EXPERIMENTAL ESTIMATION OF A SCALING EXPONENT FOR TIP VORTEX CAVITATION VIA ITS INCEPTION TEST IN FULL- ANDMODEL-SHIP

Tip vortex cavitation noise of marine propeller became primary concerns to reduce hazardous environmental impacts from commercial ship or to keep the underwater surveillance of naval ships. The investigations of the tip vortex and its induced noise are normally conducted through the model test in a water cavitation tunnel. However the Reynolds number of model-test is much smaller than that of the full-scale, which subsequently results in the difference of tip vortex cavitation inception. Hence, the scaling law between model-and full-scales needs to be identified prior to the prediction and assessment of propeller noise in full scale. From previous researches, it is generally known that the incipient caivtation number of tip vortex can be represented as a power of the Reynolds number. However, the power exponent for scaling, which is the main focus of this research, has not been clearly studied yet. This paper deals with the estimation of scaling exponent based on tip vortex cavitation inception test in both full-and model-scale ships. Acoustical measurements as well as several kind of signal processing technique for an inception criterion suggest the scaling exponent as 0.30. The scaling value proposed in this study shows slight difference to the one of most recent research. Besides, extrapolation of model-ship noise measurement using the proposed one predicts the full-scale noise measurement with an acceptable discrepancy.     

A review of studies of mechanism and prediction of tip vortex cavitation inception

The inception of the tip vortex cavitation(TVC) is a very important problem in cavitation researches. The study of the mechanism of the TVC inception is not only conducive to its prediction, but also helps to suppress or suspend the occurrence of cavitation. In this paper, the research progresses on the TVC inception including theoretical, experimental and numerical studies mainly in the last two decades are reviewed. It is shown that the TVC inception is affected by complicated factors, such as the water quality, the average pressure and the fluctuating pressure. In the scaling law for the determination of the TVC inception, all these factors are considered. To precisely describe the scaling law, more investigations are needed to understand the effects of the water quality and the fluctuating pressure.     

Experimental measurement of tip vortex flow field with/without cavitation in an elliptic hydrofoil

In this paper, recent measurements of tip vortex flow with and without cavitation carried out in Cavitation Mechanism Tunnel of China Ship Scientific Research Center(CSSRC) are presented. The elliptic hydrofoil with section NACA 662-415 was adopted as test model. High-speed video(HSV) camera was used to visualize the trajectory of tip vortex core and the form of tip vortex cavitation(TVC) in different cavitation situations. Laser Doppler velocimetry(LDV) was employed to measure the tip vortex flow field in some typical sections along the vortex trajectory with the case of cavitation free. Stereo particle image velocimetry(SPIV) system was used to measure the velocity and vorticity distributions with and without cavitation. Series measurement results such as velocity and vorticity distributions, the trajectory of tip vortex core, the vortex core radius, cavity size and cavitation inception number were obtained. The results demonstrated that the minimum pressure coefficient in the vortex core obtained by flow field measurement was quite coincident with the tip vortex cavitation inception number obtained under the condition of high incoming velocity and low air content. And TVC would decrease the vortex strength comparing with the case without cavitation.     

The effect of water quality on tip vortex cavitation inception

The inception of tip vortex cavitation is very sensitive to water quality. In order to quantify the effect of water quality on the inception of tip vortex cavitation, we develop a motion model to describe the migration and growth of nuclei in water. An analytical solution of migration of nuclei in a vortex flow is obtained so that the capture times of various nuclei can be given out directly. A criterion is built to determine the critical nucleus in a certain nuclei spectra distribution. Tensile strength of the critical nucleus is used to quantify the effect of water quality and correct the tip vortex cavitation inception number. Finally this change of cavitation inception number is compared with experimental results to validate our model.     

