谷氨酰胺对热应激条件下肉鸡生产性能、肠道消化酶活和形态结构的保护作用

研究外源性谷氨酰胺(Gln)对热应激条件下肉鸡生长性能、小肠消化酶活和形态结构的保护作用.240只35日龄健康AA鸡(公母各半)随机分成4组,每组3个重复.Ⅰ组为对照组(舍内气温23℃),饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组为热应激组(舍内气温28℃),分别饲喂基础日粮中添加0、0.5%和1.0%Gln的试验日粮,于42日龄时对肉鸡生产性能、消化酶活和小肠形态结构进行分析.研究结果表明,与对照组相比,热应激处理(Ⅱ组)降低了增重、采食量、饲料转化率,十二指肠和空肠的相对重、绒毛高度、肠腺长度和肌层厚度,空肠的绒毛宽度,回肠的绒毛高度和肠腺长度、淀粉酶和总蛋白酶活性(P＜0.01或0.05);提高了十二指肠和空肠的固有层厚度(P＜0.01或0.05).与未添加Gln的热应激组(Ⅱ组)相比,0.5%和1.0%Gln明显缓解了热应激对以上各指标的影响(P＜0.05或0.01),且并达到了与对照组(Ⅰ组)接近或不存在差异显著性(P＞0.05)的水平.说明外源性Gln能有效保护本试验热应激条件下肉鸡的生产性能、消化酶活和小肠形态结构的正常.     

酶制剂对雏鹅小肠食糜相对黏度、pH值及消化酶活性的影响

试验1、2组在对照组日粮基础上分别添加0.2%、0.4%酶制剂;28日龄屠宰,测定小肠食糜黏度、pH值及消化酶活性.结果表明:酶制剂显著降低十二指肠、空肠食糜相对黏度,试验1、2组的回肠食糜相对黏度较对照组分别降低9.55%和11.47%,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);酶制剂对十二指肠、空肠、回肠食糜pH值无显著影响,但略有提高;酶制剂显著提高十二指肠、空肠食糜胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性,对小肠食糜脂肪酶没有显著影响.     

复合酸化剂对夏季产蛋鸡血清pH值、钙、无机磷和生产性能的影响

选择体况一致、健康无病的36周龄尼克蛋鸡432只,随机分为8个组(Ⅰ~Ⅷ组),各组饲喂相同基础日粮,Ⅰ组为空白对照组,Ⅱ组添加0.3%乳酸宝,Ⅲ~Ⅴ组和Ⅵ~Ⅷ组分别添加自制复合酸化剂A1和复合酸化剂A2(均按0.1%、0.2%、0.3%水平依次添加),探讨复合酸化剂对蛋鸡热应激的效果,并筛选出适宜的类型和添加水平。结果表明:①添加复合酸使夏季产蛋鸡血清pH值逐渐降低,T1时血清钙各组间差异不显著,血清无机磷随着两类复合酸化剂添加水平的增加逐渐下降。T2血清钙高于T1,而磷则相反。②添加复合酸化剂后蛋鸡的日平均产蛋率、蛋重和采食量分别提高0.82%~8.25%、0.48%~2.19%和0.92%~3.66%;成活率总的提高1.80%~3.70%。③两种复合酸化剂对血清pH值、钙、无机磷浓度和生产性能的影响效果总体上优于对照组和乳酸宝组,尤以A2明显。A1和A2的最适添加水平分别为0.3%和0.2%。④复合酸化剂能缓解夏季高温期产蛋鸡的热应激,可以作为抗应激添加剂应用。     

