Variation in genome organization of the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

The effects of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists on ethanol intake were examined in the selectively bred alcohol-preferring P line of rats under continuous and limited access to 10% (v/v) ethanol with food and water ad lib. Single daily injections of either MDL 72222 (MDL) or ICS 205-930 (ICS) (0.01-3.0 mg/kg, SC) given 60 min before a 4-h scheduled access period for 4 consecutive days failed at all doses to alter the intake of a 10% (v/v) ethanol solution by P rats. However, multiple daily injections of either MDL (1-3 mg/kg, SC) or ICS (3.0 and 5.0 mg/kg, SC), given three times daily at 4-h intervals, significantly reduced ethanol intake under 24-h free-choice conditions on the first treatment day. Additionally, a single administration of 1.0 mg/kg MDL reduced 24-h free-choice ethanol intake by approximately 50% of control values and had no effect on 24-h saccharin intake. The effects of MDL were further examined in a 2-h schedule access paradigm in which rats received the access period at the same time every day (Fixed) or randomly during the dark cycle (Variable). Although 1.0 mg/kg MDL had little effect on ethanol drinking in the Fixed group, ethanol intake was reduced by 55% of control levels in the Variable group. Overall, the data indicate that drinking conditions influence the effectiveness of 5-HT3 antagonists to reduce ethanol consumption. Furthermore, the results suggest that conditions, associated with limited access ethanol drinking, markedly reduce the actions of 5-HT3 antagonists on ethanol intake.     

Identification of a gene product induced by hard-surface contact of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides conidia as a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme by yeast complementation

The germinating conidia of many phytopathogenic fungi on hosts must differentiate into an infection structure called the appressorium in order to penetrate their hosts. Chemical signals, such as the host's surface wax or fruit ripening hormone, ethylene, trigger germination and appressorium formation of the avocado pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides only after the conidia are in contact with a hard surface. What role this contact plays is unknown. Here, we describe isolation of genes expressed during the early stage of hard-surface treatment by a differential-display method and report characterization of one of these cloned genes, chip1 (Colletotrichum hard-surface induced protein 1 gene), which encodes a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. RNA blots clearly showed that it is induced by hard-surface contact and that ethylene treatment enhanced this induction. The predicted open reading frame (ubc1Cg) would encode a 16.2-kDa ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, which shows 82% identity to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae UBC4-UBC5 E2 enzyme, comprising a major part of total ubiquitin-conjugating activity in stressed yeast cells. UBC1Cg can complement the proteolysis deficiency of the S. cerevisiae ubc4 ubc5 mutant, indicating that ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation is involved in conidial germination and appressorial differentiation.     

Identification of a supernumerary der(18) chromosome by a rational strategy for the cytogenetic typing of small marker chromosomes with chromosome-specific DNA probes

Seventy-two patients underwent splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura between 1979 and 1990. Mean age at splenectomy was 36.4 years (range 11-73). Indications for splenectomy were corticodependence in 21 cases and resistance to steroids in 44 cases. Thirty-five patients had platelet kinetic studies by 51Cr alloplatelets; 22 of them had splenic sequestration. Hematologic results were evaluated on discharge, at 3 months and in the long term (median follow-up 5.4 years). We had no mortality, morbidity was seen in 7% of the cases. None of the patients suffered from secondary infectious complications. 89% had good results on discharge (> 120 x 10(9)/l), 72.6% at 3 months and 90% on long-term follow-up. Factors associated with good response to splenectomy included a high postoperative platelet count (more than 120 x 10(9)/l on discharge), younger age at the time of surgery, preoperative corticodependence and predominantly splenic sequestration.     

Prenatal diagnosis of supernumerary chromosome derivative (22) due to maternal balanced translocation in association with diaphragmatic hernia: a case report

An aneuploid fetus was detected prenatally by cordocentesis at 27 weeks' gestation following ultrasonographic diagnosis of severe fetal growth retardation and a large diaphragmatic hernia. The fetal karyotype was revealed to be 47,XX,der(22)t(11;22)(q23.3;q11.2) after parental bloods confirmed a balanced reciprocal translocation in the mother. Approximately 85 cases with an unbalanced karyotype 47,XX(or XY),+der(22),t(11;22) due to 3:1 meiotic disjunction in the parental translocation carrier have been reported in the world literature and only one of them was diagnosed prenatally. This is the first detailed case report of a supernumerary derivative (22) chromosome abnormality diagnosed prenatally in association with diaphragmatic hernia.     

Evidence incompatible with a cognitive compatibility theory of rating behavior.

