Influence of upscaling accumulative roll bonding on the homogeneity and mechanical properties of AA1050A

Accumulative roll bonding (ARB), as a method for production of ultrafine grained materials, is frequently supposed to be easily transferable to established industrial production lines. In literature, however, common sheet dimensions used for ARB in a laboratory scale are between 20 and 100 mm in width. In order to quantify the potential of upscaling the ARB process to a technological relevant level, sheets of AA1050A with an initial sheet width of 100–450 mm were accumulative roll bonded up to 8 cycles. In this regard, three different rolling mills of distinct dimensions were used for processing of the sheet material. The influence of process parameters and the reproducibility of the process, in terms of mechanical properties and homogeneity of the sheets, were studied by means of mechanical and microstructural characterization. Both appear to be largely independent on the sheet size and the rolling mill utilized for production. Only small deviations after the first cycles could be detected, vanishing in subsequent cycles due to the features of microstructural evolution. The finally obtained results indicate a high potential for industrial application of ARB and illustrate the possibility to upscale the process to a level necessary for that purpose.     

Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties

Most natural (or biological) materials are complex composites whose mechanical properties are often outstanding, considering the weak constituents from which they are assembled. These complex structures, which have risen from hundreds of million years of evolution, are inspiring Materials Scientists in the design of novel materials.Their defining characteristics, hierarchy, multifunctionality, and self-healing capability, are illustrated. Self-organization is also a fundamental feature of many biological materials and the manner by which the structures are assembled from the molecular level up. The basic building blocks are described, starting with the 20 amino acids and proceeding to polypeptides, polysaccharides, and polypeptides-saccharides. These, on their turn, compose the basic proteins, which are the primary constituents of ‘soft tissues’ and are also present in most biominerals. There are over 1000 proteins, and we describe only the principal ones, with emphasis on collagen, chitin, keratin, and elastin. The ‘hard’ phases are primarily strengthened by minerals, which nucleate and grow in a biomediated environment that determines the size, shape and distribution of individual crystals. The most important mineral phases are discussed: hydroxyapatite, silica, and aragonite.Using the classification of Wegst and Ashby, the principal mechanical characteristics and structures of biological ceramics, polymer composites, elastomers, and cellular materials are presented. Selected systems in each class are described with emphasis on the relationship between their structure and mechanical response. A fifth class is added to this: functional biological materials, which have a structure developed for a specific function: adhesion, optical properties, etc.An outgrowth of this effort is the search for bioinspired materials and structures. Traditional approaches focus on design methodologies of biological materials using conventional synthetic materials. The new frontiers reside in the synthesis of bioinspired materials through processes that are characteristic of biological systems; these involve nanoscale self-assembly of the components and the development of hierarchical structures. Although this approach is still in its infancy, it will eventually lead to a plethora of new materials systems as we elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of growth and the structure of biological systems.     

Carbon fibres: structure and mechanical properties

The microstructure of six types of acrylic-based and hydrated cellulose-based carbon fibres of strengths from 1650 to 6120 MPa and elastic moduli from 97 to 228 GPa were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A ‘microcomposite’ structure of carbon fibres studied consisting of quasi-amorphous (‘matrix’) and orientated fibrillar carbon was revealed. This led to a new model of the fibre structure. The analysis of results of testing different carbon fibres defines the elastic modulus of ‘matrix’ carbon, and shows plastic drawing of fibrils. The model describes the properties of fibres and predicts ways to improve the fibre properties.     

Microstructure refinement in biodegradable Zn-Cu-Ca alloy for enhanced mechanical properties,degradation homogeneity,and strength retention in simulated physiological condition

Zn-1.0Cu-0.5Ca(TA15) alloy has shown promising characteristics of enhanced mechanical properties and biodegradability for absorbable cardiovascular stents,endovascular devices,and wound closure devices applications.In this study,the TA15 alloy for bioabsorbable biomedical applications is investigated.In the conventionally cast TA15(TA15-C) alloy,CaZn₁₃ phase are present as a large dendritic network with an average size of 73.25±112.84μm,Hot rolling of the TA15-C alloy has broken the l...     

