A Theoretical Analysis of the Harmonic Content of PWM Waveforms for Multiple-Frequency Modulators

This paper theoretically identifies the harmonic components of a carrier-based pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) voltage-source converter (VSC) output voltage when the modulating wave includes fundamental and baseband harmonic components. This occurs, for example, when a VSC is used as an active power filter. The general analytical solution provided can be applied with a minimum additional mathematical effort to any harmonic combination in the modulation signal. The analysis undertaken in this paper determines how the fundamental and low-order harmonics (in the modulation signal) interact with the carrier to produce the low (and high) order frequencies in the PWM VSC output voltage. The analysis is based on a double Fourier series expansion in two variables. This approach to harmonic identification is evaluated by a comparison with a fast Fourier transform analysis of simulated PWM waveforms.      

Phase-staggering control of a series-resonant DC-DC converter withparalleled power modules

A method of decreasing the ripple on the output voltage of high-power AC-DC or DC-DC series-resonant converters without increasing the internal converter frequency or the capacity of the energy storage elements is discussed. This improvement is accomplished by subdividing the converter into two or more series-resonant power modules operated with a constant relative phase shift (phase-staggering control). The method of eliminating the harmonic components in the input and output currents of the conversion system, without increasing the internal pulse frequency, is justified by Fourier analysis of the current waveforms. The frequency spectra of the source and output waveforms for the continuous and discontinuous resonant current mode are shifted to higher frequency ranges, as computations show for both one single module and multiple paralleled modules. Inadequacies in the phase-staggering control method applied to series-resonant converters are indicated in relation to the dominant harmonic component, in particular for two modules and supported by experimentally acquired waveforms. High-frequency current components to the source and to the load are reduced. Resulting in smaller input and output filters. This improves the resolution of the control of the flow of energy from the source to the load, resulting in a faster system response     

基于全相位FFT的稳健型时间调制阵列测向

基于谐波特征分析的时间调制阵列测向方法的正确性与精度严重依赖接收谐波的估计精度. 传统的离散傅里叶变换(discrete Fourier transform, DFT)或快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform, FFT)在估计谐波的幅相时,由于信号频率通常偏离采样频率的整数倍,会形成栅栏效应,从而引起基于谐波特征分析的时间调制阵列测向的精度降低甚至失效. 针对该问题,本文将全相位FFT引入二单元时间调制阵列接收谐波的分析中,通过提升谐波幅相估计的鲁棒性来提升时间调制阵列测向方法的稳健性. 仿真结果表明,当信号的载频为频谱分辨率的任意小数倍时,提出的全相位FFT时间调制阵列测向方法均能正确测向,且随着信噪比的增加,测向均方根误差收敛至0. 本文工作提升了基于谐波特征分析的单通道时间调制阵列测向方法的稳定性。     

“Dead-band” PWM switching patterns

Reference/modulating waveform continuity is not a necessary condition for the implementation of switching patterns for three-phase pulse-width modulated (PWM) converters if the load or the source are Y-connected. This is based on the fact that the converter phase-voltages do not need to be sinusoidal and switching pattern discontinuities-“dead-bands”-do not degrade the quality of output/input voltage/current waveforms by introducing low-order harmonics if certain parameters are optimized. This paper discusses general characteristics of various discontinuous switching patterns for PWM converters and shows that they can yield better performance than their continuous counterparts in some operating regions. Performance is defined as harmonic distortion normalized with respect to effective switching frequency and serves as a measure of comparison with continuous PWM techniques, The applications considered include general purpose and application specific solid-state power supplies using voltage source inverters and PWM rectifiers. Theoretical considerations are verified on an experimental unit     

Voltage-source active power filter based on multilevel converter and ultracapacitor DC link

