Long-term sealing efficacy of four root surface sealing materials used in endodontic leakage studies

Fifty extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were biomechanically instrumented and divided into five equal groups, four experimental and a control. The teeth in the experimental groups had their root surface coated with one of four sealants; epoxy, casting resin, sticky wax, or nail polish. The roots of the remaining teeth were not coated and served as controls. All of the teeth were mounted in the caps of scintillation vials. Five microliters of [3H]uridine were deposited in the root canal space and disintegration counts were obtained over time periods of 1, 4, 8, 12, and 36 wk. At the conclusion of the experiment, sticky wax was demonstrated to provide a superior seal (p < 0.0001).     

Comparative neurotoxic effects of root canal filling materials on rat sciatic nerve

The neurotoxic effects of the root canal filling materials--Endomethasone, N2 Universal, Traitement SPAD, Sealapex, and Calciobiotic Root Canal Sealer (CRCS)--were investigated on isolated rat sciatic nerves after local application. All of the canal filling materials reversibly inhibited the compound action potential (cAP) amplitudes. N2 Universal produced a 50% inhibition in 4.2 +/- 0.2 min. Traitement SPAD, Endomethasone, and CRCS produced the same inhibition in 6.4 +/- 0.3, 6.5 +/- 0.2, and 6.6 +/- 1.1 min, and Sealapex in 9.2 +/- 2.0 min. The inhibitory effect of Sealapex decreased fastest, and 43% recovery of cAP amplitude was observed in 60 to 70 min. The inhibitory effects of Endomethasone, CRCS, and N2 Universal were more pronounced, and 10 to 20% recovery in cAP amplitudes were observed in 2 h. The inhibitory effect of Traitement SPAD was more persistent with 4% recovery in 2.5 h.     

Short-term tissue response to potential root-end filling materials in infected root canals

The short-term tissue responses to two potential root-end filling materials, a light-cured glass ionomer cement (Vitrebond) and a reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol cement (Kalzinol), were compared with that to amalgam using a previously devised experimental model. In 24 premolar teeth of beagle dogs (47 roots), a collection of endodontic pathogenic bacteria was first inoculated into the root canals to induce periradicular lesions. On each root, an apicoectomy was performed and root-end cavities prepared to receive fillings of each material. The teeth and surrounding jaw were removed after 2 weeks (23 roots) and 1 week (24 roots); they were then prepared for histological examination. The tissue response to amalgam fillings after 2 weeks and 1 week was marked by moderate or severe inflammation on all roots, and extended to < or = 0.5 mm or > 0.5 mm in 15 out of 16 roots. In contrast, after 2 weeks, the majority of roots filled with Kalzinol showed little or moderate inflammation, while the tissue response to Vitrebond was the best of the three materials, and was also the least extensive. After 1 week, the overall best tissue response was with Vitrebond, followed by Kalzinol. The differences between materials for both time periods with either none or few inflammatory cells when compared with that with either moderate or severe inflammation were not statistically significant (P < 0.02). However, the differences between materials for both time periods with no inflammation or inflammation extending < 0.2 mm when compared with that with inflammation extending > 0.2 mm (< or = 0.5 mm or > 0.5 mm) were statistically significant (P < 0.01). Apart from amalgam, in which healing was marked by the persistence of a localized focus of inflammation adjacent to the root-end filling, even though there were intersample variations, there was little overall difference in the temporal and qualitative healing response to Vitrebond and Kalzinol. Both Vitrebond and Kalzinol have potential as root-end filling materials, as the tissue response was considerably more favourable than that to amalgam even in the short-term.     

Delayed and prolonged vascular leakage in inflammation: the effects of dehydromonocrotaline on blood vessels in the rat cremaster

Local application of dehydromonocrotaline to the rat cremaster produces a delayed prolonged increase in vascular permeability with a time course similar to that of the pulmonary oedema seen after intravenous injection of the same substance. Study of the injured area by the carbon labelling technique and by electron microscopy shows that the increased permeability involves both capillaries and venules of all sizes within the region exposed to dehydromonocrotaline. The vascular leakage appears to be due to a direct effect on the endothelium of small blood vessels. Carbon deposition in labelled capillaries and venules is predominantly intramural and indicative of increased vascular permeability. Accumulation of carbon within the lumen of capillaries is uncommon, and accounts for only a small fraction of total capillary labelling. The findings indicate that capillaries are a major source of inflammatory exudate in this type of injury and suggest that the importance of leakage from capillaries has been underestimated in other types of delayed prolonged increase in vascular permeability.     

