Aromatization of FCC Gasoline Over Modified HZSM-5 Catalyst

Zinc and phosphorus incorporated HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by adopting incipient wet co-impregnation (Zn-P/HZSM-5). Zn-P/HZSM-5 catalyst exhibited the lowest acidity but the highest aromatization activity with stable performance in the studied period of 16 hr. The process conditions on aromatization reaction and the coke deactivation mechanism of Zn-P/HZSM-5 catalyst were studied on a small-scale, fixed bed reactor using FCC naphtha (75-120°C). The weight contents of ZnO and P₂O₅ were 2% and 4%, respectively. Results showed that Zn-P/HZSM-5 catalyst under a temperature of 450°C, liquid hourly space velocity of 1.0 h^-1, and pressure of 0.1 MPa, the conversions of olefins and alkanes are 96.77% and 88.94%, respectively, the contents of olefins, aromatics in liquid product are 6.79% and 74.57%, respectively. Carbon deposition was the major reason for catalyst deactivation due to the catalyst's good performance as a fresh catalyst after regeneration. All of the blending products fitted the standards of Chinese gasoline.     

Influence of ZnO and P2O5 Content on Modified HZSM-5 on Aromatization of FCC Gasoline

Abstract

Catalytic properties of different content of ZnO and P₂O₅ supported on HZSM-5 zeolites were studied in the conversion of FCC gasoline (75°C–120°C) into aromatic hydrocarbons with a temperature of 430°C, a liquid hourly space velocity of 1.0 hr^?1, and a pressure of 0.1 MPa. In the reaction, when the contents of ZnO and P₂O₅ are 2% and 4%, respectively, Zn-P/HZSM-5 showed the highest selectivity and activity to aromatic hydrocarbons and conversion of olefins. The content of aromatics in the liquid product and the yield of aromatics reached as high as 94.53%, 68.87%, and 51.74%, respectively.     

DIRECT CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF METHANE TO HIGHER HYDROCARBONS

Using a plug-flow reactor we have been able to demonstrate the conversion of pure methane gas to liquid hydrocarbons via the intermediate formation of methanol. The reaction Was carried out at an intermediate pressure (about 20 atm) and moderate temperature (about 400°C). In the first stage of the reactor methane and oxygen react to produce methanol. In the second stage the methanol was converted by HZSM-5 catalyst to a mixture of hydrocarbons. Analysis of the reaction products showed that all of the oxygen Was used in the reaction. Apart from the unconverted methane the product was composed of oxides of carboy water and C₃+ hydrocarbons. Interestingly, among the liquid hydrocarbons, aromatics were found to be the major constituents.     

TWO STAGE DIRECT COAL GASIFICATION TO C2-C4 HYDROCARBONS

Results of a study conducted to convert coal to C₂-C₄ hydrocarbons in a two-stage reactor system are presented. Coal was converted to liquids at 440° C in a stirred batch autoclave using tetralin as the hydrogen donor solvent. The liquids produced were separated from the unreacted coal and ash by filtration. The liquids were then fed into a second stage fixed bed reactor containing sulfided Ni-M0/AI₂O₃ and Si0₂-AbO;5 catalyst. The liquids were hydrocracked on the dual-functional catalyst giving high yields of C₂-C₄ hydrocarbons. The pressure was 1800 psig and the temperatures were in the range of 425 to 500° C. Reaction mechanisms of conversion of coal derived liquids to C₂-C₄ hydrocarbons are presented. The kinetic parameters of the conversion of coal liquids to gases were determined. The activation energy was determined to be 23.9 Kcal/mol Cracking reactions involving C-C bonds appear to be rate-controlling.     

