Erosion–corrosion characteristic of nano‐particulates reinforced Ni–Cr–Mo–Cu surface alloying layer in acidic flow and acidic slurry flow

In order to improve the corrosion and erosion–corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel in engineering application, two kinds of composite alloying layers were prepared by a duplex treatment, consisting of Ni/nano‐SiC and Ni/nano‐SiO₂ predeposited by brush plating, respectively, and a subsequent surface alloying with Ni–Cr–Mo–Cu by double glow process. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed on the two kinds of composite alloying layer using 10 wt% HCl solution to assess the corrosion behavior. Erosion–corrosion tests were carried out by erosion–corrosion test rig in acidic flow and acidic slurry flow for test time of 20 h at four different rotational speeds. Results of electrochemical tests indicated that the corrosion resistance of composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano‐SiO₂ particles interlayer approximated to that of single Ni‐based alloying layer, whereas the corrosion resistance of the composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano‐SiC particles interlayer was apparently inferior to that of Ni‐based alloying layer in 10 wt% HCl solution at static state. Under the conditions of acidic flow and acidic slurry flow, the mass losses of tested samples increased with increase in the time of erosion–corrosion tests and the rotational speeds of samples. The mass losses of composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano‐SiO₂ particles interlayer were lower than that of single Ni‐based alloying layer at all rotational speeds, except at 1.88 m/s in acidic flow. The mass losses of composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano‐SiC particles interlayer were higher than that of single Ni‐based alloying layer at all rotational speeds, but were obviously lower than that of AISI 316L stainless steel. The influences of second phase on the corrosion and erosion–corrosion of the two kinds of composite alloying layer were discussed in this paper.     

纳米颗粒增强Ni基复合镀渗层的腐蚀与

采用复合镀渗工艺,对316L不锈钢表面刷镀的两种纳米陶瓷颗粒(非晶纳米SiO2(n-SiO2)和纳米SiC(n-SiC)颗粒)增强的复合镀层进行双辉Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu多元共渗处理,成功地在316L不锈钢表面制备了纳米颗粒增强Ni基合金层。利用XRD、SEM和TEM对两种复合镀渗层的微观组织进行观察,采用极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和冲刷腐蚀试验对两种复合镀渗层的耐蚀性和耐冲蚀性能进行研究。对两种颗粒增强的复合镀渗层的微观组织分析结果表明:在双辉多元共渗工艺(1000℃)条件下,电刷镀含n-SiO2颗粒的复合镀渗层中的SiO2颗粒仍保持非晶态;而电刷镀含n-SiC颗粒的复合镀渗层中的SiC颗粒已完全分解并与基体合金元素发生反应,导致在晶内析出三元硅化物Cr6.5Ni2.5Si和沿晶界析出碳化物Cr23C6。在3.5%NaCl(质量分数,下同)溶液中的电化学腐蚀实验结果表明:SiO2颗粒增强的复合镀渗层存在明显的钝化区,点蚀电位和维钝电流密度与Ni基合金渗层的十分接近,而电刷镀含SiC颗粒增强的复合镀渗层处于活化状态,但其耐蚀性能仍略强于不锈钢;两种复合镀渗层的EIS图谱均呈现单容抗弧特征,与Ni基合金渗...     

Effect of nano-Al2O3 on erosion–corrosion behaviour of composite alloying layer under two phase flow conditions

