女性主体意识刍议

中国作家张洁和澳大利亚作家克里斯蒂娜·斯泰德在她们的代表作<无字>和<热爱孩子的男人>里,都不约而同地展示了两类女性的不同生存图景:"屋子里的天使"和"自由的天使".虽然处于不同国度和时代,但作家们都表现了她们对女性命运的关注,同时可以看出,随着时代的进步,作家们对女性主体意识的获得和女性的前途寄予了热切的期望.     

女性编辑的角色定位和心理建设

期刊的女性编辑承载着和男性编辑相同的工作量,在职场可谓擎着"半边天".在同一的竞争平台和业绩考核制度下,女性编辑自身发展的瓶颈和多元社会角色,不同程度地影响了女性编辑事业的持续上升发展态势,甚至出现职业"断档期".女性编辑如何认清并找准自己的角色定位,关照好自己的心理建设,在职场和生活中找到平衡的支点,本文就这些问题加以了分析和阐释.     

沈从文小说的女性人物形象解读

阅读沈从文的小说,我们不难发现作者的大多数作品都渗透着对女性的独特感觉,表现出独特的女性观念。通过对作者女性人物形象的解读,我们可以更好地了解这位人性作家的女性思想。本文对此进行了探讨。     

高校“女性学基础知识”课程的建设

对高校"女性学基础知识"课程建设进行了一些尝试:如精选教学内容,采取多元化的教学方法和开展丰富多彩的实践活动;分析了开设"女性学基础知识"课程教学的意义,帮助女大学生建立起女性的社会性别意识,从社会的角度明确适合自己性别的发展方向,有利于自信、自立、自强和个性化的全面发展。     

当代艺术设计中的女性设计分析

本文从女性设计入手,分析女性在艺术设计领域社会身份多样性,从其作为消费者和设计者的两个方面进行论述,提出女性设计的一些常用手法,以期更好地为女性设计服务。     

宋代商业中女性境况分析

宋代女性并没有被禁锢在家中,她们活跃于社会经济生活,其中有相当数量的经商者.士大夫对于经商女性的记述带有时代、性别、阶层的烙印.总体上看,经商女性多处于社会中下层,其经商的主要驱动力是生计的需要,但其中也不乏竭力追逐利润者,部分经商女性为此不惜铤而走险.     

熟语所反映的中日韩三国的女性观

从女性的性格、命运、社会活动和经济能力、言行举止、容貌及智慧等5个方面,对中日韩三国有关女性的熟语进行了对比分析,从而考察了各自传统文化中的女性的形象,女性的社会地位的异同,进而探索了中日韩三国的传统女性观.     

论唐代女性与科举

本文的视角主要集中在唐代女性对科举的影响.唐代女性对于科举的干预是多方面的:出于政治、经济等各方面的考量,女性积极鼓励夫、子参加科举考试;女性直接干预放榜;代作进士时文;利用女性的家族势力取得进士及第.除此之外,妓女这一特殊女性群体对于进士也给予了特别关注.     

性别的局限·视野的博大——从当代女作家作品看女性写作视野

在中国文坛上出现了许多优秀的女性作家,她们的作品从各个角度描摹和思考人生与社会.但时下有许多人将女性文学局限在"女性隐私"上,这是对女性作品的亵渎.本文从当代文坛一些女作家的作品入手,说明女性写作广博和深远的视野追求.     

从肝论治女性痤疮

中医治疗痤疮多从肺、脾、胃辨证论治,但对部分病人疗效并不让人满意[1],尤其是对女性患者[2].叶天士<临证指南医案>提出"女子以肝为先天",肝主疏泄,其太过或不及,均会影响痤疮的发生发展.女性痤疮常有于经期前加重、伴有月经失调等特点[3-4].     

普通高校女子武术课教学探讨

对我国普通高校女子武术课开展的现况进行研究和分析,对构建和完善我国普通高校女子武术课教学内容进行了初步的探讨,认为在内容选择上应既能体现武术特色又符合普通高校女生的生理特点,难易程度上应适当,使其容易接受和掌握,最后在内容上还要发挥普通高校女生的创新精神。     

Factors That Influence Fee Setting by Male and Female Psychologists.

What factors influence how psychologists in private practice set fees for self-pay clients? An anonymous survey in one county showed that male and female clinical psychologists did not differ in fees requested for services to self-pay clients, indicating that they equally value their time and work effort. They felt that their fees were strongly influenced by personal and local factors (i.e., education/qualifications, business experience, and local competition). Female psychologists indicated that local competition had a significantly greater influence on fee setting than did male psychologists. This perception among female psychologists might arise from competition with the larger number of nondoctoral therapists, who are predominately female, or from higher awareness through more active networking. The usefulness of this model for studies of self-employment is highlighted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

不离其宗,坚守创作的底色——浅谈林白小说创作的女性立场

作为女性私人化写作的代表作家,林白一直以来颇受争议。在她的创作出现一些变化之后,很多论者夸大了变化,而忽略其万变不离其宗的创作底色。事实上,林白的小说文本始终从多个方面彰显着她对女性立场的执着和坚守,这构成了她最为鲜明的创作底色。     

Vocational Interests (The Self-Directed Search) of Female Carpenters.