金针菇菇脚对肉鸡血清生化指标和脂肪沉积的影响

目的：研究金针菇菇脚（Flammulina velutipes stembase,FVS）对Arbor Acres（AA）肉鸡血清生化指标、腹脂沉积、肝脏以及肌肉中脂肪含量的影响。方法：选用1 日龄AA肉鸡270 羽,随机分为5 个处理组（每个处理组3 个重复,每个重复18 只）：空白组（饲喂基础日粮）、抗生素组（基础日粮＋5 mg/kg黄霉素）、3 个水平的FVS组（基础日粮＋2%、4%、6% FVS,均为质量分数,下同）,实验期为42 d。结果：1）与空白组相比,日粮中添加2%和6%的FVS可显著降低肉鸡血清中甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）含量（P＜0.05）;2）各剂量的FVS均可降低21 日龄肉鸡血清中总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）含量（P＜0.05）,显著提高21 日龄肉鸡血清中瘦素（leptin,LEP）含量（P＜0.05）,而对高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）水平无显著影响（P＞0.05）;3）与空白组相比,FVS可显著提高肉鸡体质量（P＜0.05）,各剂量的FVS可明显降低胸肌、腿肌、肝脏脂肪含量,而各组肉鸡粪便中脂肪含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）;4）与空白组相比,日粮中添加4%和6%的FVS可显著降低42 日龄肉鸡腹脂率（P＜0.05）,日粮中添加2%和6%的FVS可显著提高42 日龄肉鸡的激素敏感脂肪酶（hormone-sensitive lipase,HSL）活力（P＜0.05）。结论：在肉鸡饲粮中添加FVS能够促进肉鸡生长,同时起到一定的降血脂和减少机体脂肪沉积的作用。     

微囊化唾液乳杆菌对肉鸡生产性能、血清抗氧化和免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在研究微囊化唾液乳杆菌对肉鸡生产性能、血清抗氧化力和血清IgG水平的影响。试验选取252只1日龄艾拔益加(AA)肉鸡公雏,随机分成6组(Ⅰ-Ⅵ),每组6个重复,每个重复7只鸡。Ⅰ为基础日粮组;Ⅱ为维吉尼亚霉素(50mg/kg)抗生素组;Ⅲ为低剂量唾液乳杆菌菌液组(10₈ CFU/kg日粮);Ⅳ为高剂量菌液组(10₉CFU/kg日粮);Ⅴ为低剂量微囊化唾液乳杆菌组(10₈CFU/kg日粮);Ⅵ为高剂量微囊化唾液乳杆菌组(10₉CFU/kg日粮)。肉鸡第21(试验前期)和42(试验后期)日龄时统计生产性能,并分析血清抗氧化指标和血清IgG水平。结果表明,低剂量微囊化唾液乳杆组肉鸡试验全期的日增重、饲料转化率均显著改善,成活率明显升高,而腹泻率显著降低,其中肉鸡试验全期的料重比分别较对照组和抗生素组降低了10%(P＜0.05)和6.4%(P＜0.05);日粮中添加低剂量微囊化唾液乳杆显著提高了肉鸡血清抗氧化能力,第21和42日龄肉鸡血清GSH-Px活性分别比抗生素组提高了15.1%(P＜0.05)和13.2%(P＜0.05),且第42日龄肉鸡血清丙二醛含量较抗生素组降低了36.6%(P＜0.05);日粮中添加低剂量微囊化唾液乳杆显著提高了第21和42日龄肉鸡血清IgG含量(P＜0.05)。本试验结果表明,低剂量微囊化唾液乳杆(10₈CFU/kg日粮)可以改善肉鸡的生产性能,提高血清抗氧化能力和免疫性能。微囊化唾液乳杆菌可以作为有潜力的抗生素替代品应用于肉鸡日粮中。     

蛋氨酸对肉鸡屠宰性能、肉品质及肌肉抗氧化的影响

为了研究日粮蛋氨酸水平对肉鸡屠宰性能、肉品质及肌肉抗氧化的影响,实验选用1 日龄艾拔益加肉鸡144 只,随机分为3 组,每组6 个重复,每个重复8 只。对照组日粮蛋氨酸水平为0.50%（1～21 d）和0.44%（22～42 d）,高、低蛋氨酸组日粮蛋氨酸水平分别为对照组的130%和70%。结果表明：与对照组相比,日粮高蛋氨酸能够显著提高肉鸡胸肌率（P＜0.05）,低蛋氨酸则显著降低肉鸡全净膛率（P＜0.05）;日粮高蛋氨酸显著降低胸肌剪切力（P＜0.05）、显著提高24 h时胸肌的pH值和a*值（P＜0.05）,而低蛋氨酸显著提高胸肌的L*值（P＜0.05）;日粮高蛋氨酸显著升高胸肌总抗氧化能力（P＜0.05）,低蛋氨酸显著降低胸肌谷胱甘肽含量（P＜0.05）。因此,日粮蛋氨酸水平可能通过调节肌肉蛋白质沉积和抗氧化功能而影响肉鸡屠宰性能和肌肉品质。     