干湿循环作用对水泥基复合充填材料的影响

为探究干湿循环对水泥基复合充填材料长期稳定性的影响,以水灰比4∶1水泥基复合材料为研究对象,借助ETM力学试验系统、X射线衍射及扫描电镜扫描装置,对不同干湿循环次数下“饱水”状态和“失水”状态的试件进行单轴抗压强度试验,并通过物相分析及微观结构探讨干湿循环对其影响机理。结果表明,随着干湿循环次数的增加,“饱水”状态下失水率逐渐增大,含水率和容重呈下降趋势,峰值强度先增加后减小,增幅最高达9%;“失水”状态下失水率、含水率和容重均变化不大,峰值强度较初始状态有所降低,最高达13.5%;两种状态弹性模量和残余强度都呈下降趋势。通过机理分析发现,“干”过程中碳化反应是材料强度降低的主要原因,而“湿”过程中吸水将部分碳酸钙等物质转化为具有承载能力的钙矾石（AFT）和碳硫硅钙石（TSA）是材料强度恢复的主要原因,但恢复能力有限,长期的干湿循环会对水泥基复合充填材料稳定性产生不利影响。      

块石胶结充填体组成材料的力学特性

目前,国内外对于块石胶结充填体组成材料力学特性的研究较少,而材料的力学特性在一定程度上影响充填效果的好坏.基于目前的研究成果,借助室内单轴抗压、抗拉试验,得到块石胶结充填体各组成材料的应力-应变关系曲线、载荷-时间关系曲线.结果表明:3种组成材料强度差异性大;骨料试件的强度远远大于尾砂充填体试件与骨料-尾砂试件;骨料试件与骨料-尾砂试件峰后应力跌落较快,表现为脆性特征;尾砂充填体试件在到达峰值应力后下滑迟缓,说明其具有一定残余强度;尾砂充填体试件与骨料试件在单轴荷载的条件下具有初始压密、线弹性变形、塑性变形和失稳破坏4个阶段.     

干湿循环作用对水泥基复合充填材料的影响

为探究干湿循环对水泥基复合充填材料长期稳定性的影响,以水灰比4∶1水泥基复合材料为研究对象,借助ETM力学试验系统、X射线衍射及扫描电镜扫描装置,对不同干湿循环次数下"饱水"状态和"失水"状态的试件进行单轴抗压强度试验,并通过物相分析及微观结构探讨干湿循环对其影响机理.结果表明,随着干湿循环次数的增加,"饱水"状态下失水率逐渐增大,含水率和容重呈下降趋势,峰值强度先增加后减小,增幅最高达9%;"失水"状态下失水率、含水率和容重均变化不大,峰值强度较初始状态有所降低,最高达13.5%;两种状态弹性模量和残余强度都呈下降趋势.通过机理分析发现,"干"过程中碳化反应是材料强度降低的主要原因,而"湿"过程中吸水将部分碳酸钙等物质转化为具有承载能力的钙矾石(AFT)和碳硫硅钙石(TSA)是材料强度恢复的主要原因,但恢复能力有限,长期的干湿循环会对水泥基复合充填材料稳定性产生不利影响.     

超高流动性改性镁渣基充填材料的性能

针对超远距离输送过程中,特殊管路布置等充填技术中堵管、爆管风险大,管道磨损严重等问题,采用改性镁渣（MMS）和粉煤灰（FA）在不同配比下制备超高流动性新型膏体充填材料（UH-MFPB）,探究其早期强度、流动性以及流变特性,并建立流动性和流变参数的相关关系。研究结果表明:（1）UH-MFPB样品的单轴抗压强度随FA含量增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。当FA质量分数为20%时,样品的抗压强度最大,养护28 d可达到6.759 MPa,后期强度持续增加;（2）新鲜UH-MFPB料浆的坍落度为25.6～29.2 cm,扩展度为61～93.1 cm,具有很好的流动性;（3）新鲜UH-MFPB料浆的流变特性符合Herschel?Bulkley模型,流变参数（屈服应力、塑性黏度和触变性）随FA含量的增大而减小,且FA质量分数达到20%时,料浆出现剪切增稠的现象;（4）新鲜UH-MFPB料浆的流动性和流变参数满足二次多项式关系,呈现出负相关性。      