DEEP DESULPHURISATION OF A DIESEL BLEND IN A PILOT PLANT TRICKLE BED REACTOR

A pilot plant investigation was conducted to study the influence of hydrotreating conditions on conversion and characteristics of diesel blend and to determine the severity of operating conditions required to meet the proposed product specifications for diesel fuel in India. A typical diesel blend derived from various refinery streams with sulphur content of 2·06 wt% was hydrodesulphurised over a commercial NiO-MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst in a pilot plant trickle bed reactor. The experiments were conducted at 300-370°C, 30-50 kg/cm², 2·0 3·0 hr^-1 liquid hourly space velocity and constant H₂/oil ratio of 185 m³/m³. The data showed that the diesel blend could be hydrotreated to meet revised product specifications of 0·25 wt% sulphur, 46 cetane number by increasing the severity of operation. The cetane number and aromatic saturation were limited by thermodynamic equilibrium at temperatures above 360°C. The influence of temperature was found to be more pronounced than that of pressure in the range of operating conditions studied.     

The Aromatization Properties of Nano-HZSM-5 Catalyst

In this article, the influence of reaction conditions on the aromatization over nano-HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was investigated. The experimental results showed that nano-HZSM-5 catalyst has the best aromatization properties under the optimal conditions: reaction temperature 430°C, reaction pressure 0.3 MPa, and liquid hourly space velocity 1 h^-1. At the optimal operational conditions, the conversion of olefins in the feedstock was 76.15%. Aromatics yield and the content of olefins, content of aromatics, and content of isoparaffins in liquid product were up to 84.98%, 12.11%, 39.58%, and 35.23%, respectively.     

EFFECTS OF SUPPORTS ON THE ACTIVITY OF NICKEL CATALYST FOR CH4 REFORMING WITH CO2

Nickel catalyst is an effective catalyst for reforming CH₄ with CO₂. The reaction between CO₂ and CH₄ at 1073 K. in the pressure of 0·1 MPa has been studied over different materials supported nickel metal in a fixed-bed reactor. Different catalysts before and after reaction were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS. Results shows that CO and H₂ are basically produced at the same ratio. When the feed ratio CO₂/CH₄ is less than 0·5, less C₂~C₄ hydrocarbons are detected. When the feed ratio CO₂/CH₄ is 1, Ni/a- Al₂O₃ catalyst has the highest activity. However, when the feed ratio CO₂/CH₄ is greater than 1, Ni/y- A1/O₃, Ni/a- A1₂O₃, Ni/SiO₂ and Ni/HZSM-5 had higher activity; Ni/clinoptilolite basically no activity. Different kinds of carbon deposit are established.     

Ni/HZSM-5上裂解汽油选择加氢裂化的研究

在连续流动固定床装置上,探讨了非贵金属Ni/HZSM-5催化剂对裂解汽油选择加氢裂化反应的特征,考察了镍含量、温度、压力、空速及氢烃体积比等参数的影响。随镍含量的增加,裂解汽油中C6+非芳烃转化率先增加后减小,镍含量为2.1%左右较为适宜。工艺条件中温度和压力的影响较大,空速次之,氢烃体积比最小。在380 ℃、3.0 MPa、质量空速1.245 h-1、氢烃体积比1 000的条件下,以镍含量为2.1%的Ni/HZSM-5为催化剂,65 h内裂解汽油中C6+非芳烃组分转化率保持在95%以上,而芳烃转化率仅有13%; 加氢裂化产物中,C2+正构烷烃达80.96%,其中丙烷60.71%,而甲烷和异构烷烃较少。这表明非贵金属Ni/HZSM-5催化剂可高选择性地裂化C6+非芳烃,适用于裂解汽油加氢裂化制备芳烃联产低碳烷烃。     

FCC Gasoline Hydroisomerization Over Pt/HZSM-5 Catalysts

Pt/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline hydroisomerization was prepared. The influence of calcinations and reduction conditions, the metal-incorporation technique, and metal loading on the hydroisomerization of FCC gasoline over the Pt/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst was studied. The process opinion catalyst of FCC gasoline hydroisomerization was obtained under the condition of temperature 290-300°C; pressure 1.5-2.5 Mpa; liquid hour space velocity (LHSV) 2.0-3.0 hr^-1; V(H₂)/V(Oil) = 2.0-3.0. The results showed that calcination conditions have a significant influence on ion-exchanged catalysts, as they control the final metal distribution. The reduction conditions and the method used for platinum incorporation were found to be important factors that affected both the activity and selectivity of the catalysts. Pt/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst possessed good activity for hydrogenation and isomerization. The olefin hydrocarbons of FCC gasoline were hydrogenated and the stability of FCC gasoline was improved under condition of unchanged octane number.     

