储能技术在冷热电三联供系统中的研究现状与应用

冷热电三联供（CCHP）系统是利用一次能源或可再生能源发电,并通过多种余热回收设备高效利用余热,建立在能源的综合梯级利用基础上的产能系统。用户负荷动态变化及可再生能源输出不稳定会导致冷热电联供系统供、需侧能量不匹配,储能技术可有效解决该问题。本文总结了CCHP系统中储能技术类型及其研究现状,阐明了CCHP系统中电能储存和热能储存技术的应用方式。指出在传统能源与可再生能源相结合、供能系统越发复杂化的能源发展态势下,系统特性、配置优化和对不同场景制定出运行策略是储能技术与CCHP集成系统未来的研究方向。     

含复合储能的冷热电联供系统多目标运行优化研究

冷热电联供（combined cooling, heating and power, CCHP）系统是分布式能源系统发展的主流趋势,针对CCHP系统的能量调度问题,提出了储电、储热相结合的复合储能技术;为实现CCHP系统的运行优化控制,建立了CCHP系统拓扑架构、系统模型、多目标函数及约束条件,采用线性加权和法将多目标函数转化为单目标函数,利用遗传算法进行优化求解,并与不含复合储能的CCHP系统进行对比分析。结果表明：将复合储能引入CCHP系统,能有效降低系统运行成本和一次能源消耗量,提高系统节能率和削峰填谷能力,为CCHP系统的优化运行策略提供了较好的参考方法。     

冷热电三联供系统(CCHP)的优化研究进展

介绍了冷热电三联供系统(CCHP),阐述了国内外关于冷热电三联供(CCHP)的优化研究现状,基于对冷热电联供系统的分析,提出了优化方式研究的发展方向。     

基于压缩空气储能的新型冷热电联供系统性能研究

为了解决用户负荷需求在时间上的变动和传统冷热电联供（Combine Cooling, Heating & Power, CCHP）系统大部分时间处于非设计工况下运行导致系统的能源利用效率较低的问题,提出了一种耦合压缩空气储能系统（Compressed Air Energy Storage system, CAES）和蓄热装置的新型CCHP系统（CAES based CCHP system,CAES CCHP）,建立系统的热力学模型,在给定的充、放电工作条件下对CAES CCHP系统的热力学性能进行分析,并对影响该系统性能的CAES压气机压缩比、透平进气口压力、流经CAES的烟气质量流量3个关键参数进行敏感性分析。研究结果表明：CAES CCHP系统能实现冷热电灵活调控,且系统的CAES功转换效率为57.41%,一次能源利用率、一次节能率及火用效率分别为76.22%,24.84%和31.97%,比传统的CCHP系统分别提高10.97%,18.15%和7.58%。     

基于可靠性评估的冷热电三联产系统运行优化研究

在传统能源紧缺的背景下,发展冷热电三联产（CCHP）系统并提出兼顾可靠性的系统运行优化方案可在规避供需失衡风险的同时有效提高经济效益。本文提出基于可靠性评估的CCHP系统运行优化模型,在传统优化模型中引入可靠性约束,并以华东地区某宾馆为例,分析和评估了各可靠性水平下该宾馆不同季节典型日的供能设备逐时出力情况和运行费用。结果表明：随着可靠性水平的增加,用户的用能需求和CCHP系统的运行费用随之增加;系统可靠性水平的提高需要以成本支出为代价。     

考虑含多种可控负荷的社区冷热电联供系统协同优化调度

针对社区冷、热、电三联供(CCHP)系统需求侧可控负荷的用能特性,从满足一个调度周期内各时刻供需平衡的角度,建立了可控负荷以及各供能网络模型。以经济、环境等方面的综合运行成本最小为目标,最终建立了社区CCHP系统的日前优化调度模型。通过Matlab和Cplex求解器对算例中可控负荷的优化及各机组的出力进行求解,得到夏季典型日下3种场景的可控负荷参与优化调度的结果。算例仿真分析了对CCHP系统中可控负荷的优化调度在减少系统综合运行成本、减小负荷峰谷差值等方面的作用,验证了该优化调度模型的有效性。     

冷热电三联供（CCHP）分布式能源系统建模综述

冷热电三联供分布式能源系统(CCHP)由于其高效、清洁、可靠的优点在能源行业日益受到重视.系统建模是CCHP系统的重要研究方向.将基于不同层次的CCHP系统建模加以分析、总结,将建模目的与建模层次和建模方法联系起来,回顾了国内外CCHP系统建模研究现状.重点讨论了基于全系统的运行模型,并对典型建模过程加以阐述.最后根据CCHP系统自身特点,总结了科学的建模方法并对重点研究方向做出了展望.     

