镁合金板材电磁成形的成形极限研究

对镁合金板材进行杯突实验和电磁成形实验,通过板材极限应变的测量和读取,绘制出镁合电磁成形的成形极限图。结果表明,电磁成形提高了镁合金成形极限。     

杯突试验测定板料成形极限图的试验研究

成形极限图是衡量板材成形性能的重要指标,本文尝试利用杯突试验在测定板料杯突值的同时获取其成形极限图.通过对20A钢板、5A02O铝板、1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢板等板料,在一定加载条件下的测定试验表明:杯突试验所得的极限应变坐标点分布与胀形试验测得的成形极限图一致,但应变范围稍小.     

基于三维全场应变摄影测量的板料成形极限动态在线测定

针对目前材料成形极限无法实现在线动态测定的不足,本文将数字图像相关法和双目立体视觉技术相结合,提出一种基于三维全场应变摄影测量的动态在线测定材料成形极限的方法,并研制了快速在线动态测定板料成形极限的实验装置。通过平面金属试件的成形极限测定实验,验证了该方法用于动态在线快速建立材料成形极限图FLD的有效性。     

不同热处理状态下成形速率对2219铝合金成形极限的影响

分别对完全退火态和固溶淬火态2219铝合金板材进行准静态成形条件和电磁成形条件下的单向拉伸实验、平面应变实验和双向拉伸实验,建立了2219铝合金的成形极限图并研究了不同热处理状态下成形速率对2219铝合金成形极限的影响规律。结果表明,固溶淬火会显著提高2219铝合金的强度,降低2219铝合金的断后伸长率;准静态成形条件下,完全退火态2219铝合金在以上三种典型应变状态下的极限应变比固溶淬火态2219铝合金分别高14.76%、37.98%、39.54%;电磁成形条件下,完全退火态2219铝合金在以上三种典型应变状态下的极限应变比固溶淬火态2219铝合金分别高14.51%、38.03%、33.33%;完全退火态2219铝合金在电磁成形条件下以上三种典型应变状态下的极限应变比准静态成形条件下分别高16.08%、24.38%、18.76%;固溶淬火态2219铝合金在电磁成形条件下以上三种典型应变状态下的的极限应变比准静态成形条件下分别高16.34%、24.20%、30.94%,电磁成形可有效提高2219铝合金的成形极限,改善2219铝合金的成形性能。     

SUSXM7含铜不锈钢冲压成形性能研究

通过拉深、扩孔、杯突等模拟成形试验,研究了含铜不锈钢SUSXM7的冲压成形性能,并与通用不锈钢SUS304进行了对比。试验结果表明:相同板厚的SUSXM7不锈钢和SUS304不锈钢的极限拉深比LDR、杯突值非常接近,两种材料的拉深性能和胀形性能基本相同;相同板厚的SUSXM7不锈钢的扩孔率λ比SUS304不锈钢高很多,其翻边性能优于SUS304。两种材料的硬化指数n和塑性应变比r的不同以及拉深、扩孔、杯突等模拟成形过程中危险区材料的应力状态,决定了材料在拉深性能、胀形性能、翻边性能等方面的异同。     

汽车结构件内高压成形应力极限分析

由极限应力构成的应力成形极限图(FLSD)独立于应变路径,可作为复杂应变路径下成形极限的判据。通过标准成形极限实验获得3A21铝合金板材的成形极限图(FLD);由极限应力应变转换关系,将极限应变转换至主应力空间,建立对应的FLSD;采用LS-DYNA软件对方截面汽车结构件内高压成形过程进行了模拟,应用FLSD预测胀形过程中破裂的发生及极限成形压力。模拟结果与物理实验结果相吻合,证明FLSD可作为管材内高压成形等复杂应变路径下成形极限的判据。     

板材成形性能试验及设备

评价板材性能好坏的指标大致可以分为两类一类为基本力学性能指标，也称为机械性能，是指板料在外力作用下表现出来的力学性能．如屈服强度、抗拉强度、n值、r值，硬度、疲劳强度等；另一类为成形性能指标．是指金属板料适应各种塑性加工的能力．包括成形极限图、极限拉深系数、最小弯曲半径、扩孔率、杯突值、锥杯值等等。机械性能一般采用单向拉伸试验、硬度试验、疲劳试验等来进行研究，而成形性能的研究通常需要采用各种模拟试验、成形极限图试验等来进行。     

铝合金板料多道次成形极限预测研究

为了解决轻量化车身铝合金板料多道次冲压成形有限元仿真的准确性问题,以各向异性铝合金板料在非线性应变路径下的成形极限预测为研究对象,讨论了预变形对后工序成形极限图的影响,研究了获得预变形均匀应变场的试验方法,引入了与应变路径无关的成形极限预测模型,并介绍了PEPS模型的极坐标转换方法,结果表明：成形极限应力图可以更准确地预测轻量化车身铝合金板料二次加载条件下的成形极限,优于目前仅依赖材料供应态FLD模型的有限元分析准确性。     

