浮帘群水流阻力特性试验研究

为探明含浮帘群水流的阻力特性和各阻力参数计算方法,对不同间距、不同高度浮帘群在不同恒定均匀明渠流中的阻力特性开展了92组水槽试验。通过拟合水面线获得水力坡降,探讨浮帘拖曳力系数、曼宁糙率和达西韦斯巴赫阻力系数的变化规律。研究结果表明:浮帘群布置存在临界间距,此时浮帘间的相互干扰作用几乎消失;浮帘群消能增阻作用明显,其拖曳力系数在不同水流条件下变化较小,取值介于1.60~2.05之间;曼宁糙率主要与浮帘相对高度及浮帘分布密度有关,并获得了曼宁糙率的修正计算方法;达西韦斯巴赫阻力系数可由浮帘相对高度、浮帘分布密度及浮帘雷诺数组成的拟合公式获得。     

竖向进水管布置对ABR液相流态影响的PIV试验研究

在折流式厌氧反应器(Anaerobic Baffled Reactor,ABR)不同进水管悬空高度和不同进水流量组合的工况下,利用激光粒子图像测速技术(particle image velocimetry,PIV)对ABR的第一格室液相流态进行了研究,测得反应器内降流区和升流区关键截面的流场数据,获得了液相速度和涡量强度与悬空高度的关系曲线;同时研究了相关流场特征,包括流线图谱和涡量场。结果表明:对于ABR的第一格室,合理的进水管悬空高度可以保证良好的进水流态,促使ABR涡量面积分布均匀,有效防止局部沟流和液相死区,确保ABR高效稳定运行。根据试验分析结果,提出了设计时可供参考的进水管悬空高度的取值范围:流量在0.018～0.270 m³/h时,悬空高度的取值范围为230～530 mm;流量在0.558～0.846 m³/h时,悬空高度的取值为530 mm。     

ASYMPTOTIC ANALYSIS OF DOWNSTREAM EIGENVALUES FOR STATIONARY PERTURBATION OF COUETTE-POISEUILLE FLOW

1 .　INTRODUCTIONIncompressibleviscousflowinachannelhasbeenthesubjectofvariouscomputationalstudies.Avarietyofchannelgeometrycanbeconsidered .ButmostoftheproblemsofthistypeassumethePoiseuilleflowfardownastrainghtchannelorpipeaseithertheentryflowortheexitfloworboth .Theeigenvalue problemthat governstherateofdecayforastationaryperturbationofthePoiseuilleflowinastraightchannelhasbeeninves tigatedbyWilson (196 9)andothers (e .g .,Bram leyandDennis 1982 ;BramleyandDennis 1984 ;Ache 1989) .Re…     

含淹没植物明渠近床面区紊流特征高度试验研究

为研究含淹没植物明渠紊流统计参数垂向分布突变位置、理论床面和渗透高度的关系,进行了含淹没刚性植物明渠水流试验,使用圆柱铝棒模拟刚性植物,采用激光多普勒流速仪(LDV)测量流场,对由纵向流速、雷诺应力、局部阻力系数分布确定的特征高度和渗透高度进行研究,比较各类紊流特征高度的相对位置,分析植物密度与淹没度对其的影响。试验结果表明,在植物密度较大的情况下,近床面区流速沿垂向保持常数,雷诺应力梯度较小,一定高度处分布规律发生明显变化,能够较容易地确定流速梯度和雷诺应力梯度突变位置,淹没度对由3种方法确定的特征高度影响不明显;各种方法确定的特征高度中,雷诺应力特征高度与渗透高度更加接近;渗透高度随植物密度与淹没度的增大而增大;渗透高度与理论床面高度存在一定的线性关系。     

Motion and deformation of immiscible droplet in plane Poiseuille flow at low Reynolds number

Droplet migration in plane Poiseuille flow is numerically investigated with a dissipative particle dynamics method.The single droplet deformation in the channel flow is first studied to verify the current method and the physical model.The effect of the viscosity ratio between the droplet and the solvent and the effect of the confinement are systematically investigated.The droplet is in an off-centerline equilibrium position with a specific selection of the parameters.A large viscosity ratio makes the droplet locate in a near-wall equilibrium position,and a large capillary number makes the droplet migrate to the near-centerline region of the channel.For the droplet migration at the same Capillary number,there is a critical width of the channel,which is less than twice of the droplet diameter,and the droplet will only migrate to the channel centerline if the width is less than this critical value.     