日粮中添加亚麻籽油提高鸡肉中n-3PUFA含量的研究

选择216只21日龄罗斯308商品代肉用母雏,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡.第1组为对照组,在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮上添加5%混合油,处理组分别在基础日粮中添加3%亚麻籽油(2组)和5%亚麻籽油(3组),试验期3周,旨在研究在日粮中添加不同水平的亚麻籽油对鸡肉中n-3PUFA含量和肉鸡生产性能影响.试验结果表明:与对照组相比,3%、5%亚麻籽油组肌肉组织中n-3C18:3、n-3C20:5和n-3PUFA含量显著提高(P＜0.05),n-6/n-3比值显著降低(P＜0.05),n-3C22:6水平则变化不大(P＞0.05).5%亚麻籽油组n-3PUFA总量显著高于3%亚麻籽油组(P＜0.05),n-6/n-3比值低于3%亚麻籽油组(P＞0.05).n-3C18:3在胸肌和腿肌中的沉积量显著高于肝脏(P＜0.05),n-3C20:5、n-3C22:6在胸肌和腿肌中的沉积量显著低于肝脏(P＜0.05).添加3%、5%亚麻籽油对肉鸡生产性能无显著性影响(P＞0.05).以上结果表明,肉鸡饲粮中使用亚麻籽油,可生产出n-3PUFA含量较高,n-6/n-3值较低,对人类健康有益的功能性鸡肉产品.     

酸益壮对肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官指数和血液指标的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加酸益壮对AA+肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官指数及血液生化指标的影响。试验选用1日龄健康AA+肉鸡432只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复18只鸡,分别饲喂基础日粮、添加4%、8%和12%酸益壮的试验日粮,试验期42d。结果表明:添加酸益壮试验组一定程度上提高了日增重和平均体重,料肉比有降低的趋势,但差异均不显著;其中添加8%酸益壮显著降低了12日龄肉鸡料肉比(P0.05),添加4%酸益壮显著降低了21日龄肉鸡料肉比(P0.05);添加4%和8%酸益壮试验组有提高只毛利的趋势,其中添加4%酸益壮试验组每只肉鸡毛利提高0.22元;对免疫器官指数没有显著影响,但42日龄的脾脏指数有提高的趋势;试验各组对血清IgA、IgG、IgM含量无明显影响,添加4%和8%酸益壮试验组显著提高21日龄血清SOD含量(P0.05),极显著提高了42日龄血清SOD含量(P0.01)。由此可知,肉鸡日粮中添加4%~8%酸益壮可一定程度改善肉鸡生长性能和血液抗氧化能力。     

饲喂不同配比油脂饲料对肉鸡肉品质及肌肉中脂肪酸组成的影响

研究日粮中添加不同配比油脂对肉鸡肉品质、肌肉胆固醇含量及脂肪酸组成的影响。选取648只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分成6组,CON为对照组(饲喂基础日粮),SO为正对照组(日粮中添加豆油),LO为负对照组(日粮中添加猪油),COP、COC、COV组分别在日粮中添加以棕榈油为主的配比油脂、以椰子油为主的配比油脂、多种植物油组成的配比油脂,实验期为42d。结果表明：COP组胸肌24h的滴水损失显著升高(P＜0.05);COC组腿肌烹饪损失显著降低(P＜0.05)。LO组胸肌不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸得到提高(P＜0.05);SO、LO、COP、COC组n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量均得到提高(P＜0.05);SO、COC组n-6多不饱和脂肪酸含量高于CON组(P＜0.05);除COV组外,各组n-6/n-3低于CON组(P＜0.05)。SO组胸肌胆固醇含量低于除LO组外的各组(P＜0.05)。结论：配比油脂组提高了肉鸡肌肉中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量,对肉鸡肉品质没有产生不良的影响,豆油组改善了胸肌中脂肪酸比例并降低胆固醇含量,以椰子油为主的配比油脂次之。     

试验预混料对肉仔鸡增重和肌肉品质影响的研究

选择1日龄商品代艾维茵(Avian)混合健雏180只为试验动物,随机分为2组,即试验组和对照组,进行49 d的饲养对比试验.在试验基础日粮中,试验组添加1.5%的自行研制的肉鸡用复合预混料,对照组添加1.0%的市售肉鸡用复合预混料,观察其增重效果和肌肉品质.结果表明:试验全期试验组、对照组肉鸡的平均增重分别为2 655和2 698 g(P＞0.05);平均料肉比分别为1.89和1.84(P＞0.05);试验组肉鸡肌肉中水分、粗蛋白质、肌内脂肪酸、氨基酸总量和不饱和脂肪酸总量分别优于对照组3.05%、8.40%、12.94%、9.58%和11.06%,差异显著(P＜0.05).     