Nanostructural metallic materials: Structures and mechanical properties

The trade-off of strength and ductility of metals has long plagued materials scientists. To resolve this issue, great efforts have been devoted over the past decades to developing a variety of technological pathways for effectively tailoring the microstructure of metallic materials. Here, we review the recent advanced nanostructure design strategies for purposely fabricating heterogeneous nanostructures in crystalline and non-crystalline metallic materials. Several representative structural approaches are introduced, including (1) hierarchical nanotwinned (HNT) structures, extreme grain refinement and dislocation architectures etc. for crystalline metals; (2) nanoglass structure for non-crystalline alloys, i.e. metallic glasses (MGs); and (3) a series of supra-nano-dual-phase (SNDP) nanostructures for composite alloys. The mechanical properties are further optimized by manipulating these nanostructures, especially coupling multiple advanced nanostructures into one material. Particularly, the newly developed SNDP nanostructures greatly enrich the nanostructure design strategies by utilizing supra-nano sized crystals and MGs, which exhibit unique size and synergistic effects. The origins of these gratifying properties are discussed in this review. Furthermore, based on a comprehensive understanding of microscopic mechanisms, a broad vision of strategies towards high strength and high ductility are proposed to promote future innovations.     

Auxetic oesophageal stents: structure and mechanical properties

Oesophageal cancer is the ninth leading cause of malignant cancer death and its prognosis remains poor, ranking as the sixth most frequent cause of death in the world. This research work aims to adopt an Auxetic (rotating-squares) geometry device, that had previously been examined theoretically and analysed by Grima and Evans (J Mater Sci Lett 19(17):1563–1565, 2000), to produce a novel Auxetic oesophageal stent and stent-grafts relevant to the palliative treatment of oesophageal cancer and also for the prevention of dysphagia. This paper discusses the manufacture of a small diameter Auxetic oesophageal stent and stent-graft. The oral deployment of such an Auxetic stent would be simplest if a commercial balloon dilatational catheter was used as this obviates the need for an expensive dedicated delivery system. A novel manufacturing route was employed in this research to develop both Auxetic films and Auxetic oesophageal stents, which ranged from conventional subtractive techniques to a new additive manufacturing method. Polyurethane was selected as a material for the fabrication of Auxetic films and Auxetic oesophageal stents because of its good biocompatibility and non-toxicological properties. The Auxetic films were later used for the fabrication of seamed Auxetic oesophageal stents. The flexible polyurethane tubular grafts were also attached to the inner luminal side of the seamless Auxetic oesophageal stents, in order to prevent tumour in-growth. Scanning electron microscopy was used to conduct surface morphology study by using different Auxetic specimens developed from different conventional and new additive manufacturing techniques. Tensile testing of the Auxetic films was performed to characterise their mechanical properties. The stent expansion tests of the Auxetic stents were done to analyse the longitudinal extension and radial expansion of the Auxetic stent at a range of radial pressures applied by the balloon catheter, and to also identify the pressure values where the Auxetic stent fails. Finite element models of both Auxetic film and Auxetic stent were developed, and the results were compared with experimental results with a good agreement. The tensile testing of the Auxetic polyurethane films revealed that the Poisson’s ratio of the sample ranged between ?0.87 and ?0.963 at different uniaxial tensile load values. From the stent expansion test, it was found that the Auxetic oesophageal stent radially expanded from 0.5 to 5.73 mm and longitudinally extended from 0.15 to 1.83 mm at a range of applied pressure increments (0.5–2.7 bar) from the balloon catheter.     

新型纳米纤维素聚砜复合膜的制备及表征

采用L-S浸没沉淀相转化法制备纳米纤维素(NCC)/聚砜(PSF)复合膜材料.考察了NCC添加量及异丙醇凝胶浴浓度(10％、30％、50％,体积分数,下同)对膜结构和性能的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了复合膜材料断面和皮层的孔结构,发现随着异丙醇浓度的增加,复合膜中的指状孔由细长贯通、连接紧密逐渐变得短粗、疏松.同时,NCC添加量和异丙醇凝胶浴浓度对复合膜的力学性能、渗透性能、膜孔结构有很大的调控作用.     

钯复合膜的制备与性能

用浸渍法与化学镀法制备了“Pd／SiO₂／陶瓷”复合膜,考察了制备方法对钯复合膜性能（选择性透氢性能和在常压下对甲醇脱氢制甲酸甲酯反应的催化活性）的影响．研究表明,“SiO₂／陶瓷”底膜的质量影响“Pd／SiO₂／陶瓷”复合膜的性能,在浸渍法与化学镀法制备钯表面膜的过程中,它们的成膜机理是不相同的．用同一“SiO₂／陶瓷”底膜,化学镀法制备的钯复合膜比浸渍法制备的膜具有更优异的性能．用浸渍法制备的钯膜在150℃可对H₂／N₂和H₂／甲醇混合气实行全分离．对于甲醇脱氢制甲酸甲酯的反应（100℃）,化学镀法制备的钯膜比浸渍法制备的钯膜具有较高的甲醇转化率和较低的甲酸甲酯选择性．用SEM、XRD测定了钯复合膜的形貌和结构,对两种方法制备的钯复合膜间的差异进行了讨论．     

