基于动态图像技术的南海钙质土颗粒形态特征研究

颗粒形态是一项重要的细观指标，影响着粒状土的物理力学性质。钙质土因为其特殊的生物成因，有着复杂的颗粒形态。为了研究其颗粒形态特征，采用PartAn 3D颗粒动态图像分析仪对粒径0.5～20 mm的南海钙质土颗粒开展形状测试，采用延伸率、扁平度、球形度、圆度、棱角度和凸度指标定量描述颗粒形态特征。结果显示：南海钙质土颗粒的延伸率、扁平度、球形度和圆度符合正态分布，而棱角度和凸度符合幂律分布；颗粒形状以块状居多，随着粒径的减小，钙质土颗粒变得更扁平，形状更规则；通过研究样本数量对颗粒形状量化结果的影响，建议采用形状指标的算术平均值量化单一粒组钙质土颗粒形状特征时，颗粒数目不少于600。最后，运用统计学中的主成分分析方法，得到一个综合考虑钙质土颗粒形状信息的新指标，建立了该指标与钙质土最大、最小孔隙比的关系。     

颗粒形状对类砂土力学性质影响的颗粒流模拟

 通过颗粒流软件PFC2D中的clump命令,生成4种不同外轮廓特征的颗粒组,并结合颗粒材料变形机制,定义构建基于颗粒圆度与凹凸度的形状系数。用形状系数与粒间摩擦因数分别反映颗粒的外轮廓特征和表面粗糙度。用PFC2D模拟颗粒堆积试验、双轴试验和直剪试验,探讨颗粒形状对类砂土材料宏观力学特性的影响。试验结果表明：在颗粒堆积试验中,颗粒外轮廓的不规则以及颗粒间摩擦因数的增大会导致自然休止角和天然孔隙率增大;在双轴试验中,材料的峰值强度与形状系数的变化规律可用线性函数很好地进行拟合,内摩擦角随形状系数的减小而增大;在直剪试验中,材料的抗剪强度有随形状系数的减小而增大的趋势,颗粒形状的不规则还导致强力传递链数目的减少和速度场分布的不均匀。     

基于图像处理技术的尾矿颗粒形态研究EI北大核心CSCD

散体介质中颗粒形状决定了介质材料的物理力学性质。为了从微细观层面揭示尾矿与天然砂土在物理力学性能方面的差异,通过显微与图像处理技术,采用扁平度、圆度、凸度和粗糙度等4个量化指标,选取金、锡、铜和铁矿等4种尾矿的颗粒形态与1种建筑用河沙和1种海沙的进行量化对比分析。研究结果显示,尾矿随着粒径的增大,扁平度减小,说明尾矿颗粒随着粒径的增大其形态由针状(片柱状)向球状变化。海沙也是呈现这样的变化规律。尾矿的圆度随着粒径的增大均呈现递减的变化规律,说明尾矿颗粒随着粒径的减小(由粗到细)其平面轮廓越来越趋近圆形。河沙与尾矿的圆度变化相近,海沙则相反。尾矿的凸度随着粒径的增加而增大,表明尾矿颗粒随着粒径的增大,其表面的棱角变少。海沙的凸度变化规律与尾矿的相似。尾矿的粗糙度随着粒径的增加而增大,海沙与河沙的粗糙度的变化规律与之相似。尾矿的角状和次角状颗粒所占比例均较高。尾矿颗粒的棱角性和粗糙度均高于海沙和河沙颗粒的。     

基于图像处理技术的尾矿颗粒形态研究

散体介质中颗粒形状决定了介质材料的物理力学性质。为了从微细观层面揭示尾矿与天然砂土在物理力学性能方面的差异,通过显微与图像处理技术,采用扁平度、圆度、凸度和粗糙度等4个量化指标,选取金、锡、铜和铁矿等4种尾矿的颗粒形态与1种建筑用河沙和1种海沙的进行量化对比分析。研究结果显示,尾矿随着粒径的增大,扁平度减小,说明尾矿颗粒随着粒径的增大其形态由针状(片柱状)向球状变化。海沙也是呈现这样的变化规律。尾矿的圆度随着粒径的增大均呈现递减的变化规律,说明尾矿颗粒随着粒径的减小(由粗到细)其平面轮廓越来越趋近圆形。河沙与尾矿的圆度变化相近,海沙则相反。尾矿的凸度随着粒径的增加而增大,表明尾矿颗粒随着粒径的增大,其表面的棱角变少。海沙的凸度变化规律与尾矿的相似。尾矿的粗糙度随着粒径的增加而增大,海沙与河沙的粗糙度的变化规律与之相似。尾矿的角状和次角状颗粒所占比例均较高。尾矿颗粒的棱角性和粗糙度均高于海沙和河沙颗粒的。     