Abstract

The present study was focused on understanding the effect of the added nano-Al₂O₃ on erosion–corrosion behaviour of composite alloying layer. The nano-Al₂O₃ reinforced composite alloying layer was prepared by duplex surface treatment, which consisted of Ni/nano-Al₂O₃ predeposited by brush plating and a subsequent surface alloying with Ni–Cr–Mo–Cu by double glow process on the surface of AISI 316L stainless steel. Current response with applied potential, potentiodynamic polarisation curve, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and weight loss techniques were applied to evaluate the erosion–corrosion behaviour of composite alloying layer compared with the single alloying layer and 316L stainless steel under hydrodynamic conditions. Results of electrochemical measurements showed that the erosion–corrosion resistance of composite alloying layer was lower than that of single alloying layer when the rotating velocity of tested samples was below 2·51 m s^?1, whereas the erosion–corrosion resistance of composite alloying layer was higher than that of single alloying layer when the rotating velocity of tested samples above 2·51 m s^?1. The weight loss rate studies and surface analysis suggested that the dispersive undissolved nano-Al₂O₃ particles and γ′ prime (Ni₃Al) phase were helpful to improve the erosion–corrosion resistance of composite alloying layer at high rotational speed, though the γ′ prime phase was deleterious to corrosion resistance of composite alloying layer.     

双辉多元共渗与电刷镀复合表面耐蚀渗镀层的研究

在20钢表面电刷镀快速Ni层作为过渡层，然后采用双层辉光离子技术将Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu合金进行多元共渗，对形成的复合镀层在5%HCl溶液中进行了电化学腐蚀性能测试，利用XRD，扫描电镀以及EDX对渗层的组织结构和合金元素及碳元素在渗层中的分布进行了分析，结果表明；预先刷镀快速Ni镀层再进行双层辉光多元渗Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu的复合渗镀层的耐蚀性能明显优于双辉多元渗Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu以及单独电刷镀Ni镀层的耐蚀性能，分析认为，由于双辉多元共渗中的温度效应，使层复合渗镀层具有较好的耐蚀性能。     

304不锈钢表面Ni-Al2O3复合镀层制备及性能研究

采用复合电沉积法在304奥氏体不锈钢表面制备Ni-Al₂O₃纳米镀层. 研究了Al₂O₃颗粒在复合镀层中的分布情况, 确定了镀液中颗粒的最佳加入量、最佳电流强度和最佳搅拌速度. 用扫描电镜和能谱仪、X射线衍射仪等设备鉴定镀层显微组织与组成. 结果表明, Ni-Al₂O₃纳米复合镀层均匀、致密、晶粒细小; 复合镀层结合强度、耐腐蚀性能优良, 抗高温氧化性能优于纯镍镀层.     

电刷镀Ni-W过渡层与离子镀TiN复合涂层的结合力和磨损特性

研究了3Cr2W8V基体电刷镀Ni-W过渡层和离子镀TiN复合涂层的结合力及强化机理.利用XRD、SEM和TEM分析了涂层结构,用划痕法测定了涂层结合力,并测定和分析了涂层的磨损特性.结果表明由于TiN沉积过程中的温度效应,混合晶态的电刷镀Ni-W层发生晶化和析出强化,并形成界面扩散层和双层复合,从而使TiN复合涂层的结合力和硬度明显提高;Ni-W过渡层对TiN涂层起有力的支撑作用.Ni-W与TiN复合涂层的耐磨性优于TiN单层.     

不锈钢表面Cr-Pd合金电沉积及镀层在强还原性介质中的耐蚀性

通过选择络合剂、缓冲剂及采用方波脉冲电流和优化电镀工艺, 在酸性镀液中实现了Cr-Pd共镀, 并在不锈钢表面制备出均匀致密且与基体结合良好的Cr-Pd合金镀层. 通过改变镀液中铬盐和钯盐的相对含量, 可以大范围改变镀层成分. Cr-Pd合金镀层可显著提高不锈钢在高温还原性腐蚀介质中的耐蚀性, 在沸腾的20%(质量分数)H₂SO₄溶液中, Cr-Pd合金镀层使316L不锈钢的腐蚀速率降低了4个数量级以上. 镀层中的Cr和Pd对致钝具有协同促进作用, 当镀层中含有2.5%Pd(质量分数)时即具有明显的促进钝化效果, 含33.3%Pd镀层对不锈钢的保护效果与纯Pd镀层相当.     

