus, the relation between the strength and the S-wave velocity of rock undergoing weathering is established. The authors recommend the use of this relation for a quick assessment of the strength of rock by briefly measuring the S-wave velocity of the weathered surface layer. The relationship will assist practitioners in quickly screening potentially unstable slopes.     

广西宁明膨胀土胀缩活动带特征及滑坡破坏模式研究

通过对南(宁)友(谊关)高速公路宁明下第三系湖相风化泥岩及其残积土路堑边坡的系统地质调查、现场监测,对比研究了膨胀土自然边坡和路堑边坡胀缩活动带的含水率、地温、收缩系数及50 kPa下膨胀量随深度的变化特征,结合对边坡胀缩裂隙与滑坡体形态要素的相关性分析,提出了胀缩活动带滑坡的半定量破坏模式,为有效进行工程处治提供了依据。     

Responses of calcareous sand foundations to variations of groundwater table and applied loads

The long-term settlement of calcareous sand foundations caused by daily periodic fluctuations has become a significant geological hazard, but effective monitoring tools to capture the deformation profiles are still rarely reported. In this study, a laboratory model test and an in situ monitoring test were conducted. An optical frequency domain reflectometer (OFDR) with high spatial resolution (1 mm) and high accuracy (±10^-6) was used to record the soil strain responses to groundwater table and varied loads. The results indicated that the fiber-optic measurements can accurately locate the swelling and compressive zones. During the loading process, the interlock between calcareous sand particles was detected, which increased the internal friction angle of soil. The foundation deformation above the sliding surface was dominated by compression, and the soil was continuously compressed beneath the sliding surface. After 26–48 h, calcareous sand swelling occurred gradually above the water table, which was primarily dependent on capillary water. The swelling of the soil beneath the groundwater table was completed rapidly within less than 2 h. When the groundwater table and load remain constant, the compression creep behavior can be described by the Yasong-Wang model with R² = 0.993. The daily periodically varying in situ deformation of calcareous sand primarily occurs between the highest and lowest groundwater tables, i.e. 4.2–6.2 m deep. The tuff interlayers with poor water absorption capacity do not swell or compress, but they produce compressive strain under the influence of deformed calcareous sand layers.     

厦门翔安海底隧道中风化槽地段施工工法

厦门翔安海底隧道是我国大陆地区第一座大断面的海底隧道。隧道所处地质条件复杂,海域地段存在多处风化深槽,岩体主要为全、强风化花岗岩,岩体强度低、自稳能力差。介绍了F3风化深槽地段的施工总体方案,重点阐述风化槽的注浆工艺和开挖支护方法。