A new topology for active power filters (APF) using an 81-level converter is analyzed. Each phase of the converter is composed of four three-state converters, all of them connected to the same capacitor dc link voltage and their output connected in series through output transformers. The main advantages of this kind of converter are the negligible harmonic distortion obtained and the very low switching frequency operation. The single-phase equivalent circuit is analyzed and their governing equations derived. The dc link voltage control, based on manipulating the converter's voltage phase, is analyzed together with the circuit's characteristics that determine the capability to draw or deliver active and reactive current. Simulation results for this application are compared with conventional pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) converters, showing that this filter can compensate load current harmonics, keeping better-quality sinusoidal currents from the source. The simulated configuration uses a 1-F ultracapacitor in the dc link, making it possible to store energy and deliver it during short voltage dips. This is achieved by applying a modulation control to maintain a stable ac voltage during dc voltage drops. A prototype of the filter was implemented and tested, and the obtained current waveforms showed to be as good as expected.     

ADC testing using interpolated fast Fourier transform (IFFT) technique

An ideal transfer characteristic of an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) is simulated and an arbitrary nonlinearity error is introduced. A full-scale sine wave is also simulated and applied to ADC input. The interpolated fast Fourier transform (IFFT) technique is used to determine accurately fundamental and other harmonics in the output spectrum of the ADC. The signal-to-noise ratio and the effective number of bits (ENOB) are computed on the basis of FFT and IFFT for different resolutions of ADC and test conditions. The effects of rectangular and Hanning time window functions on the determination of frequency components are reported. The proposed method of dynamic testing of the ADC is useful for users as well as manufacturers.     

高压大功率变频器的谐波分析

当电动机容量较大时，人功率变频器的输入谐波对电网的影响以及输出谐波对电动机的影响成为了交流变频系统中突出的问题。为了减小大功率变频器的谐波，普遍采用多脉动整流、变压器耦合输出、多电平和单元级联技术，形成了以多脉动整流拓扑或多电平拓扑为输入级、以变压器耦合输出或多电平输出拓扑为输出级的大功率变颁器主电路，以及多重化结构大功率变频器主电路。本文对目前几种有代表性的高压变频器主电路拓扑及输入输出谐波进行了分忻，评勺IEEE-519标准进行比较，研究了变频器的谐波特性。     

高压大功率变频器的谐波分析

当电动机容量较大时,大功率变频器的输入谐波对电网的影响以及输出谐波对电动机的影响成为了交流变频系统中突出的问题。为了减小大功率变频器的谐波,普遍采用多脉动整流、变压器耦合输出、多电平和单元级联技术,形成了以多脉动整流拓扑或多电平拓扑为输入级、以变压器耦合输出或多电平输出拓扑为输出级的大功率变频器主电路,以及多重化结构的大功率变频器主电路。本文对目前几种有代表性的高压变频器主电路拓扑及输入输出谐波进行了分析,并与IEEE-519标准进行比较,研究了变频器的谐波特性。     

Output voltage distortion characterization in multilevel PWM converters

One of the main features to consider in the development of new pulsewidth modulations (PWM) for multilevel converters is the high-frequency output-voltage distortion. In this letter, a novel per-switching-cycle figure, the harmonic distortion of order n for switching cycle k(HD/sub n,k/), is introduced to quantitatively characterize the output three-phase voltage harmonic distortion of multilevel converters around all the integer multiples of the switching frequency. This figure allows for the decomposing of the modulation design problem within an output voltage fundamental cycle into an independent set of smaller problems for every switching cycle. The expression of HD/sub n,k/ as a function of the switching states' duty-ratio is presented for the three-level three-phase neutral-point-clamped voltage source inverter and it can be easily obtained for any other multilevel converter. From the evaluation of HD/sub n,k/ over 1/6th of the output-voltage fundamental-period the value of HD/sub n/ is obtained, providing a measure of the output voltage distortion in a fundamental period. This information is obtained at a lower computational cost than conventional fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis. The accuracy of the HD/sub n/ distortion predictions is verified by comparing it to FFT-based results obtained from simulation and experiments. The expression to compute the total harmonic distortion (THD) as a function of HD/sub n/ is also derived.     