The corrosion resistance of ultra-low carbon bainitic steel

The corrosion resistance of ultra-low carbon bainitic (ULCB) steel was compared with a weathering steel 09CuPCrNi through accelerated corrosion tests. The results indicated that the corrosion resistance was almost the same for ULCB and 09CuPCrNi based on the weight loss. It can be seen that the grain refinement did not deteriorate corrosion resistance property. The homogeneous microstructure, lower carbon content and random distributing ∑3 boundary could effectively increase the corrosion resistance of the ULCB steel. The characteristics of the rust layers indicated that the inner rust layer contained nanocrystalline Fe_3−xO₄ particles, while copper and chromium alloying additions were enriched at the rust layer and substrate interface in ULCB steel. These factors played important roles in forming a compact protective rust layer.     

Al2O3–TiO2 composite coatings with enhanced anticorrosion properties for 316L stainless steel

316L stainless steel is used as an important structural material in various industries. However, its service life is limited in the presence of chloride ions due to severe chemical corrosion. Herein, a facile radiofrequency magnetron sputtering process is reported for the synthesis of various Al₂O₃–TiO₂ composite coatings as an anticorrosion layer for 316L stainless steel substrates. The enhanced chemical stability of Al₂O₃–TiO₂ composite coatings was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and X-ray diffraction measurements. Moreover, the high specific surface area of Al₂O₃–TiO₂ composite coatings displayed better hydrophobic property which can be confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements. Finally, the direct characterization of anticorrosion properties was carried out using electrochemical tests. All of the above results exhibited the enhanced anticorrosion properties of Al₂O₃ coating after the incorporation of TiO₂. Significantly, the Al₂O₃–TiO₂ composite coatings with 15.56% Ti content provided the best corrosion resistance for 316L stainless steel.     

Dissolution mechanism of 316L in lead–bismuth eutectic at 500 °C

In the frame of the Accelerator Driven System (ADS) cooled by liquid lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE), the austenitic stainless steel 316L is considered as a possible structural material for the reactor. However, the corrosion of 316L in this liquid alloy environment can be substantial, especially when a dissolution process occurs. In order to understand the dissolution process and to obtain a modelling of the 316L corrosion rate by LBE, an experimental dissolution kinetics of 316L is carried out in stagnant LBE at 500 °C up to 3000 h. A Ni preferential dissolution of the 316L is observed, leading to the formation of a ferritic layer at the 316L surface. A discussion on the various steps occurring in dissolution process leads to the conclusion that only the Ni dissolution reaction rate can control the 316L dissolution kinetics. The dissolution reaction rate constant, k_d, calculated from this study experimental points is equal to 4.2 × 10⁻¹¹ mol cm⁻² s⁻¹.     

Corrosion behaviour of Lotus-type porous high nitrogen nickel-free stainless steels

Corrosion behaviour of three austenitic Lotus-type porous high nitrogen Ni-free stainless steels exposed to an acidic chloride solution has been investigated by electrochemical tests and weight loss measurements. Polarization resistance indicates that the corrosion rate of Lotus-type porous high nitrogen Ni-free stainless steels is an order of magnitude lower than that of Lotus-type porous 316L stainless steel in acidic environment. The localised corrosion resistance of the investigated high nitrogen Ni-free stainless steels, measured as pitting potential, E_b, also resulted to be higher than that of type 316L stainless steel. The influences of porous structure, surface finish and nitrogen addition on the corrosion behaviour were discussed.     

相对流速对316L钢焊缝在液态铅铋合金中腐蚀行为的影响

在核工业领域,316L不锈钢因其优异的性能常被作为核用钢种,液态铅铋合金常作为加速器次临界驱动系统(ADS)的冷却剂,高速流动的液态铅铋合金(LBE)会对316L不锈钢焊缝造成氧化腐蚀,同时氧化腐蚀后的产物也会对液态LBE造成污染,所以研究316L不锈钢焊缝在液态铅铋合金中的腐蚀行为具有重要意义. 文中对比研究了使用母材作为焊丝进行TIG焊的316L不锈钢焊缝在550 ℃动态(相对流速为1.70,2.31,2.98 m/s)液态LBE中的耐腐蚀性能,试验时间为1 500 h. 结果表明,三组试样都生成了双氧化层,外氧化层主要为Fe₃O₄,内氧化层主要为FeCr₂O₄,内氧化层相对于外氧化层较致密;随着流速的提高,元素的传质过程变快,氧化腐蚀加剧,内氧化层增厚.     

