超临界乙醇体系中苯酚催化加氢的降解规律

目前,液化的生物油与石油粗油成分接近,通常环类化合物含量高,如煤焦油中酚及其衍生物含量占40%以上,急需加氢升级技术。超临界乙醇（243.1℃,6.38MPa）温度、压力条件低,具有良好的传质性能,且为绿色、可再生溶剂。在超临界乙醇体系下的催化加氢是一种油升级有效方式。本文以苯酚为生物油中环类化合物典型模型,在300～400℃、Pt/C催化剂下,探讨超临界乙醇体系下苯酚催化加氢过程。研究分析了超临界乙醇中温度、氢气压力和反应时间对苯酚催化加氢降解规律的影响,并建立了能很好地描述过程中苯酚转化率的动力学模型（R2 = 0.989）。实验表明：该体系下的苯酚催化加氢降解反应的级数为二级,反应的活化能为51.7kJ/mol;尽管升高温度和氢气压力均能提高苯酚的转化率,但温度对转化率的影响更为显著。本研究将为更好地控制反应过程和提高超临界乙醇体系中苯酚的转化率提供参考。     

Hydrogenation of cis‐1,4‐poly(isoprene) catalyzed by OsHCl(CO)(O2)(PCy3)2

The quantitative hydrogenation of cis‐1,4‐poly(isoprene) (CPIP) provides an easy entry to the alternating copolymer of ethylene–propylene, which is difficult to prepare by conventional polymerization. The homogeneous hydrogenation of CPIP, in the presence of OsHCl(CO)(O₂)(PCy₃)₂ as catalyst, has been studied by monitoring the amount of hydrogen consumed during the reaction. The final degree of olefin conversion measured by computer‐controlled gas uptake apparatus was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Kinetic experiments for CPIP hydrogenation in toluene solvent indicate that the hydrogenation rate is first order with respect to catalyst and carbon–carbon double bond concentration. A second‐order dependence on hydrogen concentration for low values and a zero‐order dependence for higher values of the hydrogen concentration was observed. The apparent activation energy for the hydrogenation of CPIP over the temperature range of 115–140°C was 109.3 kJ/mole. Mechanistic aspects of this catalytic process are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 142–152, 2003     

Raney镍上松香催化加氢本征动力学

测定在不同类型搅拌器下高压釜的持气量和反应效果 ,认识到松香在Raney镍上催化加氢反应受到外扩散的严重影响 ,利用加入 2 0 0号溶剂油、改造搅拌器类型、提高搅拌速度的方法消除外扩散 ,使反应处于化学动力学控制区 ,然后采集动力学数据 ,经对 17种可能的反应机理模型进行筛选 ,推测的反应机理为 :松香中的主要成分枞酸分子不吸附 ,枞酸分子与催化剂表面上被吸附的氢原子进行反应 ,氢原子的吸附为控制步骤 ,据此导出其本征动力学方程 .     

Hydrogenation of natural rubber in the presence of OsHCL(CO)(O2)(PCY3)2: Kinetics and mechanism

The homogeneous catalyst precursor, OsHCl(CO)(O₂)(PCy₃)₂, was utilized for the hydrogenation of natural rubber to convert the unsaturated structure to a saturated form, providing an alternating ethylene‐propylene copolymer. A detailed kinetic investigation was carried out by monitoring the amount of hydrogen consumption during the reaction using a gas‐uptake apparatus. ¹H NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the final olefin conversion to the hydrogenated product. Kinetic data, collected according to a statistical design framework, defined the influence of catalyst and polymer concentration, hydrogen pressure, and reaction temperature on the catalytic activity. The kinetic results indicated that the hydrogenation rate exhibited a first‐ shifted to zero‐order dependence on hydrogen at lower hydrogen pressure, which then decreased toward an inverse behavior at pressures higher than 41.4 bar. The hydrogenation was also observed to be first‐order with respect to catalyst concentration, and an apparent inverse dependence on rubber concentration was observed due to the impurities in the rubber. The hydrogenation rate was dependent on reaction temperature, and the apparent activation energy over the temperature range of 125–145°C was found to be 122.76 kJ/mol. Mechanistic aspects of the hydrogenation of natural rubber in the presence of OsHCl(CO)(O₂)(PCy₃)₂ were proposed on the basis of the observed kinetic results. The addition of some acids and certain nitrogen containing materials showed an effect on the hydrogenation rate. The thermal properties of hydrogenated natural rubber indicated that the thermal stability increased with increasing % hydrogenation of the rubber. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4499–4514, 2006     