Assessed the cognitive complexity of 96 undergraduates with the group version of the Role Construct Repertory (REP) Test, a factor analysis of REP test data, and a sorting task. Performance ratings for 3 of the Ss' instructors were obtained with behaviorally anchored rating scales, mixed standard rating scales, graphic rating scales, and simple "alternate" 3-point rating scales. No differences in leniency, halo, or range restriction emerged either as a function of raters' cognitive complexity or a Cognitive Complexity?×?Scale Format interaction. Raters' confidence in their ratings was not associated with either cognitive complexity or rating scale format. It is concluded that researchers of performance ratings should exercise restraint before confidently conferring moderator variable status on a cognitive complexity construct. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Transfer of loads between lumbar tissues during the flexion-relaxation phenomenon

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study used an anatomically detailed model of the lumbar tissues, driven from biologic signals of vertebral displacement and myoelectric signals, to estimate individual muscle and passive tissue force-time histories during the performance of the "flexion-relaxation" maneuver. Eight male university students performed three trials each of the "flexion-relaxation" maneuver with six pairs of surface myoelectric electrodes monitoring the right side of the trunk musculature, an electromagnetic device to record lumbar flexion, and videotape to record body segment displacement. OBJECTIVES: To examine the loads on individual tissues during the transfer of moment support responsibility from predominantly active muscle to predominantly passive tissue. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: No previous studies, to the authors' knowledge, have examined individual tissue loading during the flexion-relaxation maneuver. RESULTS: Although most subjects were able to "relax" their lumbar extensors in full flexion, activity remained in the thoracic extensors and abdominals. Tissue load predictions suggested that while the lumbar extensor muscles were neurally "relaxed" (i.e., myoelectric silence), substantial elastic forces would assist the passive tissues in extensor moment support. On average, subjects sustained almost 3 kN in compressive load on the lumbar spine and about 755 N of anterior shear during full flexion with only 8 kg held in the hands. CONCLUSIONS: The "relaxation" of lumbar extensor muscles appeared to occur only in an electrical sense because they generated substantial force elastically through stretching. Loading of the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments, in particular, was high relative to their failure tolerance.     

关于AutoCAD与CAXA电子图板之间图形转换问题的探讨

针对AutoCAD与CAXA软件之间的数据交换模式，分析了图形转换之后出现的属性问题及信息丢失与歧义问题，并提出了相应的处理措施。     

Mosaicism for a small supernumerary ring X chromosome in a dysmorphic, growth-retarded male: mos47,XXY/48,XXY, +r(X)

Supernumerary ring X [r(X)] chromosomes are often found in patients with Turner syndrome. The phenotypic effects of the r(X) chromosome are variable, and largely depend on the presence or absence of the X inactivation (XIST) locus. Ring(X) chromosomes in males are rare and have been previously reported in only four cases, with 47,XY, + r(X) or mos47,XY, +r(X)/46,XY karyotypes. These patients all had developmental delay and dysmorphic features. We describe a 2.5-year-old male patient with facial dysmorphia, growth retardation, microcephaly, global developmental delay, and microphallus. Cytogenetic analysis from peripheral blood lymphocytes and fibroblasts identified mosaicism for two cell lines: mos48,XXY, + r(?X)/47,XXY. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with an X chromosome paint showed the ring chromosome to be X chromosome derived. This is the first case of an r(X) chromosome described in a 47,XXY patient. FISH analysis of the r(X) chromosome with an XIST probe showed that the XIST locus was absent. Functional disomy of genes in the r(X) chromosome most likely accounts for the abnormal phenotype in the proband.     

Genetic heterogeneity of clinical strains of Yersinia enterocolitica traced by ribotyping and relationships between ribotypes, serotypes, and biotypes

A series of 74 Yersinia enterocolitica clinical strains collected in a Spanish region and 10 reference strains, assigned to nine serotypes and five biotypes, were analyzed by ribotyping procedures. Riboprobing, performed separately with HindIII and BglI and using an rrn operon as the probe, generated 13 and 11 ribotypes (discrimination index [DI] = 0.56 and 0.55), respectively. PCR ribotyping, performed with primers complementary to conserved regions of 16S and 23S rRNA genes, generated 13 ribotypes (DI = 0. 56). A combination of data from the three procedures allowed for further discrimination into 17 combined ribotypes (DI = 0.83). The dendrogram obtained by cluster analysis of data from riboprobing indicated a high heterogeneity of the ribosomal DNA regions of the strains under study (similarities between 10 and 92%), which were grouped into three clusters at a similarity level of 0.32. The major cluster included 10 branches, and 7 of these formed a subcluster (similarity coefficient, >83%) represented by strains of serotype O:3 and biotype 2, 3, or 4. The second cluster included four branches, represented by strains belonging to seven non-O:3 serotypes, biotypes 1A and 2, and two of these branches included pyrazinamidase-positive as well as pyrazinamidase-negative strains. The remaining three branches, represented by O:3-biotype 4 strains, formed a third cluster weakly related to the others. Data from this study showed that Y. enterocolitica O:3 organisms assigned to a prevalent and endemic lineage and non-O:3 organisms assigned to three other less-frequent lineages are circulating and causing human disease in the Spanish region under study.     