矿物颗粒形状的岩石力学特性效应分析

岩石作为矿物颗粒的集合体,其宏观力学特性主要影响因素为矿物的细观形态特征。基于颗粒流理论,建立了4种代表颗粒形状用于模拟石英砂岩的矿物颗粒,并采用球度指标对矿物颗粒形状进行参数量化。通过石英砂岩的室内三轴试验校准了颗粒流模型的细观参数,在此基础上进行四种矿物颗粒形状试样的岩石三轴力学模拟试验。研究结果表明：颗粒的球度越大,试样的启裂强度、损伤强度和峰值强度均越低。随着颗粒球度的增加,试样的弹模降低,泊松比增大。内摩擦角和黏聚力则随球度的增大而下降。根据岩样数值试验中的变形数据,研究了不同颗粒形状剪胀角随着塑性剪切应变的演化规律。     

颗粒形状对砂土抗剪强度及桩端阻力影响机制试验研究

 为研究颗粒形状对砂土的力学及变形性质的影响,以3种不同颗粒形状的均粒砂及相似材料“玻璃球”为研究对象,通过光学显微镜获取颗粒数字图像,借助图形处理系统获取颗粒单元体几何参数,定义构建2种不同层次的形状描述指标(球形度、磨圆度),并通过计算机辅助程序完成颗粒形状参数的量化。通过4种颗粒材料直剪试验,获得临界摩擦角、剪胀角及峰值摩擦角等强度指标,并分析其随颗粒形状参数的变化,通过饱和试样在不同密实度、不同离心加速度下的静力触探测试来模拟不同砂土地基上的中等圆形闭口桩静压贯入过程,并探讨桩端阻力随颗粒形状的变化关系。直剪试验结果表明：在矿物组分相同的情况下,砂土临界摩擦角随颗粒的磨圆度和规则性的增加呈线性减小,剪胀性随颗粒的不规则性的增大而增大,并可通过修正的Bolton公式来量化表述形状系数对于峰值摩擦角的作用。离心试验结果表明：静力触探锥端阻力可直接用于桩端阻力(qb)的估算,具有很好的可信度,砂颗粒形状越偏离标准球状,表面棱角度越突出,桩贯入所受阻力越大,桩端承载力越高。通过理论分析,提出一种迭代计算方法,并量化分析桩端阻力(qb)、相对密度(Dr)、应力水平(?v′)和颗粒形状(?)四者的相互作用关系,该方法计算结果与试验实测数据具有良好的吻合度。     

基于离散元法的接触冲刷影响因素研究

成层土间容易发生接触冲刷破坏,对水工建筑物的安全运行有不利影响。为此探讨了粗层孔隙率、粗层颗粒形状和剪切位移对接触冲刷的影响,采用离散元法对成层无粘性土进行了接触冲刷数值模拟,得到以下结论:粗土层孔隙率的增加对土层抗渗流冲刷不利,对于D₁₀ /d₁₀比值为10的土层,当粗土层的孔隙率相对较大时,在一定的渗流压力作用下,试样的渗透流速在初始阶段会有一定减小,随着细颗粒流失比的不断增大,渗透流速也随之增大,土层结构发生较大改变,也会发生接触冲刷破坏,在工程实践中应该引起一定的重视;当粗层颗粒形状为非球形时,细土层颗粒流失比减小,土层抗冲刷破坏能力有所提高;剪切变形后试样中粗土层孔隙率会有一定增大,孔隙结构也会发生改变,细土层颗粒流失比增大,加剧了土层发生接触冲刷破坏的风险。     

