Electrochemical effect of cationic gemini surfactant and halide salts on corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel in acid medium

In this paper, the corrosion inhibition of cationic gemini surfactant, in the absence and presence of halide salts (NaCl, NaBr and NaI) on steel in HCl was investigated at 20 ± 1 °C. The effects of pH, immersion time and salt concentration on the corrosion inhibition of steel were studied using weight loss, open circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Inhibition efficiency increases by increasing surfactant concentration. Synergistic effect between surfactant and salts was studied. The inhibition efficiency increases by increasing salt concentration. This composite inhibitor containing gemini surfactant and halide was efficient and low-cost for steel corrosion inhibition in HCl.     

The role of some thiosemicarbazide derivatives as corrosion inhibitors for C-steel in acidic media

Corrosion inhibition of C-steel in 2 M HCl was investigated in the absence and presence of different concentrations of some thiosemicarbazide derivatives namely, 1-ethyl-4(2,4-dinitrophenyl) thiosemicarbazide (I), 1,4-diphenylthiosemicarbazide (II), 1-ethyl-4-phenylthiosemicarbazide (III). Weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were employed. Impedance measurements showed that the double-layer capacitance decreased and charge-transfer resistance increased with increase in the inhibitors concentration and hence increasing in inhibition efficiency. Potentiodynamic polarization study showed that all the inhibitors act as mixed-type inhibitors. Results obtained reveal that the inhibition efficiency (%IE) follows the sequence: I > II > III. The adsorption of these compounds on C-steel surface obeys Temkin’s adsorption isotherm and has a chemisorptions mechanism.     

Inhibition effect of nonionic surfactant on the corrosion of cold rolled steel in hydrochloric acid

The inhibition effect of Tween-20 as a nonionic surfactant on the corrosion of cold rolled steel (CRS) in 1.0-8.0 M HCl has been studied at different temperatures (20-50 °C) by weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization methods. Atomic force microscope (AFM) provided the CRS surface conditions. The results show that Tween-20 is a good inhibitor in 1.0 M HCl, and the inhibition efficiency (IE) increases with the inhibitor concentration, while decreases with increasing the hydrochloric acid concentration and temperature. Effect of immersion time was also studied and discussed. The adsorption of inhibitor on the CRS surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation. Both thermodynamic and kinetic parameters have been obtained by adsorption theory and kinetic equations. The inhibition effect is satisfactorily explained by the parameters. Polarization curves show that Tween-20 is a mixed-type inhibitor in hydrochloric acid. The results obtained from weight loss and polarization are in good agreement, and Tween-20 inhibition action could also be evidenced by surface AFM images.     

The effect of ionic liquids with imidazolium and pyridinium cations on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic environment

Ionic liquids with chemical formula 1,3-dioctadecylimidazolium bromide and N-Octadecylpyridinium bromide were synthesized by conventional and microwave-assisted reactions, respectively. Ionic liquids tested as corrosion inhibitors after polarization curves displayed corrosion protection efficiency within 82-88% at 100 ppm for mild steel in a 1 M aqueous solution of sulfuric acid. Standard free energy indicated that corrosion inhibition occurred by a chemical adsorption process. Surface analysis (SEM, EDX) completed by XRD and Mössbauer spectroscopy indicated the presence of carbon species pertaining to inhibitor and corrosion products, which was rationalized in an inhibition mechanism.     

Effect of hexamethylpararosaniline chloride (crystal violet) on mild steel corrosion in acidic media

The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ and 1 M HCl by hexamethylpararosaniline chloride (HMPC) was investigated using the gravimetric technique in the temperature range 303–333 K. The results indicate that HPMC inhibited the corrosion reaction in both acid media at all temperatures and inhibition efficiency increased with HMPC concentration. The inhibiting action is attributed to general adsorption of protonated and molecular HPMC species on the corroding metal surface. Adsorption followed a modified Langmuir isotherm and the Temkin isotherm, with very high negative values of the free energy of adsorption (). An increase in temperature reduced the inhibition efficiency of HPMC in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ but increased efficiency in 1 M HCl. Activation parameters such as activation energy (E_a), activation enthalpy (ΔH^∗) and activation entropy (ΔS^∗) as well as the adsorption heat (Q_ads) were evaluated from the effect of temperature on corrosion and inhibition processes.     

Correlation between corrosion rate and AE signal in an acidic environment for mild steel

The AE method is an effective technique for inspecting corrosion damage of mild steel, such as tank bottom floors. However, the correlation between AE signals and corrosion behaviour for mild steel has not yet been fully clarified. In the present study, the authors considered that the corrosion regions of bottom floors become a strong acid environment by Cl⁻, as reported in a previous study. Thus, the polarization resistance for the test pieces of mild steel was measured with an AC impedance method under a strong acid environment. It was clear that the polarization resistance indicated the corrosion rate for a test piece of mild steel in the experiments. While measuring the AE signals, the corrosion rate was monitored with a test piece. As a result, the AE signal showed good correlation with the corrosion rates of the test pieces. The corrosion behaviour of the test pieces was then discussed with the corrosion potential measured during the experiments. Furthermore, the cathode current was changed to control the generated hydrogen gas volume. The volume of the hydrogen gas generated from the cathode reaction was correlated to the AE signals.     

