大孔磺酸树脂固载AlCl3用于噻吩与烯烃的烷基化反应

大孔磺酸树脂固载AlCl3是提高树脂催化剂酸强度及其烷基化活性的有效方法，本工作以NKC9, CT175两种磺酸树脂催化剂为载体，采用AlCl3气相固载法分别于不同固载温度及固载时间条件下制得AlCl3–NKC9, AlCl3–CT175催化剂，并对其用于噻吩与异丁烯、异戊烯的烷基化反应活性进行了考察. 结果表明：在固载时间为10~25 h、固载温度为110~120℃条件下，所制得的催化剂在常压、温度60℃、原料(含4300 mg/L噻吩的苯溶液)质量空速为7.5 h–1的反应条件下具有很高的噻吩烷基化活性(噻吩转化率达95%)，且固载AlCl3后的树脂催化剂活性稳定性较固载前有较大程度提高.     

AlCl3-磺酸树脂催化噻吩类硫化物与异丁烯烷基化硫转移反应

选择以噻吩的甲基取代衍生物(包括2-甲基噻吩、3-甲基噻吩及2,5-二甲基噻吩)与异丁烯的烷基化反应为模型反应,考察了经三氯化铝气相固载法改性的CT175树脂催化剂催化噻吩的甲基取代衍生物与烯烃的烷基化反应性能. 研究结果表明,负载AlCl3的CT175树脂催化剂对催化2-甲基噻吩、3-甲基噻吩及2,5-二甲基噻吩与异丁烯的烷基化硫转移反应均具有很高的活性,在80℃、常压、异丁烯(与氮气按摩尔比1:1配制的混合气)流量5.0 mL/min、液体(含模型硫化物2-甲基噻吩、3-甲基噻吩及2,5-二甲基噻吩的浓度分别为2033, 2045, 1543 mg/g的苯溶液)质量空速为2.5 h-1的条件下,上述5种模型硫化物均接近于完全转化. 对催化剂的活性稳定性进行了为期30 d的连续考察,结果表明,3种模型硫化物的烷基化转化率均高于99%,且催化剂活性未见下降趋势.     

叔丁醇催化精馏脱水制高纯度异丁烯中试研究

采用大颗粒阳离子树脂催化剂,在Φ100 mm×4 100 mm的催化精馏中试装置上对叔丁醇脱水制异丁烯进行研究,考察操作压力、回流比、叔丁醇进料量和催化剂填装量对叔丁醇转化率的影响。结果表明,在操作压力0.39 MPa、回流比1.5、叔丁醇进料量4.32 L/h、催化剂填装量6 kg的条件下,叔丁醇转化率达98.12%,经分离后可以得到纯度为99.83%的异丁烯。     

FCC汽油噻吩烷基化脱硫催化剂研究进展

在简要介绍烷基化脱硫原理基础上,综述了近年来对FCC汽油中噻吩和烷基噻吩等小分子噻吩类硫化合物烷基化反应催化剂的研究进展,着重从分子筛、负载型杂多酸及固体磷酸、离子液体和离子交换树脂等方面来介绍催化裂化汽油烷基化脱硫催化剂的研究应用,最后对汽油烷基化脱硫催化剂的研究重点进行了展望。     

分子筛催化噻吩类硫化物与烯烃烷基化脱硫研究

采用GC—FPD,GC—MS,NH3-TPD及BET等手段,以噻吩,2-甲基噻吩,3-甲基噻吩,2-乙基噻吩及2,5-二甲基噻吩为模型硫合物,异丁烯为烷基化剂,对HZSM-5,Hβ,HM,HY,HMCM-41等分子筛为催化剂催化噻吩类硫化物与异丁烯的烷基化反应进行了研究,并比较不同分子筛的酸强度分布及孔径大小对噻吩类硫化物与异丁烯的烷基化反应性能的影响。结果表明,Hβ,HM,HY,HMCM-41催化剂催化噻吩与异丁烯的烷基化反应在温和的反应条件下(如80℃,常压)即可达到较高的转化率,分子筛催化剂的孔径大小是影响催化括性的关键因素。     