一种预测左半部成形极限图的简单方法

板材成形性能的评价一般基于成形极限图（ＦＬＤ）。然而,无论是经由理论计算还是实验方法来获得成形极限图依然很困难而且很耗时,提出了一种预测深拉延部分成形极限图的新方法,假设对所有钢板来说其成形极限图的几乎都是一样的,而深拉延变形区域内其失效厚度应变也几乎一样,据此可利用体积不变原理推导出主应变６和次应变之间的关系,结果表明,根据此方法计算的左半测（拉深应变区）成形极限图与实验获得的ＦＬＤ基本一致。     

工业纯铝板料渐进成形极限图研究

板料渐进成形极限图和传统成形极限图有显著不同,到目前为止尚未有统一的测试方法.提出了一种测试板料渐进成形极限图的方法,成形工具分别沿往复圆弧和交替往复圆弧轨迹运动,对0.9mm工业纯铝板进行渐进成形.板料破裂后,获得了主应变和次应变,建立了该种板料渐进成形极限图.通过板料渐进成形分别成形了一些零件,测量了零件的主应变和次应变并绘制了它的渐进成形极限图.结果表明,所获得的工业纯铝渐进成形极限图能较为准确地预测渐进成形中板料的破裂,测试方法适用于渐进成形极限图的建立.     

Forming limit diagram of auto-body steel sheets for high-speed sheet metal forming

This paper is concerned with the uniaxial tensile properties and formability of steel sheets in relation to the strain rate effect. The elongation at fracture for CQ increases at a high strain rate while the elongation at fracture for DP590 decreases slightly in relation to the corresponding value for a quasi-static strain rate. The uniform elongation and the strain hardening coefficient decrease gradually when the strain rate increases. The r-value of CQ and DP590 was measured with a high-speed camera in relation to the strain rate. The r-value is slightly sensitive to the strain rate. Static forming limit curves (FLCs) and high-speed FLCs were constructed with the aid of punch-stretch tests with arc-shaped and square-shaped specimens. In addition, a high-speed crash testing machine with a specially designed high-speed forming jig was used for the high-speed punch-stretch tests. Compared with the static FLC, the high-speed FLC of CQ is higher in a simple tension region and lower in a biaxial stretch forming region. The high-speed FLC for DP590 decreases in relation to the static FLC throughout the entire region. The elongation at fracture appears to be closely related to the simple tension region of the FLC. The shear fracture is observed from SEM images of specimens tested in the biaxial stretch forming region under the high-speed forming condition. The dimples indicating the shear fracture have elongated horseshoe shape. The high-speed FLC is lower than the static FLC in the biaxial stretch forming region because the shear fracture induces the decrease of ductility. The results confirm that the strain rate has a noticeably influence on the formability of steel sheets. Thus, the forming limit diagram of high-speed tests should be considered in the design of high-speed sheet metal forming processes.     

The strain path and forming limit analysis of the lubricated sheet metal forming process

Few previous attempts have been made to analyze numerically the strain path and the forming limit in complex lubricated sheet metal forming. Since usual approaches of solving the lubrication model are limited to axisymmetric and plane strain cases only, this paper developed a unified procedure for combining the finite element code of sheet metal forming, the current lubrication/friction model and forming limit theory, to predict the strain path and fracture strains for either a steady or an unsteady three-dimensional process including both axisymmetric and plane strain cases. The availability of the method must be proved by a published problem, and an axisymmetric stretch forming process was therefore adopted as a benchmark. Numerical results showed that the present analysis provides good agreement with the experimental data of the strain path and the fracture strain for various tribological parameters such as lubricant viscosity and composite roughness of tooling and workpiece, and the advantage of the developed model is that it can be applied to solve the complicated 3D geometric problems.     

点焊拼接板的概率化成形极限图及其应用

成形极限图是评定金属薄板成形性能最为简单和直观的方法,是解决板冲压问题的一个非常有效的工具.本文根据点焊拼接板的特点提出了概率化成形极限图P-FLD,并采用MSC.Dytran有限元分析软件对点焊拼接板的胀形及拉深过程进行模拟研究,得到了点焊拼接板成形时的应变分布.将点焊拼接板的P-FLD和有限元模拟的零件应变分布点结合起来,得到零件应变极限图,从而为初步选材和确定冲压零件的安全裕度提供了参考.     

