工程木梁的受弯性能试验研究

以江苏速生意杨为原材料加工的工程木材,包括层板胶合木(Glulam)和旋切板胶合木(LVL)等,提出几种新型的构件截面形式,对受弯构件的结构性能影响因素进行了详细分析。研究的主要目的是充分利用我国速生林资源,并将其应用于现代木结构建筑。首先,通过材料的材性试验,探讨了Glulam和LVL的主要物理力学性能;在此基础上,对31个工程木梁模型试件进行了弯曲性能的试验研究,分析了工程木梁的破坏形态和破坏机理,探讨了其极限承载力和抗弯刚度等弯曲性能,并对构件性能进行了对比;最后,分析了影响工程木梁结构性能的各种因素,包括层板组合方式、荷载方向、单板厚度(LVL构件)以及构件尺寸等。结果表明:工程木梁的结构性能远远超出了建筑中常用锯材梁的结构性能,其强度比樟子松锯材构件高出39.0%~90.0%,刚度高出35.0%~45.0%,若将Glulam与LVL进行优化组合,会取得更好的效果;构件横截面平均应变基本上呈线性分布,构件的极限拉应变约为0.006,而其破坏时的压应变最大为0.009左右;     

Effect of water chemistry on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted mixtures of claystone and Na/Ca-bentonites for deep geological repositories

In the French deep geological disposal for radioactive wastes, compacted bentonite/claystone mixtures have been considered as possible sealing materials. After emplacement in place, such mixtures are hydrated by the site solution as well as the cement solution produced by the degradation of concrete. In this study, the effects of synthetic site solution and cement solution on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of compacted mixtures of claystone and two types of bentonites (MX80 Na-bentonite and Sardinia Ca-bentonite) were investigated by carrying out a series of swelling pressure, hydraulic conductivity and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests. It was found that for the MX80 bentonite/claystone mixture hydrated with synthetic site solution, the swelling capacity was reduced compared to the case with deionised water owing to the transformation of Na-montmorillonite to multi-cation dominant montmorillonite by cation exchanges. For the Sardinia bentonite/claystone mixture, the similar increasing rate of swelling pressure was observed during the crystalline swelling process for different solutions, suggesting insignificant cation exchanges. Additionally, the cations in the synthetic site solution could reduce the thickness of diffuse double layer and the osmotic swelling for both MX80 bentonite/claystone and Sardinia bentonite/claystone mixtures. The large-pore volume increased consequently and enhanced water flow. In the cement solution, the hydroxide could also dissolve the montmorillonite, reducing the swelling pressure, and increase the large-pore volume, facilitating the water flow. Furthermore, the decrease of swelling pressure and the increase of hydraulic conductivity were more significant in the case of low dry density because of more intensive interaction between montmorillonite and hydroxide due to the high permeability.     

On the hydraulic behavior of unsaturated nonwoven geotextiles

Geotextiles have been widely used in soil structures for separation, filtration, reinforcing, and drainage. They are often used to provide reinforcement and drainage for retaining walls and embankments. It has been reported, however, that geotextiles may not drain water as effectively as was initially expected. In this study, published data on the hydraulic properties of unsaturated geotextiles are compiled and analyzed in order to highlight the hydraulic characteristics of unsaturated geotextiles.

The application of the van Genuchten equations originally developed for the water characteristic curve and the hydraulic conductivity curve of unsaturated soil to unsaturated geotextiles is then examined and discussed. Finally, the drainage from a one-dimensional sand column having a horizontal geotextile layer was analyzed using the finite element method and the van Genuchten equations to assess the utility of this procedure for further study of unsaturated/saturated water flow within the soil–geotextile system.     

Hydraulic and volume change behaviors of compacted highly expansive soil under cyclic wetting and drying

The wide engineered application of compacted expansive soils necessitates understanding their behavior under field conditions. The results of this study demonstrate how seasonal climatic variation and stress and boundary conditions individually or collectively influence the hydraulic and volume change behavior of compacted highly expansive soils. The cyclic wetting and drying (CWD) process was applied for two boundary conditions, i.e. constant stress (CS) and constant volume (CV), and for a wide range of axial stress states. The adopted CWD process affected the hydraulic and volume change behaviors of expansive soils, with the first cycle of wetting and drying being the most effective. The CWD process under CS conditions resulted in shrinkage accumulation and reduction in saturated hydraulic conductivity (k_sat). On the other hand, CWD under CV conditions caused a reduction of swell pressure while has almost no impact on k_sat. An elastic response to CWD was achieved after the third cycle for saturated hydraulic conductivity (k_sat), the third to fourth cycle for the volume change potential under the CV conditions, and the fourth to fifth cycle for the volume change potential under the CS conditions. Finally, both swell pressure (σ_s) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (k_sat) are not fundamental parameters of the expansive soil but rather depend on stress, boundary and wetting conditions.     