Quantum chemical and experimental characterization of the effect of ziprasidone on the corrosion inhibition of steel in acid media

Ziprasidone is composed of the benzisothiozole-3-piperizine (BITP) and an indole moiety. The inhibition potential of ziprasidone for the corrosion of steel in 1.0 M HCl and 0.5 M H₂SO₄ was assessed by weight loss, polarisation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and quantum methods. The results showed that nearly 10 times lower concentration of ziprasidone showed the same efficiency that was rendered by BITP. This is related to the planarity of ziprasidone molecule, potential adsorption sites and the extensive distribution of LUMO orbitals on indole moiety which cause larger back donation. Ziprasidone follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Inhibitory action of biodegradable modified vanillin on the corrosion of carbon steel in 1 M HCl

The effects of two biodegradable corrosion inhibitors derived from vanillin and aminophenol (Meta: VPAP and Para: VOAP) on the corrosion of carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution were examined. The efficiency of these inhibitors on carbon steel corrosion increased by increasing the concentration and decreased by increasing the temperature. The inhibitors adsorbed on carbon steel physically and obeyed the Langmuir isotherm. The potentiodynamic measurements showed mixed-type inhibitor. The geometry of the inhibitors showed that VPAP has slightly higher efficiency in corrosion inhibition than VOAP. The inhibitors showed good biodegradability in the environment within 28 days.     

Adsorption and inhibitive properties of some new Mannich bases of Isatin derivatives on corrosion of mild steel in acidic media

Adsorption of four derivatives of piperidinylmethylindoline-2-one on mild steel surface in 1 M HCl solution and its corrosion inhibition properties has been studied by a series of techniques, such as polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), weight loss and quantum chemical calculation methods. The values of activation energy (E_a) for mild steel corrosion and various thermodynamic parameters were calculated and discussed. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements showed that all inhibitors are mixed type. The degree of surface coverage was determined by using weight loss measurements and it was found that adsorption process of studied inhibitors on mild steel surface obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Substitutional adsorption isotherms and corrosion inhibitive properties of some oxadiazol-triazole derivative in acidic solution

A newly synthesized oxadiazol-triazole derivative (TOMP), was investigated as corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution using weight loss measurements, polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. Results obtained revealed that TOMP is effective corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in sulphuric acid and its efficiency attains more than 97.6% at 298 K. The number of water molecules (X) replaced by a molecule of organic adsorbate was determined from the substitutional adsorption isotherms applied to the data obtained from the weight loss experiments performed on mild steel specimen in acidic solution in the 298-333 K range.     

Effect of 2,2′ benzothiazolyl disulfide on the corrosion of mild steel in acid media

2,2′ benzothiazolyl disulfide (BTDS) has been synthesised and their inhibiting action on mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl and 0.5 M H₂SO₄ at 308 K has been investigated using weight loss, EIS, polarization and SEM study. BTDS showed better efficiency in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ compared to 1 M HCl. Polarization studies revealed that BTDS is a mixed type inhibitor in both acids predominantly cathodic in 1 M HCl where as predominantly anodic in 0.5 M H₂SO₄. Thermodynamic parameters i.e. free energy of adsorption, enthalpy, entropy and activation energy were calculated, the values of these parameters showed good interaction.     

Inhibition effect of novel nonionic surfactants on the corrosion of carbon steel in acidic medium

The inhibition effect of novel nonionic surfactants on the corrosion of carbon steel (CS) in 1 M HCl was studied at different temperatures (20-60 °C) by weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization methods. The CS surface morphology was investigated by SEM. The obtained results showed that the prepared nonionic surfactants are excellent inhibitor in 1 M HCl, and the inhibition efficiency (η) increases with the inhibitor concentration and temperature increasing. The adsorption of inhibitors on the CS surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation. Thermodynamic parameters have been obtained by adsorption theory. Polarization curves show that the synthesized inhibitors are mixed-type inhibitors in hydrochloric acid.     

Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic solution by some oxo-triazole derivatives

The oxo-triazole derivative (DTP) was synthesized and its inhibiting action on the corrosion of mild steel in sulphuric acid was investigated by means of weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, EIS and SEM. The results revealed that DTP was an excellent inhibitor and the inhibition efficiencies obtained from weight loss experiment and electrochemical experiment were in good agreement. Potentiodynamic polarization studies clearly revealed that DTP acted essentially as the mixed-type inhibitor. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were obtained from weight loss of the different experimental temperatures, which suggested that at different temperatures (298–333 K) the adsorption of DTP on metal surface obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm model.     