Reducing Olefins Content of FCC Gasoline Using a NANO-HZSM-5 Catalyst

The study of reducing olefins properties on nano-HZSM-5 catalyst was investigated with a continuous fixed reactor using fraction of fluid catalytic cracking gasoline (75N120°C). The experimental results showed that nano-HZSM-5 catalyst has the best reducing olefins properties under the optimal conditions: temperature 430°C, pressure 0.3 MPa, and liquid hourly space velocity 1 h^-1, and the content of olefins in the feed stock decreased to 12.11% and dropped 31 percentage points. The yield of liquid product, the content of aromatics, and the content of isoalkane in liquid product are up to 84.98%, 39.58%, and 35.23% respectively.     

COMPARATIVE REACTION STUDY OF METHYLCYCLOHEXANE AND 3-METHYLHEXANE IN H2 AND N2 ON Pt/Al2O3 CATALYST

The reaction of methylcyclohexane and 3-methylhexane were studied in a pulse microcatalytic reactor using H₂ and N₂ carriers on Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst at temperatures from 350 to 500°C, contact times (W/F) of 1.25 × 10^-3-3.75 × 10^-3 g min/ml and a total pressure of 4.0 kg/cm². In N₂, there was complete conversion of methylcyclohexane to methane, benzene and toluene while similar products were produced for 3-methylhexane, albeit with diminished conversion level. In H₂, methane was produced from 3-methylhexane conversion while aromatization without demethylation was obtained in addition to some cracking for methylcyclohexane at the low temperature range (350-400°C); a higher temperature range (460-500°C) resulted in complete fragmentation for methylcyclohexane. In H₂-N₂ mixtures, the presence of N₂ of not less than 50% in the carrier gas stream yielded an aromatic catalyst at conditions where only cracking activity was previously evident. The differences in product distribution and/or product types for the two reactants in H₂ and N₂ suggest a different reaction mechanism for both reactants.     

Pt负载位置对双功能催化剂正十二烷加氢异构化性能影响

将金属Pt分别负载在Al₂O₃和ZSM-22分子筛上,然后分别与等质量的HZSM-22分子筛和Al₂O₃混合制备2种复合双功能催化剂Pt/Al₂O₃+HZSM-22和Pt/HZSM-22+ Al₂O₃。采用XRD、BET、NH₃-TPD、SEM、ICP以及TEM表征手段对载体和催化剂进行分析。在固定床反应装置上以正十二烷为正构烷烃模型化合物,考察了复合双功能催化剂对正十二烷加氢异构性能的影响。结果表明：金属Pt的负载位置直接影响加氢异构反应性能,金属负载在γ-Al₂O₃上的催化剂Pt/Al₂O₃+HZSM-2,其正十二烷转化率和异构产率均明显优于金属负载在HZSM-22分子筛上的催化剂Pt/HZSM-22+ Al₂O₃。但是将金属Pt负载在γ-Al₂O₃或直接负载在ZSM-22分子筛上并不影响单甲基异构产物的分布,其异构产物以支链靠近端部的2-甲基异构体为主。     

The Role of Nitrogen in Facilitating Methylcyclohexane Aromatization on Pt/Al2O3 and Pt-Re/Al2O3 Catalysts