利用烧结脱硫灰渣制备新型充填胶凝材料试验

烧结脱硫灰渣是半干法脱硫排放的废弃物.灰渣含有亚硫酸钙和飞灰等不稳定矿物成分,使得该废弃物利用面临困难.针对铁矿全尾砂胶结充填法采矿对廉价的胶凝材料的需求,采用烧结脱硫灰渣和水淬渣,开展了制备全尾砂充填胶凝材料试验研究.以生石灰作为碱激发剂,硫酸盐作为辅助激发剂,对矿渣微粉活性实施复合激发.首先采用正交设计进行试验方案设计;然后采用极差分析对数据进行处理和配比决策,最后以阶段嗣后充填采矿对其强度要求,建立并求解全尾砂新型充填胶凝材料的优化模型,获得了充填胶凝材料的优化配比.结果显示,当胶砂比为1∶8、料浆浓度为68%时,以生石灰和烧结脱硫灰渣作为水淬渣复合激发剂制备的新型充填胶凝材料,烧结脱硫灰渣比例达到10%时,3 d、7 d及28 d的胶结充填体强度不低于相同条件下的32.5R早强水泥,而胶凝材料成本低于水泥材料.     

Coronal leakage: endotoxin penetration from mixed bacterial communities through obturated, post-prepared root canals

Coronal leakage has been considered as one of the major causes of failure in root canal treatment. Bacteria have been shown to penetrate the root canal obturating materials and influence the periapical tissues. Endotoxin, a component of Gram-negative bacteria, is a potent inflammatory agent and may be able to penetrate obturating materials faster than bacteria. This in vitro study examined the possible penetration of post-prepared canals by endotoxin and bacterial cells derived from mixed bacterial communities. Results showed that both bacteria and endotoxin were able to penetrate the obturating materials in post-prepared canals; however, endotoxin penetration was faster than bacterial. If one speculates that a similar sequence of events occurs clinically, then such a rapid penetration of endotoxin could lead to an early periapical reaction, with subsequent treatment failure and need for retreatment or periapical surgery. The need for an immediate and proper coronal restoration after root canal treatment is therefore reinforced.     

Effects of blood contamination on cerebrospinal fluid analysis

Data were obtained from 190 cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from both clinically normal and diseased dogs, cats, cows, and horses. Red blood cells, indicating blood contamination, were identified in 115 samples. White blood cells were a rare finding in normal animals. Blood contamination appeared to have little effect on white blood cell numbers even though, in several samples, thousands of red blood cells were identified. An accepted formula to correct for blood contamination was found to be an unreliable method to determine "uncontaminated" values for white blood cells, total protein, or creatine phosphokinase.     

Trace metal contamination of evacuated blood collection tubes

A study was undertaken to investigate the magnitude of potential trace metal contamination contributed by various commercial evacuated blood tubes to blood samples under experimental conditions. None of the tubes tested contributed significant Cu contamination whereas the 1% nitric acid and human blood leaching data clearly indicate that Zn, Pb and Cd contamination of blood samples can be a significant problem with certain blood collection tubes under normal handling, shipping and storage conditions. The implications of these experimental findings are discussed. It is recommended that several of the evacuated blood tubes be leach tested prior to use with blood or plasma and the eluate analyzed for potential trace metal contamination problems.     

碳酸盐溶液中富水充填材料的腐蚀及劣化机理

为了研究碳酸根离子对富水充填材料的影响,通过强度检测、扫描电镜观察、X射线衍射分析和红外光谱测试,分析富水充填材料在碳酸钠溶液中浸泡后的宏观及微观结构变化,并对其腐蚀及劣化机理进行探讨.富水充填材料在质量分数为10%的碳酸钠溶液中浸泡后,抗压强度随浸泡时间延长大幅度降低,浸泡90 d后抗压强度比标养28 d抗压强度降低72.5%,浸泡28 d后出现泥化现象.X射线衍射图谱显示,富水充填材料在质量分数为10%的碳酸钠溶液中浸泡后有碳硫硅钙石生成,且随浸泡时间延长碳硫硅钙石的生成量增大.红外光谱结果未发现[AlO₆]存在,证实在碳酸钠溶液中富水充填材料硬化体中钙矾石急剧减少,转变为烂泥状的碳硫硅钙石;碳硫硅钙石作为无胶结力物质,会对富水充填材料硬化体造成严重破坏,表明碳酸盐溶液对富水充填材料具有腐蚀作用.     