DC harmonic distortion minimization of thyristor converters underunbalanced voltage supply using asymmetrical firing angle

Noncharacteristic harmonics of significant magnitude are produced at the output and input terminals of phase-controlled power converters under unbalanced voltage supply conditions. The concept of switching functions has been proposed before to evaluate the harmonics produced by a phase-controlled six-pulse power converter under both balanced and unbalanced power supply conditions. This paper extends the switching-functions approach to establish analytical equations for the DC output voltage harmonics produced by 12-, 18-, and 24-pulse power converters. The problem is approached from the standpoint of symmetrical voltage components. The increase in distortion under unbalance is caused by the appearance of a second harmonic component. A method, based on an asymmetrical firing angle, to cancel the second harmonic at the power converter output under unbalanced voltage supply is also presented. Cancellation of the second harmonic improves power converter DC output voltage quality     

Analysis of delta PWM static AC-DC converters

An analysis and implementation of delta modulation (DM) technique in the control of AC-DC converters are presented in this paper. The DM technique offers advantages of easy implementation, continuous converter voltage control, and a direct control on the line harmonics. A simple model of the delta modulator is proposed to predict switching frequency, identify dominant harmonics, and determine switching points of the converter waveforms. Results of parametric variations of the modulator and performances of the single and three phase DM converters are reported. Experimental results of the single and three phase DM AC-DC converters validate the analytical results     

一种加窗插值FFT谐波分析方法

由于很难实现同步采样和整周期截断,因此,利用FFT算法分析电网谐波信号时存在频谱泄露和栅栏效应,影响算法的分析精度。加窗插值FFT是抑制频谱泄露和消除栅栏效应的有效方法,在此提出一种基于3项3阶Nuttall窗插值FFT的谐波分析方法,推导了插值系数公式以及各次谐波的频率、幅值和相位的修正公式。对该算法与Hanning窗、Blackman窗插值FFT算法进行Matlab仿真对比研究,验证了该算法具有更高的分析精度。     

基于小波变换的电能质量信号谐波分析

快速傅里叶变换(FFT)可实现整数次谐波的精确检测;但对非整数次谐波的检测误差较大,加窗插值算法可提高非整数次谐波的检测精度,但会导致谐波分辨率降低,如果信号中存在频率相近的整数次和非整数次谐波,利用FFT和加窗插值算法都无法实现谐波的准确检测.为了弥补这种不足,本文采用基于小波变换和FFT相结合的方法来分析电能质量信号.用小波变换检测电能质量信号的间断点,对由间断点分段得到的低频信号用FFT进行分析,并进行了计算机仿真,取得了较满意的结果.     

Boost-chopper-derived PFC rectifiers: interest and reality

This work presents an overview of single-phase boost-chopper-derived power-factor-correction rectifiers. Converters are presented for several control strategies in continuous and discontinuous current mode operations. The presentation highlights the main characteristics of the converters and underlines harmonic content over a wide frequency range. A methodology is derived to compute these harmonics in order to facilitate the analysis and performance evaluation of the converters. Based on this methodology, a comparison is conducted in order to highlight advantages and drawbacks of the most popular converters and control strategies. A table is given where main converter critical parameters are summarized in order to help the designer, in converter and operating mode selections. Practical results are provided to validate the modeling technique.     

Active harmonic elimination for multilevel converters

This paper presents an active harmonic elimination method to eliminate any number of specific higher order harmonics of multilevel converters with equal or unequal dc voltages. First, resultant theory is applied to transcendental equations characterizing the harmonic content to eliminate low order harmonics and to determine switching angles for the fundamental frequency switching scheme and a unipolar switching scheme. Next, the residual higher order harmonics are computed and subtracted from the original voltage waveform to eliminate them. The simulation results show that the method can effectively eliminate the specific harmonics, and a low total harmonic distortion (THD) near sine wave is produced. An experimental 11-level H-bridge multilevel converter with a field programmable gate array controller is employed to implement the method. The experimental results show that the method does effectively eliminate any number of specific harmonics, and the output voltage waveform has low THD.     