丁二酸二甲酯催化加氢制备γ-丁内酯的工艺研究

在微型固定床反应器中,丁二酸二甲酯在复合铜基催化剂Cu-ZnO-ZrO2/A12O3作用下,催化加氢制备了γ-丁内酯。实验中考察了催化剂组成、反应温度、压力、氢酯摩尔比、溶剂比和液时空速等因素对加氢反应的影响。结果显示,在反应温度为220℃、压力为3.0 MPa、n(H2)∶n(丁二酸二甲酯)=150∶1、V(CH3OH)∶V(丁二酸二甲酯)=4∶1、床层液时空速为0.25 h-1的条件下,丁二酸二甲酯的转化率达到100%,γ-丁内酯的选择性达到90%。     

Hydrogenation of synthetic cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene and natural rubber catalyzed by [Ir(COD)py(PCy3)]PF6

In the presence of chlorinated solvents, the catalytic complex [Ir(COD)py(PCy₃)]PF₆ (where COD is 1,5‐cyclooctadiene and py is pyridine) was an active catalyst for the hydrogenation of synthetic cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene and natural rubber. Detailed kinetic and mechanistic studies for homogeneous hydrogenation were carried out through the monitoring of the amount of hydrogen consumed during the reaction. The final degree of olefin conversion, measured with a computer‐controlled gas‐uptake apparatus, was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy. Synthetic cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene was used as a model polymer for natural rubber without impurities to study the influence of the catalyst loading, polymer concentration, hydrogen pressure, and reaction temperature with a statistical design framework. The kinetic results for the hydrogenation of both synthetic cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene and natural rubber indicated that the hydrogenation rate exhibited a first‐order dependence on the catalyst concentration and hydrogen pressure. Because of impurities inside the natural rubber, the hydrogenation of natural rubber showed an inverse behavior dependence on the rubber concentration, whereas the hydrogenation rate of synthetic rubber, that is, cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene, remained constant when the rubber concentration increased. The hydrogenation rate was also dependent on the reaction temperature. The apparent activation energies for the hydrogenation of synthetic cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene and natural rubber were evaluated to be 79.8 and 75.6 kJ/mol, respectively. The mechanistic aspects of these catalytic processes were discussed on the basis of observed kinetic results. The addition of some acids showed an effect on the hydrogenation rate of both rubbers. The thermal properties of hydrogenated rubber samples were determined and indicated that hydrogenation increased the thermal stability of the hydrogenated rubber but did not affect the inherent glass‐transition temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4219–4233, 2006     

己二酸二甲酯加氢反应热力学分析及动力学研究

采用基团贡献法计算了己二酸二甲酯（DMA）和1,6-己二醇（HDOL）的热力学相关数据,在不同反应条件下,计算了DMA加氢生成HDOL反应的焓变、熵变、Gibbs自由能变和平衡常数,探讨了反应温度、压力对Gibbs自由能变和平衡常数的影响。利用固定床管式反应器,对DMA加氢反应本征动力学进行研究,采用幂函数型动力学方程对实验结果进行拟合,得到了反应的活化能为63.55 kJ·mol^-1,DMA和H₂的反应级数分别为0.63和0.40。统计学检验结果表明,该模型能较好地描述DMA加氢反应。     

TiO_2负载Pd-Fe催化间硝基三氟甲苯常压加氢反应动力学

研究了TiO2负载Pd-Fe催化间硝基三氟甲苯的常压加氢反应,考察了反应温度和催化剂质量浓度对加氢反应的影响,建立了加氢反应的动力学方程。结果表明:在间硝基三氟甲苯初始浓度0.125 mol/L,催化剂质量浓度0.32 g/L,氢气压力0.1 MPa,,323.2 K和2.5 h条件下,间硝基三氟甲苯转化率达到99.2%。通过拟合实验数据,加氢反应对间硝基三氟甲苯浓度表现为1级,对催化剂质量浓度表现为0.464级,反应活化能为22 728.0 J/mol。由动力学方程回算得到的间硝基三氟甲苯浓度与实验值能较好地吻合。     