含植物明渠紊流流速分布无量纲化方法及流动分区

基于流速分布曲线的几何特点,提出一种新的无量纲化方法,结合水槽实验数据的回归分析,对含植物明渠紊流流速分布律及流动分区进行了研究。基于流速梯度变化率的特点,确定两个特征高度,采用特征高度、特征高度位置处的流速、水深、最大流速4个变量定义了新的无量纲流速和高度,对实验得到的流速数据进行无量纲化处理,进一步拟合得到流速分布律。结果表明,提出的无量纲流速在自由水面附近呈对数分布,对数分布律区域以下到床面的区域可用4段函数表示。根据分布律适用的区域明确流动分区边界,发现边界高度与特征高度并不重合,但和混合层的上下边界近似相等。与其他研究的对比表明,提出的无量纲化方法和流速分段函数分布律以及流动分区对速度描述有效,具有较好的适用性。     

PIV MEASUREMENTS OF THE NEAR-WAKE FLOW OF AN AIRFOIL ABOVE A FREE SURFACE

The near-wake flow of a NACA0012 airfoils mounted above a water surface were experimentally studied in a wind/wave tunnel. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the free surface on the structure of the airfoil trailing wake. The flow structure was measured with different ride heights between the airfoil and free surface using a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system. The Reynolds number based on the chord length of the airfoil was about 3.5×103. For each experimental condition, large amount of instantaneous velocity fields were captured and ensemble-averaged to get the spatial distributions of mean velocity and mean vorticity, as well as turbulence statistics. The results show that the flow structures of the airfoil wake varies remarkably with the change in the ride height.     

基于格子玻尔兹曼方法的液滴撞击移动液膜过程模拟

采用可调节表面张力的大密度比格子玻尔兹曼伪势模型模拟了液滴撞击移动液膜的过程,并进一步分析了雷诺数、韦伯数和初始液膜运动速度对液冠演化的影响。结果表明:初始液膜运动速度会增大上游液冠处撞击后液膜运动速度不连续性,促进上游液冠变形,同时减小了下游液冠处撞击后液膜运动速度不连续性,对下游液冠演化具有抑制作用;上游液冠高度随雷诺数增大而增大,但不随韦伯数的变化发生改变,而下游液冠高度则随着雷诺数和韦伯数的增大而减小,但雷诺数和韦伯数均不影响到液冠半径的演化;随着初始液膜运动速度增大,上、下游液冠高度减小,但液冠半径增大。格子玻尔兹曼伪势模型模拟结果与试验结果和理论分析一致,证明格子玻尔兹曼伪势模型可以有效模拟复杂液膜条件下液滴撞击液膜过程。     

表面糙率与明渠紊流猝发现象

采用流场综合分析法将流动显示与计算机图像处理相结合，在不同表面糙率的条件下重点研究紊流的猝发形态和特性.研究表明，表面粗糙度对明渠紊流拟序结构的特征有重要影响.猝发喷射角约为35～75度，随表面粗糙雷诺数增加趋于增大；喷射高度可达1/8水深；喷射尺度和清扫尺度均有随雷诺数增大的趋势.增大粗糙雷诺数明显增加了多头群体喷射现象，以致形成“喷射垫层”，清扫须在床面附近逐步深入推进；由于大雷诺数增加了群喷延续时间及清扫与喷射相持时间，无量纲猝发周期明显加大.分析还表明，在喷射迸发区域水体动能和紊流耗散率较床面附近提高了数倍.     

窝崩抢护治理中树头石阻水效果试验研究

河堤窝崩发生后,首先需要确定的是抢护治理方案,减缓窝塘流速,遏制窝塘进一步发展。在诸多抢护治理方案中,树头石方案具有较好的减速促淤效果,但树头高度和抛投间距在以往的设计中都是依经验确定,缺乏理论基础和试验依据。通过制作长江扬中河段指南村窝崩模型,在窝崩口门附近流速模拟相似的基础上,对窝塘内同一高度3种间距的树头石排列型式和同一间距3种高度的树头石进行了试验,用三点法测量了窝塘内12个点的流速、流向。试验结果表明:窝塘内表层流速受惯性影响较大,底层流速受地形影响较大;窝塘内布置不同高度和不同间距的树头石时,平均流速随树头石高度的增加而减小,随树头石间距的减小而减小,窝内流速的减小,意味着泥沙淤积强度的增大;另一方面,树头石高度的增大和间距的减小,都会增加工程的投资成本,研究认为在相对树高为0.15、间距为6 m×6 m时综合效果较佳。     