A comparative study of carrier-frequency modulation techniques forconducted EMI suppression in PWM converters

A rigorous mathematical analysis and a comparative study of carrier-frequency modulation (CFM) techniques for the conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) suppression in pulsewidth-modulated converters is presented. CFM techniques dither the switching period with a small amplitude variation around the nominal value, so that the harmonic power is redistributed over the spectrum of concern. Two types of dithering signals, including the periodic and random signals, are investigated in this paper. The operational characteristics as well as the input and output power spectra of the converters with the two modulating signals are compared. In particular, their characteristics in the low- and high-frequency harmonic power redistribution will be depicted. It is shown that random CFM (RCFM) gives a more effective way to disperse the harmonics around the switching frequency than the periodic CFM (PCFM) with the same frequency deviation. However, RCFM introduces higher low-frequency harmonics than the PCFM at the converter output. Furthermore, effects of the resolution filter bandwidth in the electromagnetic compatibility analyzer on conducted EMI measurement is discussed. The validity of the analyses is confirmed experimentally by using a dc/dc buck converter operating in continuous conduction mode     

High-power,high-voltage IGBT applications: series connection of IGBTs or multilevel converters?

In this paper a detailed quantitative comparison between two competing high-voltage converter technologies is performed, namely series connection of semiconductor power devices versus multilevel converters. The comparison is based on converter losses (conduction and switching), total harmonic distortion, and distortion factor for the output phase and line voltages at different modulation frequency ratios. A new method is presented for calculating the conduction loss of cascaded-type multilevel converters which use carrier-based pulse width modulation.     

论电力系统中的谐波分析方法

随着电力、电子技术的迅猛发展,电力系统中普遍使用了各种变频设备。但是由于非线性负载与电力、电子设备超量的连入,使得谐波或间谐波被大量的混入到电力系统中。而谐波会导致电能在质量方面下降,最终会对电网或者电力设备产生严重的影响。而用电单位和用电个人对电能的质量要求也变得越来越高,如何对谐波进行有效而准确分析就成了当今电力部门研究电能质量的一个重要课题。文中对直接应用FFT的谐波分析方法进行了简单的论述。     

Power System Harmonic Detection Using Frequency-Domain Interpolation Wavelet Transform

Multi-frequency harmonics detection is important for fault diagnosis, harmonic analysis and parameter detection in power system[1,2]. The conventional harmonic measurement methods are fast Fourier transform (FFT) and short time Fourier transform (STFT), FFT is suitable for integer harmonic analysis, but it brings large error to non-integer harmonics due to its spectral leakage, aliasing and picket fence effect. STFT can detect non-integer or non-period harmonics with low resolution, beca…     

A novel orthogonal-vectors-based topology of multilevel inverters

This paper presents a novel proposal of developing converter output voltage waveforms and novel converter topologies. The main idea is based on the assumption that the total converter output space vector is composed of two orthogonal space vectors. Two basic proposals are discussed. The first one is related to a converter built of two standard inverters: a main inverter (MI) and an auxiliary one. The converter output voltage space vector is composed of two orthogonal vectors generated by the respective inverters. The total power of the auxiliary inverter does not exceed 20% of the MI power. Thanks to the presented control method, the harmonic content of the output voltage is significantly reduced. The second proposal is related to a novel converter topology denoted as OVT-IHC. The converter is built of one two-level inverter and three isolated H-bridge circuit units. The structure and its performance are also discussed in the paper. The converter in question is able to generate 133 different output space vectors and permits achievement of a stepped adjustment of the RMS output voltage. Both topologies presented in the paper indicate some characteristics and advantages of multilevel inverters. The converters acting on the basis of the orthogonal vectors idea possess promising properties and are suitable to applications in medium-power converters. The paper presents main features and contribution to the theory.