基于3D打印研究颗粒形状对砂土宏观力学性质的影响

颗粒形状是影响砂土宏观力学指标的重要因素。提出一种修正的三维形状系数S'表征颗粒的三维形状,通过3D打印技术打印特定形状的砂颗粒,进行相对密度试验以及颗粒材料在不同相对密度与应力状态下的直剪试验,分别测得不同形状砂颗粒的极限堆积状态和宏观力学响应。试验结果表明:三维形状系数S'可有效克服二维形状指标需确定多参数贡献度的缺陷;随着S'值的增大,颗粒堆积时的最大、最小孔隙比以及两者间的差值均增大;Dr相同条件下,S'值与临界状态摩擦角成正相关,而由于S'值增大时,相同Dr条件下越难达到密实的堆积状态,使得峰值剪胀角与峰值内摩擦角随S'值的增大,表现出先增大后减小的规律,即存在一个临界三维形状系数值。基于试验数据建立S'值与宏观力学指标之间的关系式,为工程设计与数值模拟考虑颗粒形状的影响提供理论依据。     

堆石料颗粒破碎强度的尺寸和形状效应隐式离散元研究

采用隐式离散元法（DEM），亦称非光滑接触动力学（NSCD）法，模拟了堆石料单颗粒的一维压缩破碎过程。采用多面体颗粒近似真实堆石料颗粒的不规则棱角状形状，并通过Voronoi空间划分将母颗粒离散成若干多面体子颗粒，子颗粒间通过接触面上的内聚力模型（CZM）胶结发生相互作用，胶结断裂则可反映颗粒的破碎过程，可避免传统DEM中常用的碎片替代法和胶结小球法的缺点。首先使用巴西劈裂试验获得CZM参数，其后开展了不同粒径颗粒的一维压缩试验，结果表明颗粒破碎强度服从Weibull分布，且破碎强度大小和变异性均随着颗粒尺寸的增大而减小。还进一步模拟了不同形状颗粒的压缩试验，发现颗粒形状与加载方向均对颗粒破碎强度有显著影响。长轴方向加载破碎强度通常最低，且在相同等效粒径下，球状、椭球状、扁平状颗粒的平均破碎特征强度依次降低。     

一种三维颗粒圆度评价方法

颗粒圆度是影响颗粒材料力学性质的重要形态参数之一。相较于三维方法，传统二维圆度评价方法中颗粒与其二维模型的对应关系不唯一，评价结果受主观选择的投影角度影响。以Wadell提出的“颗粒棱角区域”和“颗粒圆度”的定义为逻辑起点，对三维颗粒的圆度评价进行研究，引入“环邻域”和“区域相对连通面积”概念，消除了颗粒棱角识别中粗糙度与棱角度的相互干扰，在传统圆度定义及二维圆度指标的基础上，提出三维颗粒圆度指标，将该指标与重叠离散元颗粒簇ODEC（overlapping discrete element cluster）相结合，提出三维颗粒圆度评价方法。将该方法与现有二维方法在圆度评价精度和算法可靠性方面进行对比，结果显示该方法对各种分辨率的颗粒模型兼容性较好，能对颗粒进行圆度进行相对精确和客观的评价。     

Multi-scale investigation of active failure for various modes of wall movement

Retained backfill response to wall movement depends on factors that range from boundary conditions to the geometrical characteristic of individual particles. Hence, mechanical understanding of the problem warrants multi-scale analyses that investigate reciprocal relationships between macro and micro effects. Accordingly, this study attempts a multi-scale examination of failure evolution in cohesionless backfills. Therefore, the transition of retained backfills from at-rest condition to the active state is modeled using the discrete element method (DEM). DEM allows conducting virtual experiments, with which the variation of particle and boundary properties is straightforward. Hence, various modes of wall movement (translation and rotation) toward the active state are modeled using two different backfills with distinct particle shapes (spherical and nonspherical) under varying surcharge. For each model, cumulative rotations of single particles are tracked, and the results are used to analyze the evolution of shear bands and their geometric characteristics. Moreover, dependencies of lateral pressure coefficients and coordination numbers, as respective macro and micro behavior indicators, on particle shape, boundary conditions, and surcharge levels are investigated. Additionally, contact force networks are visually determined, and their influences on pressure distribution and deformation mechanisms are discussed with reference to the associated modes of wall movement and particle shapes.     