FCC汽油中的噻吩类硫化物烷基化硫转移反应脱硫

以模型硫化物噻吩与异戊烯的烷基化反应为探针，研究了反应温度、反应压力以及原料中二烯烃杂质对三氯化铝固载改性的磺酸树脂催化剂AlCl3 CT175烷基化性能的影响. 结果表明，在反应温度为100~110℃、反应压力低于3.0 MPa条件下，原料中的二烯烃明显影响催化剂的活性稳定性，这与二烯烃在催化剂表面发生聚合反应结焦有关. 当反应压力高于3.0 MPa时，AlCl3 CT175催化剂催化模型硫化物噻吩与异戊烯的烷基化反应不仅具有很高的活性，噻吩硫化物均接近于完全转化，而且具有较理想的活性稳定性. 以噻吩的甲基取代衍生物相对集中的FCC汽油60~150℃馏分段为原料，在110℃, 3.0 MPa，质量空速2.33 h 1的反应条件下，考察了该馏分段中的噻吩类硫化物与烯烃在AlCl3 CT175催化剂上烷基化反应硫转移脱硫效果，结果表明占总硫98.27%的硫化物参与了烷基化硫转移反应，且该馏分段中的二烯烃含量也得到有效的降低.     

叔丁醇脱水制异丁烯研究

采用D005-Ⅱ型强酸阳离子树脂为催化剂,以叔丁醇为原料,在连续催化精馏实验装置上,进行了脱水制异丁烯的研究,考察了操作压力、回流比、叔丁醇进料空速对叔丁醇转化率的影响。结果表明,进料空速0.5~0.75 h~(-1),操作压力0.40~0.45 MPa,回流比1.6~1.8的操作条件下,叔丁醇转化率98.8%,异丁烯含量≥97%。     

丝光沸石催化燃料油氧化深度脱硫及反应动力学

以噻吩/石油醚模拟油为原料,丝光沸石为催化剂,研究了双氧水催化氧化深度脱硫技术。考察了催化剂及其用量、氧化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对脱硫效果的影响,以及氧化反应的动力学。在噻吩/石油醚模拟油10 mL、双氧水0.04 mL、丝光沸石0.03 g、氧化温度60℃的反应条件下,氧化90 mln得到的产物采用剂油比为1的甲醇在室温下萃取15 min,噻吩/石油醚模拟油中的噻吩含量由200 mg/L降至23.2 mg/L,脱硫率可达到88.4%。噻吩氧化过程为二级反应,其反应活化能为6 290 kJ/kg。     

Amberlyst树脂催化汽油烷基化硫转移反应的研究

烷基化硫转移反应脱硫是一种非加氧脱硫方法,该法首先利用FCC汽油中的烯烃与噻吩类硫化物进行烷基化反应,形成高沸点的烷基噻吩类硫化物,然后通过蒸馏分离达到脱硫目的.实验分别在FCC汽油和模拟汽油中考察了大孔磺酸树脂Amberlyst 35催化汽油烷基化硫转移的反应活性,并研究了反应温度对反应过程的影响.结果表明 Amberlyst 35树脂可有效催化烷基化硫转移反应的发生,80～140℃温度范围内,在剂油质量比为1:11、反应时间为1 h的条件下,对FCC汽油中主要硫化物的转化率均达到90%以上,可以满足催化精馏烷基化脱硫操作的需要.转化了的烯烃主要发生了低聚反应,随反应温度的升高,烯烃二聚的选择性降低,容易生成更多高沸点胶质,会降低催化剂的稳定性和产品的收率.     

焦化苯中噻吩在酸性沸石催化剂上的催化裂解性能

研究了焦化苯中噻吩在酸性沸石催化剂上的催化裂解性能. 结果表明：噻吩在HZSM-5沸石催化剂的作用下被分解生成硫化氢气体逸出,进而达到脱硫的目的. 通过对不同温度和压力下的催化脱硫性能进行考察,认为HZSM-5沸石催化剂对脱除苯中噻吩具有较高的活性及较好的活性稳定性,且温度、压力是影响催化剂活性和稳定性的重要因素. 以含270 mg/L噻吩的焦化苯为原料,在反应温度为320~380℃、反应压力为3.5~6.0 MPa、质量空速为4~12 h-1的条件下,能彻底脱除其中的噻吩.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。