行李箱内板零件冲压成形分析

在材料力学性能测试和成形极限分析的基础上,采用网格应变分析技术研究了行李箱内板零件冲压过程危险区域的金属流动规律,评价了两种钢板的成形效果。结果表明：行李箱内板危险部位的变形方式为胀形一深拉延变形,r值和n值较高的冷轧薄板具有较高的成形极限,相应地其冲压成形安全裕度也较大。     

Design and analysis of new test method for evaluation of sheet metal formability

A new test method including the tool shape and test procedure was developed to evaluate sheet metal formability using the finite element method (FEM). This method is intended to generate the various modes of deformation and to control the onset of failure independently under each mode so that the forming limit diagram (FLD) achieves a good representation of a wide range of strains.A blank holder force-punch stroke diagram with three failure loci is introduced to define the optimum process condition and the formability index by which each material is quantitatively evaluated. The test procedure of this method consists of three steps: drawing a blank holder force (BHF)-punch stroke diagram, measuring strains from the part stamped at the optimum process condition, and grading the test materials using the formability index. In numerical simulations under optimum process conditions, sheet metals can fail due to multi-mode rupture; this failure leads to a widely balanced strain distribution in the FLD such that strains are developed near the forming limit over a wide range of forming modes.Experiments were conducted on three grades of steel sheets to validate the proposed method. Stamping results yield well-defined strain signatures having a wide range of strain distribution in the FLD in all materials tested. The outcomes of the shape and strain behaviors agree well with the numerical results.     

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 金属板材的成形极限是板材成形领域中的重要性能指标和工艺参数。目前,国内外均已开展以厚度减薄率作为成形极限判据的成形极限试验模拟研究,其厚度减薄率的测试过程较为复杂,不适合实验室大批量检验工作。提出了2种金属板材拉伸厚度减薄率的测试方法,一种为人工测试断后试样断口附近厚度分布,得到厚度减薄率变化曲线;另一种方法是通过公式推导,将厚度减薄率与试样纵向应变联系起来,通过测试纵向应变,得到集中性失稳前的厚度减薄率变化规律。     

Analysis of plastic flow localization under strain paths changes and its coupling with finite element simulation in sheet metal forming

Formability of sheet metal is usually assessed by the useful concept of forming limit diagrams (FLD) and forming limit curves (FLC) represent a first safety criterion for deep drawing operations. The level of FLC is strongly strain path dependent as observed by experimental and numerical results and therefore non-proportional strain paths need to be incorporated when analyzing formability of sheet metal components. Simulations using finite element method allow accurate predictions of stress and strain distributions in complex stamped parts. However, the prediction of localized necking is a difficult task and the combination of forming limit diagram analysis with finite element simulations often fail to give the right answer, if complex strain paths are not included in these predictions.     

Combined Mechanics-Materials Based Optimization of Superplastic Forming of Magnesium AZ31 Alloy

A new optimization approach for superplastic forming of Mg AZ31 alloy is presented and experimentally validated. The proposed new optimization approach is based on a multiscale failure criterion that takes into account both geometrical necking and microstructural evolution, yielding a variable strain rate forming path instead of the commonly used constant strain rate approach. Uniaxial tensile tests and free bulge forming experiments, in conjunction with finite element analysis, are used to evaluate the proposed optimization approach. Significant reduction in forming time is achieved when following the proposed optimization approach, without compromising the uniformity of deformation.     

基于立体视觉的坐标网格分析法

坐标网格分析法作为一种物理模拟技术 ,已在金属塑性成形的生产中被广泛应用 ,但传统的手工测量方法存在工作量大和精度低的缺点。该文针对板料成形中常用的三维圆形坐标网格系统 ,提出一种新的基于图像处理和立体视觉技术的网格应变自动测量分析方法 ,并开发了相应软件 ,成功地测绘出变形工件的应变等值线图和板料成形极限图。实验结果表明 ,该方法可以使板料应变的测量速度和精度均得到提高     

Effect of strain rate on the forming behaviour of sheet metals

The strain rate dependence of plastic yield and failure properties displayed by most metals affects energies, forces and forming limits involved in high speed forming processes. This paper investigates the influence of the strain rate on the forming properties of one laboratory made and three commercial steel grades: a CMnAl TRIP steel, the ferritic structural steel S235JR, the drawing steel DC04 and the ferritic stainless steel AISI 409. First, split Hopkinson tensile bar (SHTB) experiments are carried out to assess the influence of the strain rate on the materials’ stress-strain curves. Subsequently, the obtained SHTB results, together with static tensile test results, are used to model the constitutive behaviour of the investigated steels using the phenomenological Johnson-Cook (JC) model and the Voce model, thus allowing dynamic modelling of forming processes. Finally, forming limit diagrams (FLDs) are calculated using the Marciniak-Kuczynski method. The results clearly show that the effect of the strain rate on forces and energies involved in a forming process, and the forming limits is non-negligible and strongly material dependent.