虹吸管内气团流流型时过流能力计算

该文针对非驼峰式正虹吸管道进行了系列试验,量测了不同安装高度、不同水头差时管内呈现气团流流型时的过流能力和截面含气率。试验结果表明,气团流流型下虹吸管道过流能力随虹吸管安装高度的增大而减小,不能采用常规有压管流公式计算气团流流型时虹吸管过流能力。基于试验结果分析了影响气团流过流能力的因素,结果表明气体存在对流动沿程阻力系数影响不可忽略,过流能力计算时不能直接采用单一液相流动沿程阻力系数。不同安装高度时虹吸管内过流面积减小不是导致输水流量减小的唯一因素,除了考虑过流面积减小对过流量的影响外,还应考虑含气率大小引起的μ_0或λ变化对流量的影响。结合试验结果和数值分析,推导出适用于气团流流型下伪空化现象明显、安装高度不大于8 m的水平管段较长考虑含气率大小的虹吸管流量系数计算公式,修正和完善了有压管流过流能力计算公式,经检验公式计算误差小于±7%。     

Hydrodynamics of the interceptor on a 2-D flat plate by CFD and experiments

Nowadays, the use of interceptor by both partial and total dynamic lift crafts is quite common. In this article, a lot of evidence is given regarding the effectiveness of interceptor. The interceptor, when placed at the stern region, changes the pressure distribution around the craft. Its presence affects drag force, lifting force and the position of pressure's center leading to a new trim. This study focuses on hydrodynamic effects of interceptors on a 2-D flat plate based on both computational fluid dynamic(CFD) and experimental approaches. The Reynolds average Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations are used to model the flow around a fixed flat plate with an interceptor at different heights and attack angles. Based on finite volume method and SIMPLE algorithm which uses static structures, this model can be analyzed and the RANS results can be compared with the experimental data obtained in the current channel of the laboratory of waves and current of COPPE/UFRJ(LOC in Portuguese acronym). According to the results, the increase of pressure at the end of the flat plate was proportional to the interceptor height. In addition, the existence of interceptors can significantly increase the lift force coefficient at high angles of attack also proportional to the interceptor height. The presence of interceptor at the end of the flat plate increased both the lift coefficient and the drag coefficient but hydrodynamic drag did not grow as fast as the lift coefficient did. The lift coefficient increased much more. Furthermore, the results showed that the interceptor effectiveness is proportional to the boundary layer thickness at the end of the flat plate. As the interceptor was inside the boundary layer alterations of flow speed led to changes in boundary layer thickness, directly affecting interceptor's efficiency. Optimum choice of interceptor height had a great effect on its efficiency, and in choosing it the flow speed and length of the boat must be taken into consideration.     

WALL EFFECTS ON FLOWS PAST TWO TANDEM CYLINDERS OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS

Flows past two tandem cylinders of different diameters placed centrally in a channel with fixed centre-to-centre spacing 6D and diameter ratio are simulated based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM).In all the simulations,the diameter of the smaller cylinder is chosen as the characteristic length.The Reynolds number based on the average inflow velocity is 20-120 and studies are over the range of blockage ratio 2-8.In both Small-Big Arrangement(SBA)and Big-Small Arrangement(BSA),the effects of the channel width and Reynolds number on the flow structures and force coefficients are studied.Results show that the flows in BSA are more regular than those in SBA for the same flow fields.In BSA with and,the force coefficients all fluctuate with constant amplitudes and a coupled frequency,the coupled frequency becomes small as the blockage ratio decreases and by an exact test we give out the relation of the blockage ratio and Strouhal number.As the blockage ratio decreases to 2,there exist pitchfork bifurcations in both SBA and BSA,and results show that the critical Reynolds numbers of pitchfork bifurcations for SBA and BSA are both between 60 and 80.In SBA with,the flow structure has a static asymmetric mode.It is found that the channel width has also an effect on the critical spacing where the flow changes from single body mode into co-shedding mode.By an accurate survey on flows past two cylinders with equal diameters placed inside a channel with the width,the relation between channel width and the critical spacing is given and results show that the critical spacing increases as the channel width increases.     

槽道中方形障碍物绕流的大涡模拟

本文应用二阶全展开ETG有限元离散格式与大涡模拟相结合的方法对固定在槽道一侧的方形障碍物的绕流进行了数值模拟，计算了雷诺数为40000的湍流情况下的绕流流场，将模拟结果与实验结果及他人的数值结果进行了对比，符合较好，表明大涡模拟与所论的具有较高精度的数值算法相结合，适合于具有大尺度涡的绕流运动流场的分析。     

Experimental study of flow intensity influence on 2-D sand ripple geometry characteristics

Sand ripples are common bedforms. The formation of sand ripples is related to flow conditions; different flow conditions cause different ripple geometries. The main aim of this study was to assess the relationship between flow intensity and two-dimensional ripple geometry characteristics. The experiments were carried out in a laboratory flume with natural sand whose bulk density Ps was 2 650 kg/m3 and median diameter D50 was 0.41 mm. The Froude number (Fr), a flow intensity parameter, varied from 0.16 to 0.53, entirely within the subcritical range. Two-dimensional sand ripple geometry was measured and processed via statistical methods. The probability distributions of ripple length and height were obtained with different flow conditions. Through dimensionless analysis, the relationship between the flow intensity parameter (grain size Reynolds number Re*) and the sand ripple geometry characteristic length (Λ) and height ( Δ) was analyzed, and two formulas were obtained:Λ/D50=191.76Re*0.3 and Δ/D50=1.97Re*1.3, which are consistent with previous research results.     