In this national sample of female carpenters (N=411) who began their apprenticeship with the United Brotherhood of Carpenters during the 1990s in the United States, the author provides a profile of female carpenters' vocational interests (The Self-Directed Search). The vocational interests of 137 male carpenters also were gathered for comparison. The results indicate that the vocational interests of female and male carpenters are dominated by Realistic interests. These outcomes are supported by earlier work with the Strong Interest Inventory. The author suggests that test construction and sampling play a role in the controversy about gender bias in interest inventories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Olfactory Conditioned Partner Preference in the Female Rat.

Paced copulation induces conditioned place preference in female rats. The authors examined whether associating almond-scented males with paced copulation induces conditioned partner preference. The paired group received 4 paced copulations with almond-scented males and 4 nonpaced copulations with unscented males sequentially at 4-day intervals. The unpaired group received the opposite order of association, whereas the randomly paired group received random associations. A 4th group received a single pairing. On the final test, females were placed into an open field with 2 males, 1 scented and 1 unscented. Females in the paired group solicited the scented male more frequently, and most chose the scented male for their 1st ejaculation. Thus, an odor paired with paced copulation elicits conditioned partner preference in female rats. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Female condition influences preferences for sexual dimorphism in faces of male humans (Homo sapiens).

In some species, female condition correlates positively with preferences for male secondary sexual traits. Women's preferences for sexually dimorphic characteristics in male faces (facial masculinity) have recently been reported to covary with self-reported attractiveness. As women's attractiveness has been proposed to signal reproductive condition, the findings in human (Homo sapiens) and other species may reflect similar processes. The current study investigated whether the covariation between condition and preferences for masculinity would generalize to 2 further measures of female attractiveness: other-rated facial attractiveness and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Women with high (unattractive) WHR and/or relatively low other-rated facial attractiveness preferred more "feminine" male faces when choosing faces for a long-term relationship than when choosing for a short-term relationship, possibly reflecting diverse tactics in female mate choice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dietary Soy Supplements Produce Opposite Effects on Anxiety in Intact Male and Female Rats in the Elevated Plus-Maze.

The effects of 2 popular, commercially available soy phytoestrogen supplements on anxiety in male, diestrus female, and proestrus female rats were examined with an elevated plus-maze. Both of the soy supplements were anxiolytic in proestrus females but anxiogenic in males as determined by time spent in the open arms. No effect of diet was seen in the diestrus females. The observed changes in anxiety were not because of altered levels of gonadal hormones, as serum estrogen and progesterone levels were unaffected by diet in the females. The results suggest that the soy supplements have sex- and cycle-specific effects on anxiety. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychopathy and Suicidality in Female Offenders: Mediating Influences of Personality and Abuse.

The influence of personality and childhood abuse on suicidal behaviors and psychopathy was examined among female prisoners. Scores on the affective/interpersonal component (Factor 1; F1) and the antisocial deviance (Factor 2; F2) component of psychopathy were obtained from the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (R. D. Hare, 1991). Suicide attempt and childhood physical and sexual abuse history were coded from interviews and prison files, and personality was assessed using the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (A. Tellegen, in press). Suicide attempts were positively associated with F2 and negatively associated with F1, and each factor accounted for unique variance in suicidality. Path analyses demonstrated that personality mediated the effects of physical abuse on F2, but sexual abuse accounted for unique variance in both suicide attempts and F2. Abuse and personality accounted for minimal variance in F1. These results are discussed in relation to the identification of individuals at risk for both self- and other-harm behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Media Effects on Expectancies: Exposure to Realistic Female Images as a Protective Factor.

Although frequent exposure to very thin female models is likely the norm for American women, exposure to attractive, average-weight models is likely unusual and may therefore be influential. The authors hypothesized that women at risk for eating disorders who are exposed to attractive, average-weight models would endorse fewer expectancies for reinforcement from thinness than would other women. The hypothesis was confirmed: High-risk women exposed to average-weight model images were less likely to endorse thinness/restricting expectancies than those who were exposed to thin models or to control images. Media exposure to realistic female images appears to lessen the relationship between at-risk status and subsequent endorsement of thinness/restricting expectancies and may therefore disrupt the risk process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Inseminated Female Mice (Mus musculus) Investigate Rather Than Avoid Novel Males That Disrupt Pregnancy, but Sires Protect Pregnancy.

Experiment 1 replicated the Bruce effect, showing pregnancy termination in CF1 strain female mice (Mus musculus) housed underneath novel heterogeneous strain (HS) males. In a 4-arm maze in Experiment 2, inseminated CF1 females approached novel HS males more often than CF1 sires or unfamiliar CF1 males. In Experiment 3, inseminated females showed random nesting sites when housed continuously underneath 4 compartments containing the sire, a novel CF1 male, a novel HS male, and no stimulus. In Experiment 4, when inseminated females were housed with or without the sire below novel HS males, the sire's presence decreased female interaction with novel males and mitigated the Bruce effect. Inseminated females do not reliably avoid males that disturb pregnancy unless the sire is immediately present. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)