The atmospheric corrosion kinetics of low carbon steel in a tropical marine environment

The atmospheric corrosion kinetics of low carbon steel exposed for up to 36 months in marine and industrial sites was studied by weight loss measurements. The results show that the mechanism and kinetics of the atmospheric corrosion process presents transition behaviour in marine environments with high chloride ion content and high relative humidity, whereas no transition appears in industrial environment. The average corrosion velocity in marine site reaches a maximum during the period of transition and then fluctuates in a certain range; however, the instantaneous corrosion velocity follows different exponential functions before and after the period of transition.     

Design and synthesis of a novel class of inhibitors for mild steel corrosion in acidic and carbon dioxide-saturated saline media

p-(9-(2-Methylisoxazolidin-5-yl)nonyloxy)benzaldehyde I, prepared using a cycloaddition protocol, was elaborated into its cinnamaldehyde derivative II which upon quarternization with propargyl chloride afforded III bearing an interesting blend of structural traits suitable for imparting inhibition of mild steel corrosion. Novel compounds I–III showed efficient inhibition against mild steel corrosion in CO₂–0.5 M NaCl (40 °C, 1 atm; 120 °C, 10 bar), 1, 4, 7.7 M HCl, and 0.5 M H₂SO₄ at 60 °C as determined by gravimetry and electrochemical methods. The presence of carbonaceous surface and nitrogen, as revealed by XPS study, indicated the formation of a film covering the metal surface, which imparted corrosion inhibition.     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in HCl medium

The inhibition effect of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol (3ATA5T) was investigated in 0.5 M HCl on carbon steel (CS) by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic measurements at various concentrations and temperatures. Results showed that the correlation between experimental (inhibition efficiencies, ΔG_ads, E_a) and quantum calculation parameters (dipole moment, E_HOMO, E_LUMO). The high inhibition efficiency was declined in terms of strongly adsorption of protonated inhibitor molecules on the metal surface and forming a protective film.     

Inhibition of the corrosion of steel in hydrochloric acid solution by some organic molecules containing the methylthiophenyl moiety

The corrosion inhibition effect of 2-[4-(methylthio) phenyl] acetohydrazide (HYD), 2-{[4-(methylthio) phenyl] acetyl} hydrazinecarbothioamide (TAD) and 5-[4-(methylthio) benzyl]-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (TRD) on steel in 1.0 M HCl was investigated by mass loss and electrochemical methods. The effect of concentration, temperature and immersion time was studied. The results indicated that the compounds are efficient, mixed type and pursue Flory–Huggins adsorption isotherm. The inhibition efficiency at lower concentration of inhibitor decreased with temperature while at higher concentration, it is retained and the calculated free energy attributes this to comprehensive adsorption. The efficiency stands in the order TRD > TAD > HYD and is confirmed by the Quantum studies.     

Organic molecules showing the characteristics of localised corrosion aggravation and inhibition

The behaviour of imidazoline and an acid functionalised resorcinarene as steel corrosion inhibitors in carbon dioxide (CO₂)-saturated brine solutions has been studied using an electrochemically integrated multi-electrode array namely the wire beam electrode (WBE). Both imidazoline and resorcinarene acid provided excellent inhibition to general CO₂ corrosion; however imidazoline was found to aggravate localised corrosion by creating a small number of major anodes that focused on a small area of the WBE surface, leading to highly concentrated anodic dissolution. The resorcinarene acid showed distinctively different behaviour by generating a large number of minor anodes randomly distributing over the WBE surface, leading to insignificant general anodic dissolution. These results indicate that resorcinarene acid provided effective localised corrosion inhibition by promoting a random distribution of insignificant anodic currents.     

Synergistic inhibition effect of rare earth cerium(IV) ion and anionic surfactant on the corrosion of cold rolled steel in H2SO4 solution

The synergistic inhibition effect of rare earth cerium(IV) ion and anionic surfactant of sodium oleate (C₁₇H₃₃-COONa, SO) on the corrosion of cold rolled steel (CRS) in H₂SO₄ solution was first investigated by weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization methods. The results revealed that SO had a moderate inhibitive effect, and the adsorption of SO obeyed the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. For the cerium(IV) ion, it had a negligible effect. However, incorporation of Ce⁴⁺ with SO significantly improved the inhibition performance, and produced strong synergistic inhibition effect. Depending on the results, the synergism mechanism was proposed.     

The effect of H2S concentration on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel at 90 °C

The electrochemical behavior of SAE-1020 carbon steel in 0.25 M Na₂SO₄ solution containing different concentrations of H₂S at 90 °C was investigated using the methods of weight loss, electrochemical measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the corrosion rate of carbon steel increased significantly with the increase of H₂S concentration. H₂S accelerated the corrosion rate of SAE-1020 carbon steel by a promoted hydrogen evolution reaction. Severe corrosion cavities were observed on the carbon steel surface in the solutions containing H₂S due to cementites stripped off from the grain boundary. The loose corrosion products formed on the steel surfaces were composed of mackinawite.