超临界流体中的催化反应

介绍超临界流体中的固体催化反应、酶催化反应、均相催化反应及催化加氢反应。     

ML（Ni3．69Co0.72Mn0．35Al0．24）贮氢合金催化氢化对硝基甲苯的研究

采用掺杂ML（Ni3．69Co0.72Mn0．35Al0．24）贮氢合金形成的氢化物作为氢源及催化剂,加氢还原对硝基甲苯生成对甲苯胺进行了研究。利用GC—MS和GC分别对产物进行定性和定量分析,同时用XRD对合金进行了研究。结果表明：该催化剂可以在温和条件下将对硝基甲苯加氢还原成对甲苯胺,未检测到副产物的产生,对甲苯胺选择性高达100％,且反应后催化剂与反应体系容易分离。并详细探讨了催化剂用量、不同溶剂、反应温度和反应时间等对反应的影响。结果表明：催化剂的含氢量与催化剂的活性密切相关,溶剂的性质对反应有明显影响,以无水乙醇为溶剂时催化剂性能最好,重复使用5次仍具有较高的催化活性。     

连续微反应加氢技术在有机合成中的研究进展

加氢反应是有机合成中很常见的一种反应类型,采用常规的间歇加氢釜具有反应效率低、操作烦琐和安全性差等问题。而连续加氢微反应器进行非均相催化加氢反应能提供更高的传质性能,催化剂的回收利用与产物的纯化也更为方便,能极大地提高生产效率,减少贵金属催化剂的损失。因为这些优点,连续微反应加氢技术得到了越来越多的关注。本文阐述了连续微反应加氢技术中常用的微反应器与固体金属催化剂类型,以及不同官能团非均相高效催化加氢的研究进展,在此基础,对该技术在精细化工领域的应用进行了展望。连续微反应加氢技术使得加氢过程可以在更安全、更高效、更环保的条件下完成,具有很高的工业应用价值,是未来化学化工领域重点发展的方向之一。     

贮氢合金催化丁腈橡胶加氢动力学及加氢机理

详细研究了空气气氛下、30～60℃、 THF溶液中贮氢合金催化丁腈橡胶双键加氢的宏观动力学.通过一系列不同反应温度下的实验结果获得了贮氢合金催化丁腈橡胶加氢反应的表观活化能(48.74 kJ•mol^-1),较低的表观活化能表明在贮氢合金催化丁腈橡胶溶液加氢反应中,反应物较易活化且反应具有较低的温度敏感性.利用IR和¹HNMR研究了贮氢合金催化丁腈橡胶双键加氢的选择性,结果表明1,4-BD单元较1,2-BD单元优先加氢,同时给出了trans-1,4-BD和1,2-BD加氢的动力学研究结果.根据动力学及其他研究结果提出了可能的反应机理,该机理较好地解释了反应中出现的现象.     

以Pd/C为催化剂的松香加氢本征动力学

在温度403~433K,压力3.0～7.0MPa下,研究了以Pd/C为催化剂的松香催化加氢本征动力学,为工业反应过程的开发和操作提供了理论依据.通过减少催化剂粒度和提高搅拌转速,以消除内外扩散的影响,在松香加氢反应过程中,在线跟踪了反应物和产物浓度随反应时间的变化关系.根据实验数据,采用EVIEWS软件对10个可能的反应机理模型进行筛选,认为最可几的反应机理为松香中的主要成分枞酸分子不吸附,枞酸分子与催化剂表面上被吸附的氢原子进行反应,氢原子的吸附为控制步骤;其反应动力学方程为, 据此导出反应速率常数和吸附平衡常数分别为 (Hk =5.695exp((2498.5/T), bs =9.4(10(3exp(1920.8/T).     

Characterization of bimetallic rhodium-germanium catalysts prepared by surface redox reaction

The preparation of bimetallic rhodium-germanium/silica and rhodium-germanium/alumina catalysts was investigated by controlled surface reaction. Their catalytic performances were measured for two gas phase reactions (toluene hydrogenation at 323 K and cyclohexane dehydrogenation at 543 K) and for a liquid phase reaction (citral hydrogenation at 343 K).

Elemental analysis of bimetallic catalysts showed that germanium can be deposited by redox reaction between hydrogen activated on a parent monometallic rhodium catalyst and germanium tetrachloride dissolved in water (catalytic reduction method). EDX microanalysis of rhodium-germanium/silica catalysts indicated that rhodium and germanium were deposited in close contact on the silica support. However, on alumina-supported catalysts, germanium deposition occurred also separately on the support. For the different test reactions, the catalytic properties of rhodium were strongly altered by the addition of germanium. On alumina-supported catalysts, interesting catalytic effects were observed in citral hydrogenation when not only close contact exists between both metals but when, in addition, the second metal was deposited on the support in the close vicinity of rhodium.     