The kinetics of methylcyclohexane aromatization on commercial Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt-Re/Al₂O₃ catalysts was investigated in a micro-reactor using N₂ and/or H₂ as carrier gases at temperatures ranging between 300-500°C, W/F values ranging between 0.83-3.75 mg min/mL and at a total pressure of 4.0 kg/cm². On both catalysts in N₂ atmosphere, aromatization accompanied by demethylation was observed with the formation of cracked products, benzene and toluene. However, in H₂ methane was the predominant product of methylcyclohexane reforming on PtA1₂O₃ and Pt-Re/Al₂O₃ at 500°C and 400-500°C respectively, whereas at 350°C, aromatization was predominant on Pt/Al₂O₃ but on Pt-Re/Al₂O₃, aromatization was accompanied by fragmentation to methane. In N₂-H₂ mixtures, demethylation activity was observed to decrease with H₂ content of the mixture on Pt-Re/Al₂O₃. A preliminary test of the kinetic data using Sica's method of pulse kinetic analysis suggests a first order rate in methylcyclohexane with activation energies of 3.21 kcal/gmol in N₂ and 19.70 kcal/gmol in H₂ for the Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst and 16.66 kcal/gmol in N₂ and 34.94 kcal/gmol in H₂ for the Pt-Re/Al₂O₃ catalyst. However, a more comprehensive kinetic analysis suggested an aromatization mechanism for Pt-Re/Al₂O₃, where adsorbed H₂ was a participant. A different aromatization mechanism for the reaction in N₂ where hydrogen was not needed explained the data on Pt/Al₂O_3. In both cases, the desorption of toluene was determined as the rate determining step.     

Aromatization of FCC Gasoline Over Modified HZSM-5 Catalyst

Abstract

Zinc and phosphorus incorporated HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by adopting incipient wet co-impregnation (Zn-P/HZSM-5). Zn-P/HZSM-5 catalyst exhibited the lowest acidity but the highest aromatization activity with stable performance in the studied period of 16 hr. The process conditions on aromatization reaction and the coke deactivation mechanism of Zn-P/HZSM-5 catalyst were studied on a small-scale, fixed bed reactor using FCC naphtha (75–120°C). The weight contents of ZnO and P₂O₅ were 2% and 4%, respectively. Results showed that Zn-P/HZSM-5 catalyst under a temperature of 450°C, liquid hourly space velocity of 1.0 h^?1, and pressure of 0.1 MPa, the conversions of olefins and alkanes are 96.77% and 88.94%, respectively, the contents of olefins, aromatics in liquid product are 6.79% and 74.57%, respectively. Carbon deposition was the major reason for catalyst deactivation due to the catalyst's good performance as a fresh catalyst after regeneration. All of the blending products fitted the standards of Chinese gasoline.     

锌和钾改性HZSM-5临氢芳构化催化剂研究

以等体积浸渍法制备了Zn/HZSM-5和不同含量K改性的K-Zn/HZSM-5催化剂,采用XRD、NH3-TPD、py-IR和N2吸附-脱附等方法对所制备催化剂进行了表征,在HZSM-5催化剂中加入5%质量分数的ZnO,催化剂的总酸量略有增加,L/B酸比值增加;同时又加入不同含量的K2O,随着K2O含量的增加,催化剂的L酸量和L/B酸比值均降低,少量K2O的引入对催化剂酸性质影响较小。以正庚烷为原料考察HZSM-5催化剂以及Zn和K改性后的催化剂的临氢芳构化性能,结果表明,ZnO质量分数为5%、K2O质量分数不超过0.5%时,随着钾含量的升高,改性催化剂的芳构化率和苯、甲苯、二甲苯(BTX)的选择性大幅提高,C9+芳烃的选择性降低,Zn和K改性催化剂的活性和稳定性较好。     

不同硅/铝比ZSM-5分子筛对烷烃和环烷烃催化裂解性能的影响

以硅/铝摩尔比（n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=24的ZSM 5分子筛为母体,通过酸处理脱铝制备了具有不同硅/铝摩尔比(50、85、110、140)的ZSM-5分子筛,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、吡啶红外吸附(Py-FTIR)、N₂吸附-脱附等手段对其进行表征,考察其应用于正辛烷和乙基环己烷催化裂解反应的性能差异。结果表明,正辛烷和乙基环己烷的转化率与ZSM-5分子筛硅/铝比存在较好的对应关系,即硅/铝比越低、酸量越高,转化率越高;但ZSM-5分子筛硅/铝比低、酸量过多会导致非选择性副反应发生,降低目的产物低碳烯烃收率和选择性。不同硅/铝比ZSM-5分子筛在正辛烷和乙基环己烷催化裂解反应中显示出不同的催化性能,对于相同碳数的烷烃正辛烷和乙基环己烷,由于其分子结构不同,所适宜的硅/铝比不同;在相同硅/铝比分子筛条件下,环烷烃乙基环己烷的总体反应活性低于相对应的直链烷烃正辛烷;正辛烷在ZSM-5-85分子筛上具有更优异的催化裂解反应性能,乙基环己烷在ZSM-5-50分子筛上具有更优异的催化裂解反应性能。     