汽油脱硫用复合膜的制备及性能

以聚乙二醇(PEG)为活性分离层、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)多孔膜为支撑层制备复合膜。PEG涂膜液的固含量提高到16%时,可以减少孔渗现象,提高渗透通量。考察进料温度、流量和膜下游侧压力对复合膜性能的影响。硫富集因子随温度和流量升高先增加后减小,最大值出现在100℃和100mL/min。渗透通量随温度升高而增大;当进料流量大于100mL/min时,渗透通量随流量增加而减小。两个参数均随膜下游侧压力增加而减小。对典型的催化裂化汽油,膜的渗透通量可达2.7kg/(m2.h),硫富集因子为3.6。     

Woven hybrid biocomposites: Dynamic mechanical and thermal properties

The dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB)/woven jute fibre (J_w) reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were carried out. The storage modulus (E′) was found to decrease with temperature in all cases, and hybrid composites had showed better values of E′ at glass transition temperature (T_g) compared to EFB and epoxy. Loss modulus showed shifts in the T_g of the polymer matrix with the addition of fibre as reinforcing phase, which indicate that fibre plays an important role in case of T_g. The Tan δ peak height was minimum for jute composites and maximum for epoxy matrix. Complex modulus variations and phase behaviour of the hybrid composites was studied by Cole-Cole analysis. Thermal analysis result indicates an increase in thermal stability of EFB composite with the incorporation of woven jute fibres. Hybridization of EFB composite with J_w fibres enhanced the dynamic mechanical and thermal properties.     

PLA/algae composites: Morphology and mechanical properties

Bio-composites with poly(lactic) acid as matrix and various algae (red, brown and green) as filler were prepared via melt mixing. Algae initial size (below 50 μm and between 200 and 400 μm) and concentration (from 2 to 40 wt%) were varied. First, algae morphology, composition and surface properties are analysed for each algae type. Second, an example of algae particle size decrease during processing is given. Finally, tensile properties of composites are analysed. The surface of algae flakes was covered with inorganic salts affecting filler–matrix interactions. The Young’s modulus of composites increased at 40 wt% load of algae as compared with neat PLA although the strain at break and tensile strength decreased. In most cases the influence of algae type was minor. Larger flakes led to better mechanical properties compared to the smaller ones.     

Vetiver–polypropylene composites: Physical and mechanical properties

Injection molded vetiver–polypropylene (PP) composites at various ratios of vetiver content and vetiver length were prepared. When compared to PP, vetiver–PP composites exhibited higher tensile strength and Young’s modulus but lower elongation at break and impact strength. An increase in vetiver content led to an increase in viscosity, heat distortion temperature, crystallization temperature, and Young’s modulus of the composites. On the other hand, the decomposition temperature, tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength decreased with increasing vetiver content. The chemical treatment of the vetiver grass improved the mechanical properties of the composites.     

Injection-moulded sepiolite-filled polypropylene: mechanical properties and dimensional stability

Sepiolite, a clay mineral, has been compounded with polypropylene to produce a range of materials with filler contents 10, 25 and 40 wt%. The compounds have been found to process easily by injection-moulding and their mechanical properties have been measured in this form after various ageing treatments including storage at low temperature, and annealing. Although their mechanical properties and shrinkage behaviour are slightly inferior to those of equivalent compounds in which talc is used as a filler, they appear to have better dimensional stability at elevated temperatures and this, coupled with the low cost of sepiolite, indicates that this material has commercial potential.     

中空纤维复合膜的制备及在渗透汽化过程中的应用

本文在实验的基础上,提出用“液相沉积法”,制备中空纤维复合膜对成膜机理进行了初步解释。用复合膜的电子显微镜照片和渗透汔化实验结果,证明“液相沉积法”制备复合膜的可行性。所制中空纤维复合膜用于渗透汽化实验,分离乙醇—水混合物,其分离性能符合一般规律,分离95%的乙醇水溶液时的表现活化能为71.5kJ/mol.     

荷正电聚四氟乙烯复合纳滤膜的制备及表征

以聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)平板膜为基膜,对其进行亲水改性后,以支化聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为主要单体,通过界面聚合制备了荷正电聚四氟乙烯复合纳滤膜。采用红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和固体表面Zata电位分析仪研究了复合纳滤膜的表面化学结构、微观形貌和荷电特性,结果表明,在亲水PTFE基膜表面形成了致密的多层结构,复合纳滤膜在pH为中性的条件下呈现荷正电。通过优化制备条件,复合纳滤膜对MgCl_2溶液的截留率达到95.7%,水通量为13.47 L/(m~2·h)(测试液浓度1000 mg/L,操作压力0.4 MPa)。此外,测试复合纳滤膜对不同盐溶液的截留率大小顺序为MgCl_2(95.7%)MgSO_4(90.7%)Na_2SO_4(77.5%)NaCl(58.1%),对聚乙二醇(PEG)的截留相对分子质量为402。研究表明制备的复合纳滤膜在硬水软化领域具有潜在的应用价值。     