Corrosion properties of active screen plasma nitrided 316 austenitic stainless steel

AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel has been plasma nitrided using the active screen plasma nitriding (ASPN) technique. Corrosion properties of the untreated and AS plasma nitrided 316 steel have been evaluated using various techniques, including qualitative evaluation after etching in 50%HCl + 25%HNO₃ + 25%H₂O, weight loss measurement after immersion in 10% HCl, and anodic polarisation tests in 3.5% NaCl solution. The results showed that the untreated 316 stainless steel suffered severe localised pitting and crevice corrosion under the testing conditions. AS plasma nitriding at low temperature (420 °C) produced a single phase nitrided layer of nitrogen expanded austenite (S-phase), which considerably improved the corrosion properties of the 316 austenitic stainless steel. In contrast, AS plasma nitriding at a high temperature (500 °C) resulted in chromium nitride precipitation so that the bulk of the nitrided case had very poor corrosion resistance. However, a thin deposition layer on top of the nitrided case, which seems to be unique to AS plasma nitriding, could have alleviated the corrosion attack of the higher temperature nitrided 316 steel.     

工艺条件对镍基-Al2O3颗粒复合电刷镀层性能的影响

为了研究电刷镀复合镀层的工艺条件(颗粒粒径和搅拌方式)对镀层性能的影响,采用不同粒径的Al2O3颗粒和超声波震荡、机械震荡两种搅拌方式,在45钢基体上制备了几种镍基-Al2O3颗粒复合电刷镀层,对比分析了镀层的表面形貌及组织成分、耐腐蚀性能、与基体的结合力以及硬度等.结果表明:Al2O3的粒度越小,镀层表面的微观组织越...     

Determination of corrosion potential of coated hollow spheres

Copper hollow spheres were created on porous iron particles by electro-less deposition. The consequent Ni plating was applied to improve the mechanical properties of copper hollow micro-particles. Corrosion properties of coated hollow spheres were investigated using potentiodynamic polarisation method in 1 mol dm⁻³ NaCl solution. Surface morphology and composition were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy (LM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Original iron particles, uncoated copper spheres and iron particles coated with nickel were studied as the reference materials. The effect of particle composition, particularly Ni content on the corrosion potential value was investigated. The results indicated that an increase in the amount of Ni coating layer deteriorated corrosion resistivity of coated copper spheres. Amount of Ni coating layer depended on conditions of Ni electrolysis, mainly on electrolysis time and current intensity. Corrosion behaviour of sintered particles was also explored by potentiodynamic polarisation experiments for the sake of comparison. Formation of iron rich micro-volumes on the particle surface during sintering caused the corrosion potential shift towards more negative values. A detailed study of the morphological changes between non-sintered and sintered micro-particles provided explanation of differences in corrosion potential (E_corr).     

利用双层辉光等离子技术进行镍基耐蚀合金表面合金化的研究

研究了在 2 0钢和不锈钢基材上 ,利用双层辉光离子渗金属技术进行Ni Cr Mo Cu多元共渗表面合金化 ,采用电化学方法对两种基材表面形成的渗层在 5 %HCl中的腐蚀性能进行了测定。结果表明 :在两种基材上都能得到类似于源极HastelloyC - 2 0 0 0合金的表面合金渗层 ,在不锈钢表面上形成的渗层的耐蚀性能接近HastelloyC - 2 0 0 0合金并且优于Alloy 5 9合金 ,在 2 0钢表面上形成的渗层耐蚀性能优于不锈钢Cr18Ni9     

Effects of surface nanocrystallization on the oxide film formed on 316LN stainless steel in a high-temperature aqueous environment