颗粒形状及粒间摩擦角对堆石体宏观力学行为的影响

基于三维变形体离散单元法对堆石体进行细观研究,采用随机模拟技术生成堆石体三维数值试样,模拟其常规三轴剪切试验,研究堆石体颗粒形状及粒间摩擦系数对宏观力学性能的影响,揭示其细观组构和细观力学参数与堆石体宏观特性的关联性,建立细观力学参数与宏观力学参数的相关关系。数值模拟结果表明：颗粒形状对堆石体宏观特性影响明显,颗粒的长短径比越大,数值试样的峰值强度和残余强度均明显增大,峰值强度对应的轴向应变也逐渐增大,而数值试样的初始模量有所减小;在细观层面上,颗粒的长短径比越大,颗粒的接触法向向加载方向倾斜越明显,接触法向的各向异性程度越大;粒间摩擦角对堆石体宏观特性的影响显著,随着粒间摩擦角的增大,峰值强度明显增大和初始模量均明显增大,数值试样在剪切时的体积收缩量也有所增大,反映了堆石颗粒间的相互作用对颗粒体骨架的宏观力学行为的影响。     

界面特性及填料粒径影响格栅加筋性能的离散元研究

为研究筋土界面细观结构演化及填料粒径对加筋效果的影响,采用“clump”方法开发了可模拟砂土性状的椭球形颗粒,建立三维离散元模型并结合室内试验结果验证了模型的正确性,系统分析了拉拔阻力、格栅应变、局部孔隙率等力学响应并揭示了其发展规律。拉拔试验结果显示大粒径填料置换后表观黏聚力提高显著而摩擦角变化不大,进行宏细观分析后发现,置换体系颗粒发生了更大程度的位置重排,拉拔力增量主要来源于摩擦阻力。研究成果可为从细观角度探究筋土界面机理提供新的认识。     

Distinct element simulations of earthquake fault rupture through materials of varying density

Surface manifestations of earthquake fault rupture are strongly affected by the dilatant response of the soil deposit overlying the bedrock fault displacement. The granular material’s in-situ void ratio and effective confining stress affect its dilatancy, and hence, its stress-strain response and ductility. Distinct element method (DEM) assemblages of 3D, non-spherical particles are prepared with different void ratio distributions, and their dilatancy is characterized using direct shear test simulations. DEM simulations capture the response of sand in centrifuge experiments of earthquake fault rupture propagation. Macro-scale mechanisms of ground deformation and micro-scale mechanisms of shear band formation during dip-slip fault rupture propagation are analyzed through particle rotations, homogenized strains, frictional dissipation, and particle displacements. The brittle and ductile responses of granular media undergoing fault rupture are related to changes in the coordination numbers in each particle assemblage. The deformational characteristics of a metastable fabric in the loosest particle assemblages and a stable fabric in the densest particle assemblages are revealed through the accumulation of energy dissipated through friction. The normalized strong contact forces are also greater in magnitude in the loosest particle assemblages and greater in number in the densest assemblages.     

粗集料二维形状特征的图像描述

利用自行研制的粗集料形态特征研究系统(MASCA),采用数字图像处理技术,提出了以轴向系数与圆度这2个指标来表征粗集料的二维形状特征.研究表明:随着集料粒径的增大,其轴向系数呈下降趋势,岩性特征与集料的轴向系数间并无密切关联.卵石颗粒的圆度显著地接近于1,石灰岩、花岗岩、玄武岩和安山岩这4种集料的岩性特征对其圆度影响不大.     

Microscopic investigation into liquefaction resistance of pre-sheared sand: Effects of particle shape and initial anisotropy

Liquefaction resistance of sand can be either increased or reduced due to an undrained cyclic pre-shearing depending on the degree of pre-shearing, which hinders a better prediction of liquefaction potential to be established. The mechanism of such changes in liquefaction resistance has been poorly understood. This contribution aims to gain micromechanical insights into pre-shearing effects on liquefaction resistance of sand using discrete element method (DEM) simulations. In particular, effects of particle shape and initial anisotropy on liquefaction resistance are investigated. The simulation results from samples consisting of non-spherical particles with an initial anisotropy can qualitatively capture the mechanical responses observed in equivalent laboratory experiments. The samples which yielded a qualitative agreement with the laboratory results are further analyzed micromechanically, and the relationships between liquefaction resistance and some microscopic parameters before cyclic loading are discussed. Microscopic analyses reveal that mean mechanical coordination number is well correlated with liquefaction resistance, whereas liquefaction resistance is less sensitive to anisotropy in particle orientation induced by pre-shearing.     