Application of signal processing techniques to the detection of tip vortex cavitation noise in marine propeller

The tip vortex cavitation and its relevant noise has been the subject of extensive researches up to now. In most cases of experimental approaches, the accurate and objective decision of cavitation inception is primary, which is the main topic of this paper. Although the conventional power spectrum is normally adopted as a signal processing tool for the analysis of cavitation noise, a faithful exploration cannot be made especially for the cavitation inception. Alternatively, the periodic occurrence of bursting noise induced from tip vortex cavitation gives a diagnostic proof that the repeating frequency of the bursting contents can be exploited as an indication of the inception. This study, hence, employed the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) analysis and the Detection of Envelope Modulation On Noise (DEMON) spectrum analysis, both which are appropriate for finding such a repeating frequency. Through the acoustical measurement in a water tunnel, the two signal processing techniques show a satisfactory result in detecting the inception of tip vortex cavitation.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF AIR CONTENT ON CAVITATION AND PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS

This article studies the effects of air content on propeller cavitation and pressure fluctuations. The cavitation is observed while the pressure fluctuations on the hull are measured. When adjusting the air content, the sheet cavitation range does not change distinctly, but the pressure fluctuations see obvious differences. The amplitudes of the pressure fluctuations increase with the decrease of the air content. The results indicate that the air content has little effect on the sheet cavitation range but has an important effect on the bubble cavitation and the tip vortex cavitation. When the air content decreases, the water tensile force increases, which results in the instability of the bubble cavitation and the tip vortex cavitation and the increase of the pressure fluctuations. To minimize the scale effects, the experiments should be run at a high Reynolds number with a high nuclei content. The high Reynolds number is often realized by increasing the flow velocity and the propeller rotation speed, and the high nuclei content is often made by increasing the dissolved air content.     

VISCOUS SCALE EFFECTS ON PROPELLER TIP VORTEX CAVITATION

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水轮机模型验收试验的研究与探讨

介绍百色水利枢纽混流式水轮机模型验收试验中效率、出力、空化、压力脉动、飞逸、轴向水推力、导叶水力矩和Winter -Kennedy蜗壳压差等试验的基本情况 ,并就试验中遇到的卡门涡、叶道涡、特殊压力脉动带等关键技术问题进行了详细的分析讨论 ,同时着重介绍了电站装置空化系数 3种不同定义方式对压力脉动测试的影响 ,探讨了空化系数在原模型相似方面的影响     

掺气减蚀减压模型相似律问题的探讨

通过大朝山水电站表孔减压水力学模型试验结果与原型资料对比分析，对掺气减蚀减压水力学模型与原型之间的相似律问题进行了研究。研究结果表明，传统水力学减压试验方法在掺气减蚀减压模型中，由于存在模型和原型之间掺气不相似、初生空化界限不明确等问题，致使模型水流空化特性试验结果与原型差异比较大，只有通过空化部位水流掺气相似得到的减压模型试验结果才能与原型空化达到基本相似的要求。     

水轮机转轮空蚀量预估的一种近似算法

水轮机空蚀一般在原型机上采用直接测量的方法进行.目前还没有一个很好的方法对空蚀情况进行定量预估,本文根据国外水泵空蚀的经验公式,提出一种通过观测水轮机模型试验中各工况下转轮空化区域长度,采用经验公式预估原型水轮机转轮空蚀程度的方法.作者详细介绍了公式各参数意义并结合国内某电站模型试验空化观测情况进行实例计算,预测空蚀最大深度、面积及金属失重,计算结果表明采用该方法具有一定精度.论文最后对公式的适用范围进行了探讨.     

Large eddy simulation of turbulent attached cavitating flow with special emphasis on large scale structures of the hydrofoil wake and turbulence-cavitation interactions

In this paper, the turbulent attached cavitating flow around a Clark-Y hydrofoil is investigated by the large eddy simulation(LES) method coupled with a homogeneous cavitation model. The predicted lift coefficient and the cavity volume show a distinctly quasi-periodic process with cavitation shedding and the results agree fairly well with the available experimental data. The present simulation accurately captures the main features of the unsteady cavitation transient behavior including the attached cavity growth, the sheet/cloud cavitation transition and the cloud cavitation collapse. The vortex shedding structure from a hydrofoil cavitating wake is identified by the Q- criterion, which implies that the large scale structures might slide and roll down along the suction side of the hydrofoil while being further developed at the downstream. Further analysis demonstrates that the turbulence level of the flow is clearly related to the cavitation and the turbulence velocity fluctuation is much influenced by the cavity shedding.     