The Effect of Breed Line and Age on Measurements of pH-value as Meat Quality Parameter in Breast Muscles (m. Pectoralis Major) of Broiler Chickens

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of breed line and age on pH in broiler chicken breast muscles. pH values of m. pectoralis major muscle were compared within 6 groups - each line (Cobb, Ross, Hubbard) was divided into two groups aged 42 and 50 days. pH values were recorded 15 minutes, 24 and 48 hours after slaughtering. Older broilers showed significantly lower pH than younger ones. Interactions between breed line and age were found, except for pH after 24 hours. Meat quality of broilers can be estimated quickly by determining the pH-value of breast meat.     

不同pH值CMC涂膜对石榴果实采后生理指标及贮藏品质的影响

以陕西临潼净皮甜石榴为试材,研究了不同pH值CMC涂膜对石榴果实采后生理指标及贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:石榴在(4.0±0.5)℃条件下贮藏,采用pH值5.0、0.5%CMC溶液涂膜,能有效保持石榴籽粒可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量和可滴定酸含量,减缓果皮相对电导率和褐变指数升高速率,降低果实呼吸速率和腐烂率,抑制果皮抗坏血酸氧化酶(AAO)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,保持果皮过氧化物酶(POD)活性相对较高水平。贮藏120d果实外观色泽鲜艳,籽粒感官品质良好,保鲜效果理想。     

EFFECT OF pH, ACIDULANT, SODIUM CHLORIDE AND TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES

Growth of two Listeria monocytogenes strains in tryptic soy broth containing NaCI or combinations of NaCI and acidulants at different pHs and temperatures was investigated . L. monocytogenes was capable of growing in 10% NaCI at 35°C and 12% NaCI at 25°C and 10°C. The maximum NaCI for growth changed when NaCI and pH, in combination with different acidulants and temperature, were tested. The minimum pH/salt level for initiation of growth of L. monocytogenes ranged from 5.0–5.6/8–10% at 35°C and 25°C and 5.6/8% at 10°C, depending upon the acidulant and the strain. Greatest antimicrobial activity occurred at 35°C. Greatest survival occurred at 10°C. In this study L. monocytogenes appeared to persist and tolerate a combination of low pH, high salt and low temperatures .     

不同保鲜剂对4 ℃冷藏鲶鱼鱼糜保鲜效果的影响

从几种天然保鲜剂中选取一种能够脱除鲶鱼鱼糜的土腥味并且抑制其鲜味降解的保鲜剂,以提高鲶鱼鱼糜
的经济价值和食用安全性。在5 份等质量鲶鱼碎肉中分别添加质量分数为0.5%血浆蛋白、0.5%鱼骨肽、10%壳聚糖
＋0.3%茶多酚复合剂、12.5%乳清蛋白、1%干酵母＋0.3%葡萄糖复合剂5 种天然保鲜剂,托盘包装并于4 ℃冷藏。
选取冷藏过程中pH值变化的3 个关键点（起始点、极限pH值点和pH＞7.0的鱼肉腐败点）,在这3 个关键点测定鱼
糜的硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances,TBARS）值、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic
nitrogen,TVB-N）值、微生物等指标的变化情况。结果发现,鲶鱼鱼糜中添加0.5%鱼骨肽可以延长鲶鱼鱼糜达到极
限pH值的时间,且TVB-N值、TBARS值及细菌总数均低于其他组。0.5%鱼骨肽对鲶鱼鱼糜的保鲜效果最好。     