浅谈新型环保材料生态木的应用前景

通过工程实例,介绍新型环保生态木和传统建筑材料的差异,以此说明新型环保生态木的优点,以供参考。     

On the thermo-mechanical properties of unsaturated soils

The establishment of energy balance equation is necessary to study the thermo-mechanical properties of unsaturated soils.To solve this equation,the determination of two fundamental parameters as volumetric specific parameter and thermal conductivity coefficient is essential.In this paper,the effective thermal conductivity coefficient of dry soil grain is analyzed for soils with different compositions,and the thermo-mechanical properties of porous media with water and gas are studied by considering the soil water retention curve（SWRC）.Different methods,i.e.volumetric average method,self-consistent method,Hashin-Strikman method,are employed to calculate thermal conductivity coefficients,and a new method is proposed to determine the thermo-mechanical parameters.Comparison of the results obtained by different methods shows that the proposed method is in a good agreement with the experimental results and is suitable for describing the main properties of the thermo-mechanical behaviors of soils.The relationship between the SWRC and the seepage curve is further studied by the natural proportional rule.The characteristics of the SWRC,its differential coefficient and the seepage curve,are investigated by considering the physico-mechanical mechanism;the limit scopes of the indices of the SWRC and the seepage curve are also given.     

Investigation of mechanical behaviour of a quasi-brittle material using Karagozian and Case concrete (KCC) model

The mechanical behaviour of a quasi-brittle material,i.e.Pietra Serena sandstone,was investigated both numerically and experimentally in order to build a reliable numerical modelling system applicable to more complex cases.The Karagozian and Case concrete(KCC) model was exploited as the material constitutive law and a new method to utilise this model for efficient and accurate simulation of quasibrittle materials is discussed.The capability of this model is evaluated by comparing the results of the numerical simulations with the corresponding experimental results,and the method itself is critically assessed.     

The behaviour of masonry walls subjected to fire: Modelling and parametrical studies in the case of hollow burnt-clay bricks

A thermo-mechanical model is adopted in order to investigate the fire behaviour of clay masonry walls. In this analysis, conductive, convective and radiative thermal transfers are considered together with local energy consumption due to phase changes. These latter are essentially initiated by both the vaporisation of adsorbed water and the chemical transformation of clay under rising temperatures. Therefore, experimental tests at both the material scale and the brick scale are performed in order to identify the parameters that characterise the thermo-hygral behaviour of clay. For this purpose, numerical simulations are carried out on the experimentally tested hollow bricks in order to determine by back analysis these material parameters. The thermal model being validated, the thermo-mechanical behaviour of a masonry wall subjected to fire, is thereafter investigated by adopting a full three-dimensional finite-element analysis. Numerical simulations results are compared to the experimentally measured ones in terms of both temperature and out-of plane displacement fields. In this analysis, it is shown that a non-linear elastic behaviour for bricks and mortar with temperature-dependent mechanical parameters is sufficient to retrieve the overall behaviour of thin masonry walls. Finally, a parametric study provides the influence of each material parameter on the fire behaviour of the partition walls.     

Measured and predicted performance of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) with and without vacuum preloading

This paper presents the effectiveness of vacuum preloading in accelerating the consolidation of PVD improved soft Bangkok clay by comparing with the corresponding results without vacuum preloading. Laboratory tests were conducted using a large scale consolidometer having diameter of 300 mm and height of 500 mm with reconstituted specimens installed with prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) with and without vacuum preloading. In addition, field data were collected from Second Bangkok International Airport (SBIA) site improved by PVD with and without vacuum pressures. Analyses were carried out to compare the compressibility parameters (C_h and k_h/k_s) by back-calculation of laboratory and field settlements using Hansbo (1979) method. From the laboratory tests, the horizontal coefficient of consolidation (C_h) values from reconstituted specimens were 1.08 and 1.87 m²/yr for PVD without and with vacuum pressure, respectively and the k_h/k_s values were 2.7 for PVD only and 2.5 for vacuum-PVD. After the improvement, the water contents of the soft clay were reduced, thereby, increasing its undrained shear strengths. Similarly, the field data analysis based on the back-calculated results showed that the k_h/k_s were 7.2 and 6.6 for PVD without and with vacuum, respectively. The C_h values increased slightly from 2.17 m²/yr for PVD only to 3.51 m²/yr for vacuum-PVD. The time to reach 90% degree of consolidation for soils with vacuum-PVD was one-third shorter than that for soils with PVD only because of higher C_h values. Thus, the addition of vacuum pressure leads to increase horizontal coefficient of consolidation which shortened the time of preloading. The PVDCON software was found to be useful to predict the settlements of the PVD improved ground with and without vacuum preloading.     