Numerical analyses of ventilated cavitation over a 2-D NACA0015 hydrofoil using two turbulence modeling methods

The present paper studies the ventilated cavitation over a NACA0015 hydrofoil by numerical methods. The corresponding cavity evolutions are obtained at three ventilation rates by using the level set method. To depict the complicated turbulent flow structure, the filter-based density corrected model(FBDCM) and the modified partially-averaged Navier-Stokes(MPANS) model are applied in the present numerical analyses. It is indicated that the predicted results of the cavitation shedding dynamics by both turbulence models agree fairly well with the experimental data. It is also noted that the shedding frequency and the super cavity length predicted by the MPANS method are closer to the experiment data as compared to that predicted by the FBDCM model. The simulation results show that in the ventilated cavitation, the vapor cavity and the air cavity have the same shedding frequency. As the ventilated rate increases, the vapor cavity is depressed rapidly. The cavitation-vortex interaction in the ventilated cavitation is studied based on the vorticity transport equation(VTE) and the Lagrangian coherent structure(LCS). Those results demonstrate that the vortex dilatation and baroclinic torque terms are highly dependent on the evolution of the cavitation. In addition, from the LCSs and the tracer particles in the flow field, one may see the process from the attached cavity to the cloud cavity.     

非均匀进流对螺旋桨空化水动力性能的影响

以全附体SUBOFF潜艇桨盘面处标称伴流作为七叶大侧斜桨的非均匀进流,分析了对空化引起的推力和力矩崩溃性能以及叶背梢涡空化初生的影响,描述了非均匀进流条件下空化时推力和力矩的脉动特征、桨叶空化面积和空化形态随周向位置的变化,并给出了伴流中螺旋桨是否出现叶面片空化的区间划分。空化模拟时采用改进Sauer空化模型和修正SST湍流模型。梢涡空化初生依据作者提出的当σ>σi时,叶截面压力系数分布不再改变的相对准则来判定。结果表明,伴流能够有效延迟该桨叶面片空化初生,但同时会使叶背片空化初生提前且空化范围明显增加;在对应敞水效率最高的工况点,伴流使得该桨因空化引起的推力下降起始点较均匀来流时提前量大于7.1%,且叶背梢涡空化初生提前量大于6.7%;即使在空化较为严重的情况下,该桨在伴流场中的推力和力矩脉动幅值也很小;由于桨叶旋向的影响,一周内桨叶空化面积对于艇尾左右舷空间并不完全对称。研究结果可用于分析大侧斜使艇尾桨空化初始航速提高一定程度的现象。     

水质和空化比尺效应

本文提出了新的空化数和初生空化数的表达式,说明水体抗拉强度在空化中的作用,并且也指出,除抗拉强度外,水中气核半径及其数量也起着相当大的作用,从而可以解释在试验中即使同一个模型在不同的设备中以及不同的情况下可得差别很大的初生空化数。另外,对模型数据引伸到原型提出了一些具体建议。     

三门峡大坝双层泄水孔原型噪声观测与底孔改建设计

三门峡大坝泄流排沙孔原为施工导流底孔，其体型不满足黄河高含沙水流的要求，泄水后其斜门槽、工作门槽导轨等部位发生严重破坏。为了查明破坏机理，提出合理的改建措施，于１９８９年对双层泄水孔进行了原型噪声观测。本文介绍了噪声测试水流空化的原理、方法及成果，对照水工模型试验及底孔破坏情况进行了分析，对改建方案进行了论证。此次原型噪声观测为水工建筑物水流空化情况测试和判断提供了新的途径，底孔改建为改善水力条件     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE TIP CLEARANCE FLOWS ON THE UNSTEADY CAVITATING FLOWS IN A THREE- D IMENSIONAL INDUCER