银杏叶及其提取物对肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化及血清生化指标的影响

本实验旨在研究饲粮中添加银杏叶及银杏叶提取物(Ginkgo biloba extract,EGB)对肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化及血清生化指标的影响。选取1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡640只,随机分为4个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,实验组在基础饲粮的基础上分别添加60 g/kg的银杏叶、0.8g/kg的EGB和0.02 g/kg的杆菌肽锌,其中,银杏叶等量替代基础饲粮中的麸皮。实验期为42 d,分为两个阶段:实验前期(1~21 d)和实验后期(22~42 d)。结果表明:肉鸡饲粮中添加银杏叶、EGB和杆菌肽锌均能显著提高肉鸡21 d体重及1~42 d平均日采食量(ADFI)(P0.05);与对照组相比,银杏叶、EGB和杆菌肽锌能显著提高肉鸡21、42 d血清和肝脏中GSH-Px活性(P0.05);银杏叶和EGB能显著提高肉鸡21 d血清总蛋白(TP)水平(P0.05),降低肉鸡21及42 d血清甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TCHO)水平(P0.05)。由此可知,饲粮中添加60 g/kg银杏叶和0.8 g/kg EGB可改善肉鸡生长性能,提高肉鸡抗氧化能力,降低血清TG和TCHO水平。     

Effect of Echinacea purpurea L. on oxidative status and meat quality in Arbor Acres broilers

BACKGROUND: Echinacea purpurea L. (EP) is a popular herbal antioxidant and immunomodulator. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of EP on meat quality and oxidative status in broilers. Two hundred and fifty (1‐day‐old) male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly allocated to five groups including the control (corn‐soybean meal diet) and 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% EP powder groups, with two replicates per treatment group. RESULTS: The results indicated that the addition of 0.5% and 1.0% EP significantly increased water‐holding capacity and decreased storage loss of breast and thigh fillets at 35 days old. For fillet colour, L* (lightness) values were lower, and a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values were higher with EP supplementation. Lower crude fat contents were observed in EP groups in comparison with control at 35 days of age in breast and thigh fillets, respectively. Production of malondialdehyde was slightly reduced in serum of EP supplemented birds compared to the control group. Results for Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, catalase and superoxide dismutase were significantly higher for the 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% EP supplemental groups than control group in serum. Liver and spleen tissues results showed that the antioxidative enzymes activities were higher with EP powder at 35 days of age. CONCLUSION: Dried EP can be used as a feed additive to improve the meat quality and oxidative status in Arbor Acres broilers. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同萃取介质对纺织品pH值检测结果的影响

GB/T7573—2009已经正式实施了。新标准中除三级水以外增加了0.1mol/L氯化钾(KCl)溶液作为萃取介质。针对萃取介质的选择问题,本文用三级水和KCl溶液对多种面料的pH值测试做了比对试验,结果表明:在测试接近中性和偏碱性的溶液时,以KCl溶液为萃取液测定织物的pH值可以提高该范围内pH值测试的稳定性和快速性。     

Interactions between yeast autolysates and volatile compounds in wine and model solution

The addition of a commercial yeast autolysate to a model solution of five typical wine aroma compounds (ethyl octanoate, linalool, 2-phenylethanol, β-ionone and octanoic acid) was investigated considering different variables, such as temperature, pH and the presence of highly concentrated natural volatile substances in wine (e.g. 3-methyl-1-butanol). The interactions of such compounds with both yeast walls and released colloids were studied using gas chromatography, with liquid–liquid extraction and solid-phase microextraction. The results were compared with those obtained by adding the commercial product to a white table wine, spiked with the five standard compounds. The data confirmed that yeast walls mainly bind less polar molecules: their loss in synthetic medium seemed to increase at higher pH values. Temperature and pH affected differently the interactions between yeast colloids and volatile compounds in wine and model solution: in complex solutions (as the addition of 3-methyl-1-butanol demonstrated) the interaction mechanisms could be influenced by competitive or other matrix-related effects, which can reduce the binding of single compounds, or even enhance their volatility.     

水包水阳离子聚丙烯酰胺乳液对苇浆的助留作用研究

研究了水包水阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)乳液对漂白烧碱法苇浆的助留作用。通过单条件确定法,考查了CPAM用量(相对于绝干纤维)、搅拌速度、CPAM加入后的作用时间、硫酸铝用量、浆料pH值以及水中盐浓度等因素对其助留效果的影响,确定了CPAM乳液的最佳应用条件CPAM用量为0.04%(相对于绝干纤维),加入CPAM后的反应时间为2min,搅拌速度为200r/min,硫酸铝用量为3%,pH值为4.0,NaCl加入量为0。实验还证明CPAM乳液对水溶液中杂离子的累积具有一定的抵抗能力,能够满足造纸厂封闭循环用水的要求,同时在酸性至中碱性的浆料pH值范围内,其助留效果都很好。