Centrifuge modeling of the behaviour of helical piles in cohesive soils from installation and axial loading

Centrifuge modeling offers a viable tool for research in the soil-pile interaction, but this technique has not been used for helical piles in cohesive soils. A centrifuge model test program of helical piles in cohesive soils was carried out to investigate the axial soil-pile interaction and pile failure mechanism. Helical piles were installed while the centrifuge was spinning, which enabled the determination and interpretation of installation torque and pore pressure response of the soil. An analytical model for calculating the installation torque of helical piles screwed into cohesive soils was proposed and verified by test results. The pore pressure response to pile installation was monitored near two piles at two depths. Comparing the measured dissipation curves with the analytical curves for driven piles suggested that the excess pore pressure was primarily induced by the helical pile shaft. The model piles were axially loaded under 20 g condition. The present research may be considered as the first centrifuge test program that measured the axial load distribution along helical piles. The shaft internal loads were recorded using an innovative strain gauging method. The results show that the axial failure modes of helical piles depend on the strength of soil and inter-helix spacing. In general, it may be easier for a stiffer clay to form an inter-helix soil cylinder during axial pile movement.     

Experimental investigation of the effect of carbon nanotubes and carbon fibres on the behaviour of plain cement composite beams

In this article, the behaviour of reinforced cement composite beams with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon fibres (CFs) is investigated. The percentage of CFs was fixed at 0.25 wt% of cement, while the percentage of MWCNTs was varied from 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 wt% of cement. Dispersion of both MWCNTs and CFs was carried out using ultrasonic energy. Composite beams were tested under flexure in order to evaluate their mechanical properties such as flexural strength, toughness and ductility. These results were then compared with the results of plain cement control beams. The present work also investigates the optimum percentage of fibres that gives the best results both in terms of enhanced properties and economy.     

Generalised beam theory to analyse the buckling behaviour of circular cylindrical shells and tubes

A formulation of generalised beam theory (GBT) developed to analyse the elastic buckling behaviour of circular hollow section (CHS) members (cylinders and tubes) is presented in this paper. The main concepts involved in the available GBT are adapted to account for the specific aspects related to cross-section geometry. Taking into consideration the kinematic relations used in the theory of thin shells, the variation of the strain energy is evaluated and the terms are physically interpreted, i.e., they are associated with the geometric properties of the CHS. Besides the set of shell-type deformation modes, the formulation also includes axisymmetric and torsion deformation modes. In order to illustrate the application and capabilities of the formulated GBT, the local and global buckling behaviour of CHS members subjected to (i) compression (columns), (ii) bending (beams), (iii) compression and bending (beam-columns) and (iv) torsion (shafts), is analysed. Moreover, the GBT results are compared with estimates obtained by means of shell finite element analyses and are thoroughly discussed.     

Effect of vertical stress rest period on deformation behaviour of unbound granular materials: Experimental and numerical investigations

Repeated load triaxial test is used to assess the deformation behaviour of unbound granular materials (UGMs) in flexible road pavements. Repeated load pulse characteristics (i.e. shape, loading period and rest period) are the stress configurations used in the experimental set-up to simulate the passing axle loads. Some researchers and standard testing protocols suggest a rest period of varying durations after a loading phase. A thorough review of existing literature and practises has revealed that there is no agreement about the effect of the rest period of vertical stress pulse on the deformation behaviour of the UGMs. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of repeated stress rest period on the deformation behaviour of UGMs experimentally. Experiments are conducted, both with and without rest period, using basalt and granite crushed rocks from Victoria, Australia. Furthermore, in order to gain insight into the effect of the rest period, finite element modelling is also developed. Both the experimental and modelling results show that the rest period has a noticeable effect on both resilient and permanent deformation behaviours of UGMs. It is, therefore, recommended to take extra precautions while adopting a particular standard testing protocol and to supplement the results by additional tests with different loading configurations.     