基于天然气内燃机发电机组的冷热电三联供系统设计与用能分析

燃用天然气的内燃机发电机组,在做功过程中除发电外,还会产生大量余热,有效利用余热资源可以提高内燃机发电机组的综合效率。结合现场需求,设计了利用烟气余热驱动制冷机组的方案,有助于提高冷热电三联供(CCHP)系统综合用能效益。对采用天然气发电机组的CCHP系统进行了结构设计与分析,进行了系统能量分析和?分析,实现能量的梯级利用。     

双碳背景下CCHP系统运行策略优化

冷热电三联供(combined cooling heating and power, CCHP)系统有着较高的一次能源利用率、较小的环境污染以及较高的经济性等优点,可有效减轻目前困扰全球的环境污染问题,是社会经济、环境可持续发展的需要,也被认为是实现双碳目标的手段之一。随着我国3060双碳目标的提出和国内碳交易市场的发展,碳排放问题势必会成为影响CCHP系统运行策略的一个重大因素。为解决在双碳背景下的CCHP系统运行策略优化问题,通过Matlab软件建立CCHP系统的数学模型,分别在碳排放价格与碳排放指标这2种不同约束条件下,以运行成本最低为目标,采用非线性规划法,优化CCHP系统的运行策略,并通过对某建筑的CCHP系统的负荷计算,验证了该数学模型在不同碳排放约束条件下都可很好地提供合适的运行策略,同时也为CCHP系统在双碳背景下的应用与发展提供了参考。     

微燃机CCHP系统经济性及节能性分析

以某微燃机为动力的冷热电联产成套系统为研究对象，分别对简单循环和回热循环微燃机进行性能匹配、经济测算和节能分析。当天然气价格越低，平均电价越高时，CCHP系统投资回收期越短，经济效益越好，相对于传统供能方案节省的运行费用越多。在目前国内常规能源价格条件下，简单循环比回热循环微燃机CCHP系统投资回收期更短，经济效益更优。简单循环微燃机CCHP系统年平均余热利用率、年平均能源综合利用率和节能率都高于国标要求值，系统节能性较好。回热循环微燃机CCHP系统除年平均余热利用率高于国标要求值外，年平均能源综合利用率和节能率略低于国标要求值，系统节能性一般。     

分布式冷热电联产系统的能量梯级利用率新准则

分布式冷热电联产系统评价准则对系统集成开拓与设计优化至关重要,传统的热效率、火用效率等难以全面科学地评估多供能系统性能特性,也不适于作为联产系统设计优化的目标函数。文章概述了目前常用的评价准则及其存在问题,基于热力学基本方程和联产系统的本质特征,提出了能量梯级利用率的评价准则。新准则从发电、制冷及供热等过程耗用能量的品位和生产产品的品质等来全面权衡不同能量转换利用过程的本质差异,并借助权重系数来综合量化描述。还结合实际的联产系统算例,对新准则和原有的评价准则进行比较分析。研究表明,该准则应用简便、合理、准确,为冷热电联产系统集成开拓与设计优化提供了一个更好的新准则。     

Energy management strategy and capacity optimization for CCHP system integrated with electric-thermal hybrid energy storage system

In order to improve the comprehensive energy utilization rate of combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed in this paper consisting of electric and thermal energy storage systems. And the overall optimization design and operation of CCHP system with HESS are the main problems to be solved in application. Therefore, the topology and the energy flow model of CCHP system with HESS are established and analyzed according to the energy conversion characteristics of the component equipment. Moreover, combined with five evaluative restrictions for HESS system, a rule-based energy management strategy is designed to realize the decoupling regulation of electric energy and thermal energy in CCHP system. On this basis, a multi-objective optimization model is studied by taking the indicators of annual cost ratio, the primary energy consumption ratio, and loss energy ratio, and then the capacity parameters are optimized by particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSOA). Finally, a case is carried out to compare the energy allocation situations and capacity optimization results between CCHP system with HESS and CCHP system with single thermal energy storage system (ST). Results show that the capacity of ICE is reduced by 34%, and the annual cost and the primary energy consumption are saved about 7.69% and 18.47%, respectively, demonstrating that HESS has better optimization effect and applicable for small-scale CCHP system.     