锌改性HZSM-5催化正构烷烃临氢芳构化性能

采用等体积浸渍法制备不同ZnO负载量的Zn/HZSM-5系列催化剂,采用BET、XRD、TPD和Py-IR等方法对所制备催化剂表征分析;在5 mL固定床小型反应装置上,以正庚烷为原料对所制备的催化剂进行临氢芳构化活性评价,对评价后催化剂积炭形貌、积炭组成等进行分析表征.结果表明:HZSM-5催化剂用Zn改性可以调节酸性...     

EFFECTS OF HYDROTREATING COKER LIGHT GAS OIL ON FUEL QUALITY

Coker light gas oil (LGO) derived from Athabasca bitumen was hydrotreated in a fixed bed reactor using two commercial NiO-MoO₃/Al₂0₃ catalysts. The effect of temperature on product quality was investigated in a pilot plant between 330 and 390 °C at 12.4 MPa, space velocity of 0.5 Ir1 and 700 liter of hydrogen per liter of coker LGO (L/L). The product quality was monitored by ^I3C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, density and distillation techniques.

The data showed that coker LGO can be hydrotreated using nickel-molybdenum catalysts at 350 °C, 0.5 h¹, 12.4 MPa and 700 L/L to meet the diesel product specifications, namely, 0.5 wt % sulfur, 20% aromatics and cetane index of 40. The cetane index improvement and aromatic saturation, which are affected by thermodynamic equilibrium at temperature higher than 370 °C, could reach 29 and 86% respectively. The cetane improvement was attributed to aromatic saturation and hydrocracking with hydrogen consumption ranging from 215-340 L/L. The Ketjenfine KF-840 catalyst was found slightly better performance than Procatalyse HR-348 catalyst.     

水热处理对纳米HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制汽油性能的影响

对比了微米HZSM-5和纳米HZSM-5分子筛催化甲醇制汽油(MTG)反应的性能,发现采用纳米HZSM-5分子筛催化剂能得到较高的汽油收率和较长的使用寿命。对纳米HZSM-5分子筛在不同温度下进行水热处理,利用低温N₂吸附-脱附、XRD、NH_3-TPD手段对水热处理前后的分子筛样品进行表征。在380℃、1.0 MPa、空速3.0 h^-1的反应条件下进行MTG反应,对水热处理后的催化剂进行评价。结果表明,对纳米HZSM-5水热处理能显著提高其催化MTG反应的汽油收率和延长催化剂使用寿命。纳米HZSM-5分子筛的最佳水热处理温度为600℃,在此条件下处理后用于MTG反应,催化剂的使用寿命由水热处理前的84 h显著增加到216 h,积炭量却由35.8%降至23.7%。另外,随着纳米HZSM-5催化剂水热处理温度的升高,其催化MTG所得汽油产品中的异构烷烃和烯烃含量增加,芳烃含量降低。     

CHANGE IN COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF REDUCED CRUDES DURING CONVERSION ON CONTACT MATERIAL

Four Chinese 350°C+ reduced crude feedstocks were heated thermally in the presence of a contact material at 480-540°C in a fixed bed reactor. The feed and products were fractionated into eight fractions using normal pentane precipitation and alumina adsorption chromatography and average molecular parameters calculated with a modified Brown-Ladner method. The results obtained show that the conversion of various fractions of the reduced crudes was quite different. The conversion of asphaltic substances was much higher than those of saturates and aromatics. It is shown that the CH₂/CH₃ ratio, aromaticity and the numbers of aromatic, naphthenic and total ring of heavy products were obviously lower than those of reduced crudes. The effect of temperature on metal, sulfur, nitrogen removal has been also investigated. The data indicate that the removal of weak polar non-porphyrin nickel was larger than that of middle and strong polar nickel complex.