To clarify the influences of the tip clearance flows on the unsteady cavitating flow,the three-dimensional unsteady cavitating flows through both the two-dimensional cascades and the three-dimensional inducer with and without tip clearance are performed numerically.The governing equations for the compressible fluid flow with the DES turbulence model are employed with the assumption of the isentropic process of liquid phase.The evolution of cavities is represented as the source/sink of vapor phase.The basic equations in the curve linear coordinate are solved by the finite difference method.As the results of the three-dimensional cavitating flows through the two-dimensional cascades,the tip clearance flows from the pressure side to the suction side of the blade produces the tip vortex cavitation,which affects the sheet cavitation on the leading edge of the next blade and enhances the blockage effect near the casing than the flows without tip clearance.On the other hand,in the case of the three-dimensional inducer,the large backflow cavitation is observed around the inlet of the inducer,where the cavities are developed on the casing by the tip clearance flows.The large pressure gradient between the non-cavitating pressure side and the cavitating suction side enhances the tip clearance flows.The calculation considering the tip clearance reproduces the developed cavitation region similar to that of experimental visualizations.Additionally,the backflow cavitation rotates with the speed slower than the rotation speed of the inducer.Then,the rotation of backflow cavitation causes the periodic fluctuation of the outlet pressure greater than that of the inlet pressure.     

The design of propeller and propeller boss cap fins (PBCF) by an integrative method

Generally, after a marine propeller design, the propeller boss cap fins (PBCF) design concerns with an optimal selection of model test results, without a due consideration of the interaction between the PBCF and the propeller. In this paper, the PBCF and the propeller are considered as a whole system with their design as an integrative process, in which the concept of the increased loading in the blade root is incorporated. The load distribution on the blade becomes well-proportioned due to the increased loading in the blade root, and it is advantageous to the reduction of the vibratory force and the blade tip vortex. The blade root area is stronger in withstanding forces, and is not easy to be vibrated, therefore, the increased loading there is beneficial to the noise reduction. The disadvantage of the increased loading in the blade root is the generation of the hub vortex behind the boss cap, but the hub vortex can be broken up by the energy saving hydrodynamic mechanism of the PBCF. The integrative design method introduced in this paper can provide a higher efficiency for propellers under the same design conditions. In this paper, an integrative propeller and PBCF design method including the theoretical design and the numerical optimization design is proposed, based on the potential flow theory, the CFD tools, the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm, and the model tests. A propeller with the PBCF is designed based on the method of integrated increased loading in the blade root for a cargo vessel in this paper. The cavitation tunnel model test results show that the propeller and the PBCF thus designed enjoys a higher efficiency, and the design method is effective, reliable and practical.     

小浪底工程1号孔板泄洪洞水流空化原型试验研究

在库水位为210.18～210.28 m之间时,对小浪底水利枢纽工程1号孔板泄洪洞泄洪情况下多级孔板水流空化特性进行了原型试验。对弧形工作闸门在连续开启过程中各级孔板水流噪声的频谱分析发现,闸门孔口相对开度e/a为0.9时,第二级和第三级孔板处水流噪声声压级突然增加10 dB以上,表明开始出现空化水流,相应三级孔板的水流空化数分别为5.85、5.65和5.03,该结果与考虑缩尺影响修正后的模型试验研究结果基本一致。     

MODELLING AND COMPUTATION OF UNSTEADY TURBULENT CAVITATION FLOWS

1. INTRODUCTION Cavitatating flows are important phenomena happened in industry setups and many under-water vehicles. It leads to performance losses and modifications of blade load when happened in machines, especially turbo-machinery. Nevertheless, cavit…     

某水库底孔减压模型试验研究

讨论了形成初生空化数比尺效应的水动力原因及热动力原因,从Rayleigh-plesset泡动力方程出发建议了初生空化数比尺效应的修正方法,用减压模型测定了某水库底孔事故平板门槽及泄槽突扩跌坎后的模型初生空化数KiM及给出了经空化比尺效应修正后的原型初生空化数Kip。