The effect of an energy storage unit on the performance micro CCHP systems

分布式冷热电联供系统作为传统分布式供能系统的延伸,在继承传统系统能量分级利用优点的同时,其供能效率和经济性都有很大的提升。为保证系统冷、热、电负荷按照既定的规律变化,维持能量的输出与负荷需求相匹配,确保较高的运行效率,创新地加入储能子系统。本文通过定性分析的方法,针对储能子系统在分布式冷热电联供系统中的作用展开讨论,结合微型冷热电联供系统的模拟结果,对储能子系统进行初步的设计和计算,证明储能子系统的加入对分布式冷热电联供系统的效率和稳定性均有提升。     

A linear programming optimization model for optimal operation strategy design and sizing of the CCHP systems

Combined cooling, heat, and power (CCHP) system offers numerous potential advantages for the supply of energy to residential buildings in the sense of improved energy efficiency and reduced environmental burdens. To realize the potential for being more beneficial, however, such systems must reduce total costs relative to conventional systems. In this study, a linear programming optimization model was presented for optimum planning and sizing of CCHP systems. The purpose of the model is to give the design of the CCHP system by considering electrical chiller and absorption chiller simultaneously in economic viewpoint. A numerical study was conducted in Tehran to evaluate the CCHP system model. The linear programming (LP) model determines the optimal sizes of the CCHP equipment by considering capital cost of the system. It showed that by considering electricity buyback, the optimum size of the electrical chiller decrease and the optimum size of the combined heat and power (CHP) unit and the absorption chiller increase dramatically with respect to without electricity buyback. Also, the LP model determines the optimal operation strategy of the system by neglecting capital cost. The optimally operated CCHP system encompassing electrical and absorption chiller could result in an 18% decrease in operating cost when compared to a CHP system encompassing electrical chiller only. Without electricity buyback, the profitability of CCHP was 23%, while with electricity buyback, profitability became 39%. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to show how the important parameters affect the entire system performance.     

Combined cooling, heating and power: A review

Combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) systems, including various technologies, provide an alternative for the world to meet and solve energy-related problems, such as energy shortages, energy supply security, emission control, the economy and conservation of energy, etc. In the first part of this paper, the definition and benefits of CCHP systems are clarified; then the characteristics of CCHP technologies—especially technical performances—are presented, as well as the status of utilization and developments. In the third part, diverse CCHP configurations of existing technologies are presented, particularly four typical systems of various size ranges. The worldwide status quo of CCHP development is briefly introduced by dividing the world into four main sections: the US, Europe, Asia and the Pacific and rest of the world. It is concluded that, within decades, promising CCHP technologies can flourish with the cooperative efforts of governments, energy-related enterprises and professional associations.     

冷热电三联供系统的优化研究

冷热电联供系统主要应用于大型集中性供能系统中。作为分布式能源的一种,冷热电联供系统具有节约能源、改善环境、提高电力综合效益的优势。一般情况下,三联供系统是以天然气为燃料带动燃气轮机、微燃机或内燃机发电机等燃气发电设备运行,产生的电力供应用户的电力需求,系统发电后排出的余热通过余热回收利用设备(余热锅炉或者余热直燃机等)向用户供热、供冷。通过这种方式提高整个系统的一次能源利用率,实现能源的梯级利用,还可以提供并网电力作能源互补,经济收益和效率均得以提升。研究较为常见的燃气轮机中的一种蒸汽型吸收式冷热电联产系统,对不同配置方式和运行方式进行横向与纵向交叉比较,以完成系统优化研究。     

联合循环热电冷三联供系统的热经济性分析

燃气—蒸汽联合循环的热电冷三联供系统是一种崭新的能量供应系统,它实现了能量的梯级利用。本文在联合循环的热电冷三联供系统基础上,从总热效率、效率和经济效率三个方面并结合具体实例对系统进行了热经济性计算和分析。     

Optimal design and 4E assessment of typical combined cooling,heating and power systems considering the effects of energy price fluctuation

Although as an advanced energy utilization approach, the performance of combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system is susceptible to its configuration and operation strategy. Energy price will also affect the system performance indirectly by influencing the system's design scheme. In this paper, a linear programming (LP) based optimization model is formulated to obtain the optimal design scheme that minimizes the annual total cost of typical CCHP systems, and a comprehensive assessment framework involving economic, energy, exergy, and ecological (4E) aspects is established to assess the system performance roundly. Taking a CCHP project in Xian, China as the specific case, the design and assessment of the CCHP system are completed and sensitivity analyses for two steps, namely configuration design step and operation strategy design step, are carried out to explore the impacts of energy price fluctuation on the design scheme and performance of the system. In this process, the coupling relationship between the purchase price of natural gas and electricity are considered, and as a special form of energy price, the effects of the feed‐in tariff are also discussed. The results show that the performance of the CCHP system is superior to the separate generation (SG) system in 4E aspects, reducing the running and maintenance cost, primary energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions by 18.63%, 24.77%, and 31.88%, respectively, and promoting the exergy efficiency by 30.87%. The feed‐in tariff lower than or equal to the electricity price will have positive effects on the overall performance of the CCHP system, and a lower natural gas price and a higher electricity price are benefit for playing the advantages of the system.