A newly developed technology, rotationally accelerated shot peening (RASP), was used to produce the nanocrystals on the surface of 316LN stainless steel. The effect of surface nanocrystallization on the oxide film properties of the steel in a high temperature and high-pressure aqueous environment was studied. It was found that the outer layer of the oxide film consisted of NiFe₂O₄ with a loose spinel structure. The inner layer distributed tiny Cr₂O₃ particles compactly. The oxide films that grew on the RASP-treated 316LN showed thicker and denser with higher corrosion resistance than on the as-received steel. The nanostructures produced by RASP enhanced the formation of the superior oxide film. However, the deformation defects caused by RASP were harmful to the corrosion resistance. The results in this paper provide an easy way to enhance the corrosion resistance of the steel served in a high-temperature aqueous environment.     

新型热扩散法制备耐海洋环境腐蚀钢筋及其耐蚀性

通过热扩散工艺在自行研制的钢筋原坯表面形成一层化学成分满足不锈钢要求且耐蚀性能优异的"类不锈钢"表面层。采用XRD、SEM及EDS对热扩散层的相结构、表面形貌和截面成分分布进行了分析和表征。通过浸泡加速腐蚀试验、动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱研究了HRB400、316L以及"类不锈钢"钢筋试样在含氯离子混凝土模拟孔隙液中的腐蚀行为及规律。结果表明,热扩散层主要由Cr_(23)C_6、Fe-Cr和Cr_2N等相组成。在含有氯离子的混凝土模拟孔隙液中,"类不锈钢"钢筋的耐蚀性比HRB400提高了287.4倍,比316L提高了1.4倍。"类不锈钢"钢筋的腐蚀电流密度是HRB400的1/299,是316L的1/223。"类不锈钢"钢筋的极化电阻R_p值是HRB400的28.7倍,是316L的4.5倍。因此,"类不锈钢"钢筋在混凝土模拟孔隙液中的耐氯离子腐蚀性能优于316L和HRB400。     

Molten salt synthesis of perovskite conversion coatings: A novel approach for corrosion protection of stainless steels in molten carbonate fuel cells

A novel conversion coating process has been developed to meet the stability requirements of stainless steel hardware in the demanding MCFC fuel cell environments. The process applies a perovskite-based coating by exploiting spontaneous oxidizing reactions of the metallic surface with La₂O₃ in eutectic alkali carbonate mixtures. By using well controlled synthesis procedures, conversion coating layers covering the entire metallic surface with a uniform and compact structure could be obtained. The as-formed coatings with a surface morphology of agglomerated crystallite particles consisted of a thin (<5 μm) LaFeO₃ perovskite layer grown over a thicker (>5 μm) LiFeO₂-rich layer. Test coupons of 316L stainless steel with the perovskite conversion coating were analyzed for corrosion protection and interfacial resistivity properties. It was found that the conversion coating is highly conductive while showing excellent long-term corrosion stability in simulated MCFC environments. These results suggested that perovskite coatings formed by molten salt conversion reactions could be particularly attractive to confer optimal protection and electrical continuity to MCFC current collectors.     

Corrosion behaviour of single and double layer hydroxyapatite coatings on 316L stainless steel by plasma spray

AISI316L stainless steel is extensively used in orthopedic and dental applications. However, this alloy exhibits low integration behaviour when it comes in contact with surrounding bone tissue and implant healing duration can be as much as few months. The aim of this study is the fabrication of biocompatible hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings on stainless steel substrate in order to accelerate the process of osseointegration of implants. The biocompatible single layer of Titania (TiO₂), Hydroxyapatite and bi-layer TiO₂/HA coatings were deposited by atmospheric plasma spray on 316L stainless steel. Coated and uncoated stainless steel specimens were incubated in simulated body fluids and 0.9% NaCl solutions for 1h and 7 days. In vitro electrochemical-corrosion evaluation of coated and uncoated stainless steel specimens have been investigated by Tafel extrapolation and linear polarization methods. Results indicates that corrosion resistance of single layer HA coated stainless steel specimens are superior to single layer TiO₂ and bi-layer HA/TiO₂ coated stainless steel specimens.