酸性环境中富水充填材料腐蚀及劣化机理

为了研究酸性环境对富水充填材料的影响,通过强度检测、扫描电镜、能谱分析及X射线衍射(XRD)等实验手段,分析富水充填材料在酸性环境中浸泡后的宏观性能及微观结构变化,并探讨其腐蚀及劣化机理.结果表明:富水充填材料在pH值为1和3的盐酸溶液中浸泡180 d后抗压强度比标养28 d的强度分别降低88.8%和58%,在pH值为3的硫酸溶液中浸泡后降低68%,pH值为1的硫酸溶液中浸泡后强度降为零;微观实验结果显示随着富水充填材料在硫酸溶液中浸泡时间的延长,试件内部有二水石膏生成,盐酸溶液中试件仅在pH值为1的溶液中浸泡180 d后产生二水石膏;盐酸溶液对富水充填材料的腐蚀主要为H⁺中和作用下硬化体结构的溶解腐蚀,硫酸溶液对材料的腐蚀为硬化体结构的溶解腐蚀和石膏的膨胀腐蚀;硫酸溶液对富水充填材料的腐蚀作用强于盐酸溶液.     

Thermodynamics of isolated pores filling with liquid in sintered composite materials

In model studies of the dispersed solid-liquid-vapor system, thermodynamic functions were found which describe changes in the energy of the system when an isolated pore is filled with liquid. From an analysis of these functions, a class of composite materials was isolated in which there exists the migration pressure which has a physical meaning of suction pressure. In these compositions, the liquid in a pore is acted upon by two opposing forces: capillary pressure and migration pressure. Depending on the ratio of these pressures, the liquid may not fill the pore or may first migrate from the composition into the pore, fill it, and then migrate from the pore into the composition, homogeneous structure being formed in the place of the pore. In compositions which are free from the migration pressure, the liquid fills pores of any size. Pores provide a place for the lakes of liquid. Theoretical conclusions were confirmed by our experiments with WC-Co, WC-Ni, WC-Cu, Cr₃C₂-Cu, and other composites .     

新城金矿充填料流变特性研究

结合新城金矿充填系统情况，对充填料在不同质量分数、不同粒级组成条件下，与流态类型的关系进行了实验研究。分析了细粒级含量及质量分数变化对流变特性的影响，为优化充填料粒级组成、配经及确定合理输送参数，提供了理论依据。     

江砂充填料在武山铜矿的应用

分析了江砂充填料的物理性质，并根据其充填特性，分别介绍了江砂充填料在武山铜矿北矿带下向进路充填采矿法和南矿带上向斜壁进路充填采矿法中的应用情况。     

Effect of samarium filling on the lattice thermal conductivity of skutterudite materials

Sm-filled skutterudites SmxCo4Sb12 (x=0.1, 0.2, 0.5) were synthesized via high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) technique. The temperature dependences of electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity were measured on these compounds in the range of 300-723 K. All samples showed n-type conduction. The thermal conductivity of SmxCo4Sb12 was significantly depressed as com-pared to unfilled CoSb3. It was believed that Sm atoms "rattled" in the voids of structure and substantially affected the phonon propagation through the lattice. The dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, increased with increasing temperature and reached a maximum value of 0.81 for Sm0.5Co4Sb12 at 723 K.     

低浓度拜耳赤泥充填材料制备及水化机理

针对矿山充填中拜耳法赤泥利用率较低或低浓度赤泥充填材料存在强度低、泌水量高、易收缩等问题,研究粉煤灰添加比例、脱硫石膏、石灰及激发剂对赤泥充填材料早期强度及体积稳定性的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪（SEM-EDS）和X射线衍射（XRD）分析手段探讨赤泥基充填材料的水化机理。结果表明,脱硫石膏促进钙矾石的生成,石灰促进粉煤灰火山灰效应,激发剂可以加快赤泥?粉煤灰水化反应进程,三者协同作用提高赤泥充填体强度。充填材料28 d抗压强度3.35 MPa,且初始及60 min流动度在200 mm以上。微观实验表明,硬化体水化产物为钙矾石、硬柱石、硅铝酸盐凝胶类矿物,水化产物通过填充孔隙,提高浆体强度。赤泥基充填材料固体废弃物利用率达到92%,无泌水,无沉缩,具有较高的经济价值和环保价值。