Concomitant occurrence of hypodontia and supernumerary teeth in a patient with Down syndrome

BACKGROUND: Birth asphyxia is a major cause of neonatal mortality. An understanding of the determinants of mortality among asphyxiated neonates will help formulate effective management protocols. METHODS: One hundred and fifty consecutive neonates with birth asphyxia (apnoea or gasping respiration at 1-minute of age) were prospectively studied. The association of the outcome variable, namely, mortality before discharge, was documented in relation to a number of clinically important risk factors. RESULTS: The neonatal mortality of 24.7% (37/150) among asphyxiated neonates was 34.5-times compared to that of the non-asphyxiated population (p < 0.001). The mortality rates in preterm-and term-asphyxiated neonates were 47.8% and 6%, respectively (p < 0.0001). The relative risk of mortality increased progressively with increased birth-weight. On univariate analysis, prematurity, low birth-weight, respiratory distress, severity of asphyxia, hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, apnoea, acidosis and seizures were found to be significant risk factors of death. However, on step wise regression analysis, prematurity emerged as the most significant determinant of mortality. The highest positive predictive value (58.3%) for mortality was documented for hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. CONCLUSION: A significant reduction in mortality among asphyxiated neonates will require aggressive management of prematurity-related neonatal complications and hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy.     

Isoenzyme analysis of Arthrobotrys, a nematode-trapping fungus

Extraction and isoenzyme analysis of four isolates of Arthrobotrys including A. musiformis, A. robusta and A. conoides were conducted. Among the 14 enzymes studied by starch gel electrophoresis, using morpholine-citrate as gel/electrode buffer, the following nine enzymes showed interpretable banding patterns: alpha-esterase, fumarase, hexokinase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase, malate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and phosphoglucoisomerase. All isolates studied displayed typical isoenzyme phenotypes for each species. Two isolates of A. conoides differed in their alpha-isoesterase banding patterns, but no differences were observed for the other enzymes. The assay was satisfactory for enzyme extraction and resolution of Arthrobotrys and could be used in future taxonomic and genetic studies of this organism.     

Four single-tooth implants as supernumerary premolars in the treatment of diastemas and microdontia: report of a case

The osseointegration concept involving single-tooth implants has become a valuable treatment component in many orthodontic situations. This case report illustrates the use of single-tooth implants as supernumerary teeth in the treatment of diastemas.     

Purification and characterization of a feruloyl esterase from the fungus Penicillium expansum

An extracellular phenolic acid esterase produced by the fungus Penicillium expansum in solid state culture released ferulic and rho-coumaric acid from methyl esters of the acids, and from the phenolic-carbohydrate esters O-[5-O-(trans-feruloyl)-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl]-(1-->3)-O-beta- D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-D-xylopyranose (FAXX) and O-[5-O-((E)-rho-coumaroyl)-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl]- (1-->3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-D-xylopyranose (PAXX). The esterase was purified 360-fold in successive steps involving ultrafiltration and column chromatography by gel filtration, anion exchange and hydrophobic interaction. These chromatographic methods separated the phenolic acid esterase from alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase, pectate and pectin lyase, polygalacturonase, xylanase and beta-D-xylosidase activities. The phenolic acid esterase had an apparent mass of 65 kDa under non-denaturing conditions and a mass of 57.5 kDa under denaturing conditions. Optimal pH and temperature were 5.6 and 37 degrees C, respectively and the metal ions Cu2+ and Fe3+ at concentrations of 5 mmol 1-1 inhibited feruloyl esterase activity by 95% and 44%, respectively, at the optimum pH and temperature. The apparent Km and Vmax of the purified feruloyl esterase for methyl ferulate at pH 5.6 and 37 degrees C were 2.6 mmol 1-1 and 27.1 mumol min-1 mg-1. The corresponding constants of rho-coumaroyl esterase for methyl coumarate were 2.9 mmol 1-1 and 18.6 mumol min-1 mg-1.     

Water clear cell hyperplasia of parathyroid: autopsy report of a case with supernumerary glands

An unusual case of primary hyperparathyroidism involving six parathyroid glands is reported. Despite markedly elevated parathormone levels, neoplastic features were not found. This patient also had ovarian dysgenesis and hypertrophy and clear cell appearance of the salivary glands.     

Meta-analogical transfer: Transfer between episodes of analogical reasoning.

Meta-analogical transfer (i.e., transfer due to forming an analogy between analogies) was demonstrated in 4 experiments. Results suggest that the basis of meta-analogical transfer was transfer of predicate mappings (mappings of the concepts used to represent analogies) between separate episodes of analogical reasoning. Episodes of letter-string analogy problem solving of the form "If abc were changed into abd, how would you change kji in the same way?" were used. In Experiment 1 participants generated solutions in 2 separate analogical reasoning episodes. Order of presentation effects provided evidence of transfer of predicate mappings. Experiments 2a and 2b reinforced these findings, demonstrating transfer when mappings for the 1st analogy were directly manipulated by having participants justify an answer to the 1st analogy. Experiment 3 demonstrated that a mapping of nonidentical predicates (successor to predecessor) can also be transferred. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Transfer of training between quickened and unquickened tracking systems.

Positive transfer of training was found to occur in switching from unquickened (knowledge of results delayed due to a loose display-control relationship) tracking system to a quickened (knowledge of results is instantaneous) tracking system, or in switching from a quickened to an unquickened system. Different amounts of training provided no difference in the extent of transfer, however, and transfer between the two systems was not complete. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)