Applicability of discrete element method with spherical and clumped particles for constitutive study of granular materials

Discrete element method(DEM)has been intensively used to study the constitutive behaviour of granular materials.However,to what extent a real granular material can be reproduced by virtual DEM simulations remains unclear.This study attempts to answer this question by comparing DEM simulations with typical features of experimental granular materials.Three groups of models with spherical and clumped particles are investigated from four perspectives:(i)deviatoric stress and volumetric behaviour;(ii)critical state behaviour;(iii)stress-dilatancy relationship;and(iv)the evolution of principal stress ratio against axial strain.The results demonstrate that DEM with spherical or clumped particles is capable of qualitatively describing macroscopic deviatoric stress responses,volumetric behaviour,and critical state behaviour observed in experiments for granular materials.On the other hand,some qualitative deviations between experiments and the investigated DEM simulations are also observed,in terms of the stress-dilatancy behaviour and principal stress ratio against axial strain,which are proven to be critical for constitutive modelling.The results demonstrate that DEM with spherical or clumped particles may not necessarily fully capture experimental features of granular materials even from a qualitative perspective.It is thus encouraged to thoroughly validate DEM with experiments when developing constitutive models based on DEM observations.     

花果山国家地质公园地质遗迹资源类型与评价

利用层次分析法(AHP)对江苏连云港花果山国家地质公园地质遗迹资源进行评价,通过建立综合评价指标体系,对地质遗迹资源进行量化评价,明确了科学价值在花果山国家地质公园地质遗迹4个评价项目中处于最重要的地位,确定了公园主要地质遗迹类型的地质遗迹级别:花果山国家地质公园内地质构造大类、地质剖面大类、地貌景观大类、环境地质遗迹、景观大类属国家级地质遗迹资源,水体景观大类属省级地质遗迹资源,为保存和保护花果山国家地质公园的自然资源、文化资源、生态旅游开发提供科学依据。     

Enablers and barriers of the multi-user virtual environment for exploratory creativity in architectural design collaboration

Pioneering psychology and co-design research has highlighted the potential that multi-user virtual environment (MUVE) may help architects’ exploratory creativity that is a recursive search to discover an optimal match of novel and appropriate solutions. However, it has been not reported hitherto in what ways MUVE helps or obstructs architects’ exploratory creativity in individual and collaborative modes of collaboration. To investigate this issue, we compared MUVE and sketching media in face-to-face and remote collaboration modes, involving 22 pairs of architecture major students. Based on interview and video-observation, we discovered that (1) in MUVE, anthropomorphic avatars, which other media do not have, enabled individual and collaborative explorations to discover unexpected affordances of new solutions, with evaluation on physical properties and layouts of solutions. In addition, (2) co-presence with collaborator’s avatars enabled inspiration on new ways of problem-solving and puzzle-making through shared design processes and events, with co-evaluation on social aspects of design solutions. (3) Co-presence in a shared environment also allowed mutual co-exploration that promotes emerging creative solutions, with co-modification on design errors. As barriers of MUVE, (4) avatar’s immersion caused inconvenient perception to explore large-scaled environments and track collaborators’ different experiences, but the barriers were not reported in remote collaboration.     

玄武岩纤维增强混凝土静、动力性能试验研究

对纤维体积含量分别为0、0．1％、0．2％、0．3％的幺武岩纤维增强混凝上进行试验,研究了玄武岩纤维体积掺量对混凝土抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度的影响,并利用φ100mm的SHPB装置进行了冲击压缩试验,得到了不同应变率下的全过程应力-应变曲线。试验结果表明：混凝土材料具有应变速率敏感性,随着应变率的增加,混凝土的峰值应力增加,发现玄武岩纤维的体积掺量为0．1％时,具有最好的力学性能。     

超前地质预报在长大隧道中的应用

结合南疆吐库二线铁路喀拉塔格隧道的施工实际,介绍了超前地质预报在长大隧道中的应用,实践表明,超前地质预报对保证施工进度以及最大限度节省投资都起到重要的作用,通过超前地质预报杜绝了不安全事故的发生,实现了社会效益和经济效益的最大化。     

关于沥青混合料配合比设计与压实度标准的探讨

文章就沥青混凝土路面施工中混合料配合比设计与优化提出注意事项．同时对沥青混凝土路面压实度标准进行了探讨。     

聚合物乳液共混物及其改性水泥砂浆的力学性能

研究了三种乳液共混物及其改性砂浆的力学性能与共混物组成的关系，发现乳液共混物薄膜性能与组成的关系与砂浆的力学性能与共混物组成的关系是否相似，与具体的共混物体系有关。苯丙乳液（SAE）与丁苯胶乳（SBR）共混，改性砂浆表现出协同效应，特别是两者组成接近1：1时，共混乳液改性砂浆的抗折强度可以提高20％－40％。但氯偏共聚乳液（PVDC）与SAE或SBR共混，则改性砂浆表现出反协同效应。改性砂浆力学性能与聚合物薄膜拉伸强度关系的研究表明，改性砂浆的抗压强度随聚合物薄膜的拉伸强度提高而增大，改性砂浆的抗折强度则与聚合物薄膜的拉伸强度基本无关。