Effects of Bed Load Movement on Mean Flow Characteristics in Mobile Gravel Beds

The effects of bed-load movement on mean flow characteristics were experimentally investigated using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The gravel beds associated with open-channel flow are hydraulically rough, and two types of grain with different median diameters were used. The flow field and bed load motion images were simultaneously obtained via the particular experimental setup. The mass of sediment particles instantaneously moving on the bed, i.e., the sand-wave, was observed in the experiment. It was found that the sand-waves have an average friction angle of 11.2° and heights ranging from 2.2 d ₅₀ to 3.8 d ₅₀. The mean velocity profiles on the mobile bed can also be represented with logarithmic distribution with deviations occurred in the near wall region. Based on the Schultz–Grunow formula, a modified equation is developed in this study to better express the flow resistance factor in terms of the Reynolds number and the ratio of flow depth to roughness height.     

HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE OF SUBMERGED VEGETATION RELATED TO EFFECTIVE HEIGHT

Submerged vegetation has a significant impact on water flow velocity. Current investigations include the impact through adding drag resistance and increasing bottom roughness coefficient, which cannot elucidate the characters of real submerged vegetation. To evaluate the effects of submerged vegetation on water currents at different velocities, a laboratory experiment was conducted using three kinds of vegetations. The effective heights of these vegetations on varying flow velocities were evaluated. An equation describing the relationship between the normalized resistance of the submerged plants and the Reynolds number based on the plant effective height was then established and used to calculate the hydraulic resistance parameters of submerged plants in different stages of growth.     

DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TURBULENT FLOW IN A STRAIGHT SQUARE DUCT AT REYNOLDS NUMBER 600

This article presents the direct numerical simulation results of the turbulent flow in a straight square duct at a Reynolds number of 600, based on the duct width and the mean wall-shear velocity. The turbulence statistics along the wall bisector is examined with the turbulent flow field properties given by streamwise velocity and vorticity fields in the duct cross section. It was found that the solutions of the turbulent duct flow obtained in a spatial resolution with 1.2×10⁶ grid points are satisfactory as compared to the existing numerical and experimental results. The results indicate that it is reasonable to neglect the sub-grid scale models in this spatial resolution level for the duct flow at the particular friction Reynolds number.     

粘弹性流体平面收缩流动的数值模拟

在石油、化工、轻纺和材料等工业中，有大量粘弹性液体的流动问题。如原油升举过程和管道输送中的流动；聚合物溶液和纸浆的流动等。由于粘弹性具有复杂的流变性，实验模拟和解析求解都较困难，随着计算机和计算流体力学的发展，粘弹性流体流动的数值研究日益活跃，成为非牛顿流体研究的一个重要方向。粘弹性流体运动数值模拟的主要困难在于：当Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ数和Ｗｅｉｓｓｅｎｂｅｒｇ数达到一定值以后，方程组在求解域内是混合型的，既有椭圆型区又有双曲型区［１］，已有数值计算方法只是得到小Ｒｅ数（Ｒｅ≤８）和小Ｗｅｉｓｓｅｎｂｅｒｓ数（Ｗｅ≤０．４）的结果［２］，因此，探讨这类问题的数值方法有重要的实用意义。本文在二维Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ流体控制方程组类型分析基础上，采用类型相关格式求解原始变量方程，对粘弹性流体二维流动进行了数值模拟，得到收缩通道在Ｒｅ＝０～２０００和Ｗｅ＝０～０．８的流动结果。和已有算例比较，扩大了线性粘弹性流体的可计算范围，为进一步研究粘弹性流体三维流动的数值方法打下了基础。     

倒伏植被茎秆粗度对坡面水流特性的影响

为深入探索植被倒伏条件下水流结构的内在规律,开展植被茎秆直径对坡面流水流特性影响的试验研究。试验固定坡度为1. 0%,倒伏角度为20°,取茎秆直径为2 mm、3 mm、4 mm进行室内明渠流模拟试验。结果表明:在相同直径条件下,随水深增大,Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数逐渐增大,雷诺数呈线性增大,弗劳德数呈幂函数形式下降;在相同水深条件下,随茎秆直径增大,DarcyWeisbach阻力系数增大,雷诺数与弗劳德数随之而减小,且当茎秆直径每增加1 mm,阻力系数平均增大33. 76%,雷诺数平均减小2. 57%,弗劳德数平均减小8. 33%。