Measurement of Micro Kinetics of Hydrogenation in Liquid Phase Using Raman Spectroscopy

Hydrogenation of liquid organic hydrogen carriers is usually carried out in liquid phase. To measure the kinetics of this hydrogenation, an experimental setup using in situ Raman spectroscopy for analysis of the reaction mixture is proposed. With this setup it is possible to perform hydrogenation reactions at temperatures of up to 573 K and pressures up to 25 MPa. For validation of the experimental setup the hydrogenation of 1‐octene was measured in liquid phase. The reaction progress can be monitored in detail by Raman spectroscopy. To determine kinetic parameters from the experimental data, two modeling approaches were applied: a classic kinetic model and a thermodynamic kinetic model. The results were compared to literature data.     

超临界CO2介质中反应气体参与的催化反应研究进展

在反应气体参与的催化反应中,超临界CO2作为溶剂的主要优势是消除气体的溶解性能差所带来的传质问题,同时提高实验室和化工生产中的安全系数。介绍了超临界CO2介质中气体参与的催化反应的特点以及在催化加氢、羰基化和催化氧化等反应中的研究进展,并对未来的发展提出展望。     

Monitoring surfaces on the molecular level during catalytic reactions at high pressure by sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy

Sum frequency generation (SFG), using non-linear laser optics, detects vibrational spectra of submonolayer amounts of adsorbates with excellent energy and time resolution. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STM) is sensitive to the atomic surface structure; readily imaging defects, steps and kinks as well as stationary adsorbed species. Both of these techniques can be used during reactions at high pressures and temperatures to obtain molecular information in situ. We report studies of propylene hydrogenation over Pt(111) crystal surfaces at atmospheric pressures and 300 K using SFG and STM. Four surface species (2-propyl, -bonded propylene, di -bonded propylene, and propylidyne) were identified; the first two being implicated as reaction intermediates. The platinum surface structure remains unchanged during the reaction, consistent with the structure insensitive nature of olefin hydrogénation. Propylene decomposition induced substantial surface reconstruction.     

溶剂对间二硝基苯催化加氢制间苯二胺反应过程的影响

研究了溶剂苯和乙醇对间二硝基苯加氢制间苯二胺的反应过程的影响. 结果表明,中间产物在溶剂中的溶解度对反应选择性有重要影响,间亚硝基硝基苯在苯中含量远小于乙醇. 2 MPa下,随反应温度从50℃升至90℃,反应时间苯溶剂中从350 min减少至75 min,乙醇溶剂中从120 min减少至35 min. 80℃下,随氢压从0.4 MPa升至2.8 MPa,反应时间苯溶剂中从250 min减少至85 min,乙醇中从70 min减少至40 min. 有机物和氢气在溶剂中的溶解度及由溶剂效应引起的催化剂表面的吸脱附行为对反应速率有较大影响.     

滴流床反应器上α-甲基苯乙烯加氢影响因素分析

以α-甲基苯乙烯、氢气为原料在滴流床反应器中催化加氢合成异丙苯。本文主要考察反应温度、压力、循环量及进料α-MS的浓度、氢油比、催化剂、床层设计等因素对加氢反应的影响。结果表明,反应温度提高只在60～120℃范围内能够加快反应速率;压力在0.7～0.8 MPa时加氢反应速率最快,处理能力最大;氢油比的提高在保证原料与催化剂接触时间的前提下对反应有利;循环量及进料α-MS的浓度可以改变反应速率但是不能改变实际处理能力;催化剂的活性稳定是保证加氢效果的前提;床层设计的处理能力限制是造成目前加氢效果下降生产能力受限的主要原因。     

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of soybean oil

The catalytic transfer hydrogenation of soybean oil by various hydrogen donors and solvents with palladium-oncarbon catalyst was investigated in batch and continuous modes. The choice of reaction conditions, donor and catalyst allowed the manufacture of partially hydrogenated oils or semi-solid fats with controlled fatty acid contents, iodine value, melting point and solid content index. The level of “iso” forms of fatty acids was similar to, and average initial selectivity was higher than that obtained with gaseous hydrogenation under pressure with a catalyst of the same type. The best results were obtained in aqueous solution with sodium formate as hydrogen donor at 60°C.