新型耐酸复合纳滤膜的制备与性能

为解决传统纳滤膜耐酸性较差的问题,以多孔聚砜超滤膜为基膜,以三亚乙基四胺、对苯二甲酸（TPA）与1,3,6-萘三磺酰氯为原料,采用界面聚合法制备一种新型复合纳滤膜,并对膜的形貌、亲水性、表面电荷、分离性能和耐酸性等进行了研究。研究结果表明,TPA的加入使膜的亲水性、电负性和耐酸性都有所提高;当TPA的添加质量分数为0.15%时,所制备的复合纳滤膜性能最好,其纯水通量可达17.0 L/(m2·h),对MgSO4的截留率可达91.3%。浸泡于质量分数为3%的HCl和20%的H2SO4溶液30 d后,该膜呈现出较好的稳定性能。本复合纳滤膜对工业酸性废水处理具有潜在的应用价值。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of two-phase Fe30Ni20Mn20Al30: part II mechanical properties

This paper describes the mechanical properties of B2/L2₁ two-phase Fe₃₀Ni₂₀Mn₂₀Al₃₀ (at.%) in both the as-cast condition and after a 72 h anneal at 823 K. The temperature dependence of the compressive strength of Fe₃₀Ni₂₀Mn₂₀Al₃₀ showed three distinct regions: (1) brittle fracture at low temperature, (2) plastic flow with a rapid decline in yield strength from 1500 to 250 MPa from the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature (BDTT) to 873 K, and (3) a slight decrease in yield strength to ~150 MPa from 873 to 1073 K. Interestingly, the BDTT (573 K) exhibited by the coarser microstructure present in 72 h annealed material was lower than that of the as-cast alloy (623 K). Using both differential scanning calorimetry and in situ heating in a transmission electron microscope, an L2₁-to-B2 transition was found at 750 ± 25 K. A mixture of intergranular fracture and transgranular cleavage was observed after room temperature compression while only cleavage was found at 673 K. All the specimens deformed extensively without fracture when tested at temperatures higher than 673 K. The strain rate had little effect on the strength at 573 K and a moderate effect at 873 K with a strain-rate sensitivity exponent value of 0.1.     

中空纤维复合膜的制备及在渗透汽化过程中的应用

本文在实验的基础上,提出用“液相沉积法”,制备中空纤维复合膜对成膜机理进行了初步解释。用复合膜的电子显微镜照片和渗透汔化实验结果,证明“液相沉积法”制备复合膜的可行性。所制中空纤维复合膜用于渗透汽化实验,分离乙醇—水混合物,其分离性能符合一般规律,分离95%的乙醇水溶液时的表现活化能为71.5kJ/mol。     

Nanostructure and giant magnetoresistive properties of granular systems

This article aims to make a connection between the microstructures of various nanostructured alloys and giant magnetoresistive (GMR) properties. The GMR behavior of nanoclusters embedded in a nonmagnetic matrix differs considerably from an alloy with the content of a magnetic phase above the percolation threshold; that is to say, an increase of GMR effect upon going from 300 to 10 K for the former and a decrease of the GMR effect for the latter. The following materials systems were examined with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and magnetoelectrical resistance measurements: magnetic Co and CoFe nanoclusters in a Au matrix, NiFe clusters in a Cu matrix, and NiFe/Cu spinodal decomposition waves with interconnection of the magnetic phase. After annealing (> or = 300 degrees C), Co particles in Au become semi- or incoherent, whereas under other conditions and in all other systems, the interfaces remain coherent. This state of coherency at the interface between magnetic particles and a nonmagnetic matrix turned out to have a detectable influence on the GMR behavior.     

等离子喷涂HA/Ti复合涂层研究 I.结构、组成和力学性能

采用等离子喷涂方法,在Ｔｉ－６Ａｌ－４Ｖ基体上成功地制备了ＨＡ／Ｔｉ复合涂层,并对复合涂层的微观结构,相组成和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,ＨＡ和Ｔｉ两相均匀地分布于复合涂层中。ＨＡ／Ｔｉ复合涂层的结合强度明显高于纯ＨＡ涂层,这主要是由于ＨＡ／Ｔｉ的复合和了涂层与基体之间的热膨胀系数失配,ＨＡ／Ｔｉ复合涂层在模拟体液中浸泡一段时间后,结合强度没有明显降低,ＨＡ／Ｔｉ复合涂层的断裂韧性和硬度均高于Ｈ