Applicability of discrete element method with spherical and clumped particles for constitutive study of granular materials

Discrete element method(DEM)has been intensively used to study the constitutive behaviour of granular materials.However,to what extent a real granular material can be reproduced by virtual DEM simulations remains unclear.This study attempts to answer this question by comparing DEM simulations with typical features of experimental granular materials.Three groups of models with spherical and clumped particles are investigated from four perspectives:(i)deviatoric stress and volumetric behaviour;(ii)critical state behaviour;(iii)stress-dilatancy relationship;and(iv)the evolution of principal stress ratio against axial strain.The results demonstrate that DEM with spherical or clumped particles is capable of qualitatively describing macroscopic deviatoric stress responses,volumetric behaviour,and critical state behaviour observed in experiments for granular materials.On the other hand,some qualitative deviations between experiments and the investigated DEM simulations are also observed,in terms of the stress-dilatancy behaviour and principal stress ratio against axial strain,which are proven to be critical for constitutive modelling.The results demonstrate that DEM with spherical or clumped particles may not necessarily fully capture experimental features of granular materials even from a qualitative perspective.It is thus encouraged to thoroughly validate DEM with experiments when developing constitutive models based on DEM observations.     

Key geomechanical properties of the historically liquefiable TP-Lisbon sand

The intrinsic properties of sands have a strong influence on the behaviour of these soils. Therefore, particle shape and granular packing can provide relevant insights into the mechanical properties of granular geomaterials. This study presents the characterisation of the key mechanical geomechanical properties controlling the behaviour of an alluvial fine sand, which composes the liquefiable layer of the geological profile at ‘Praça do Comercio’ square, located in the downtown of Lisbon (Portugal). For this purpose, a comprehensive experimental plan was conducted in the laboratory using accurate testing procedures. The experimental plan addressed: (i) the evaluation of the particle shape from a large number of particles using a computational geometry algorithm and statistical procedures; (ii) the estimation of the minimum and maximum void ratio through two standard methods; (iii) the assessment of the stress–strain behaviour by triaxial tests using lubricated end platens and an embedded connection piston, and void ratio measurements using end-of-test soil freezing; and (iv) the stress-dependency assessment of seismic wave velocities using bender elements. Results are interpreted within the critical state soil mechanics framework, highlighting the effects of the particle shape and granular package on the behaviour of this natural sand. In addition, critical state and small-strain parameters are compared and thoroughly discussed against selected data of other sands. Results provide experimental evidence about the influence of the particle shape and granular packing on the key geomechanical properties of TP-Lisbon sand.     

超单元体在三轴试验三维离散元模拟中的应用研究

通过干砂三轴试验的三维离散元模拟,探讨使用超单元体这种不规则颗粒单元对试验结果的影响。相对于使用较多的圆球体颗粒,超单元体不仅是对实际砂土颗粒形状更好的拟合,更极大地提高了试件的受力性能,使应力-应变曲线更加贴合实测曲线。通过对模拟结果的细观分析,发现超单元体使试件的细观行为(局部孔隙率、配位数的变化)更为符合实际砂土。随着三轴剪切的进行,试件内部的局部孔隙率的差异性增大,同时由于受力的三向不等性使配位数大幅度降低。     

Strain localization analyses of idealized sands in biaxial tests by distinct element method

This paper presents a numerical investigation on the strain localization of an idealized sand in biaxial compression tests using the distinct element method (DEM). In addition to the dilatancy and material frictional angle, the principal stress field, and distributions of void ratio, particle velocity, and the averaged pure rotation rate (APR) in the DEM specimen are examined to illustrate the link between microscopic and macroscopic variables in the case of strain localization. The study shows that strain localization of the granular material in the tests proceeds with localizations of void ratio, strain and APR, and distortions of stress field and force chains. In addition, both thickness and inclination of the shear band change with the increasing of axial strain, with the former valued around 10–14 times of mean grain diameter and the later overall described by the Mohr-Coulomb theory.