乌东德拱坝低热水泥混凝土绝热温升反演及温控措施优化研究

乌东德拱坝全坝采用低热水泥混凝土施工。现场实测资料表明,低热水泥混凝土实际绝热温升与原科研阶段相比,发热速率及总发热量更小,最高温度控制难度相对更低,温控措施有条件放宽。为尽早掌握大坝低热水泥混凝土在现有施工配合比条件下温升变化规律,采用三维有限单元法实际模拟乌东德拱坝施工浇筑过程,进行施工期温度场仿真分析,并采取自适应遗传算法根据现场实际条件和监测数据反演真实的混凝土绝热温升参数,在此基础上对大坝混凝土温控措施进行了优化和调整。基于三维有限元温度场仿真计算结果表明,在采用优化调整过的温控措施以后,河床坝段最高温度可满足设计允许最高温度控制标准,抗裂安全系数达到2．2以上,研究成果为施工提供参考依据。     

三峡大坝高温季节浇筑混凝土的温控措施研究

三峡大坝混凝土浇筑块尺寸大，基础约束区设计允许最高温度较低，温控要求严，左岸非溢流１２～１８号坝段及左厂坝１～５号坝段面临１９９８年高温季节浇筑基础约束区混凝土的问题。研究解决高温季节浇筑基础约束区混凝土的温控措施，对保证混凝土施工质量非常重要。讨论混凝土的运输及浇筑过程中温度回升、高温季节浇筑混凝土的温度控制等。     

拉西瓦电站大坝混凝土温控措施研究

拉西瓦电站位于青海境内,该地气候条件恶劣,大坝混凝土温控难度大,本文从拉西瓦大坝混凝土所允许的最高温度入手,对混凝土温度控制进行计算。通过对混凝土出机口温度和浇筑温度的研究,寻找到了适合拉西瓦电站的大坝混凝土浇筑温度控制措施,对工程实际施工起到了指导作用。     

亭子口水利枢纽纵向围堰碾压混凝土温度控制

根据本工程的实际情况,结合碾压混凝土的特点,采取了浇筑前的早期温度控制、浇筑过程中的温度控制、浇筑后的初、中期温度控制等温度控制措施.监测的数据表明,混凝土内部最高温度均未超过设计允许的最高温度,也未出现温度应力产生的裂缝,说明本工程采取的温控措施效果良好.     

景洪水电站坝体混凝土温度控制设计

景洪水电站碾压混凝土重力坝最大坝高108 m,最大坝块长70 m,长宽比大,温控要求高.针对工程特点,确定了坝体混凝土温差控制标准、容许最高温度和厂坝接缝灌浆温度,提出了混凝土出机口温度、浇筑温度、浇筑层厚和间歇期、养护和保护、通水冷却等各个环节的温控措施和要求.经施工验证,提出的标准是合理的,采取的温控措施是有效的.     

京南水利枢纽高温季节混凝土施工的温控措施及效果

结合京南水利枢纽现场施工，介绍混凝土高温季节浇筑时采用的一些温控措施，以及所获得的混凝土浇筑允许间歇时间相应延长的技术效果。     

三峡冲沙闸消能防冲建筑物混凝土温度控制

三峡冲沙闸下游消能防冲建筑物工程具有混凝土标号高、混凝土浇筑块体尺寸大、温控标准高及混凝土料运输距离远等特点,混凝土温度控制方面采取了优化混凝土配合比、降低混凝土出机口温度、控制混凝土浇筑温度回升及初期通冷却水等综合措施,监测资料表明混凝土内部最高温度均控制在设计允许最高温度以下,取得了满意的效果,为其他类似工程混凝土温度控制提供了参考.     

某碾压混凝土重力坝施工温控措施研究

在碾压混凝土坝施工和运行期间防止裂缝的产生是需要考虑和控制的重要问题,对具体温控措施进行研究可为以后提供重要的技术指导。以某碾压混凝土重力坝工程为例,利用大型有限元软件ANSYS进行建模,采用三维有限元浮动网格法模拟碾压混凝土坝的施工过程,根据工程施工进度和碾压混凝土的热力学参数,针对浇筑温度、通水冷却措施,初拟了3个温控方案,对各个方案的温度场和应力场进行计算分析。结果表明:高温季节进行混凝土浇筑对坝体温度和应力影响较大,极容易造成裂缝;通过控制浇筑温度和通水冷却措施,坝体最高温度得到了有效的降低,最大应力基本满足碾压混凝土坝容许应力要求。此研究成果可为类似工程的温控设计提供参考。     

永久船闸旁侧泄水箱涵施工方案的选择及主要施工方法

永久船闸旁侧泄水箱涵混凝土施工成为三峡的样板工程，受到多方的认可，优良率达到９５％，本文主要介绍了永久船闸侧泄水箱涵混凝土施工方案的选择及主要施工方法，总结了箱涵式框架结构混凝土施工的经验，如施工机械布置，模板选型及架立、网络计划的编制，浇筑方法及混凝土温控措施等。     

南水北调中线工程唐河倒虹吸混凝土温控指标分析

在分析混凝土温度裂缝形式、危害、成因和防止措施的基础上,结合现场施工在保温条件下进行了有关温控指标和表层微变位的监测.结果表明,考虑到当地气象条件和现场施工条件,倒虹吸管混凝土浇筑施工温度,应做到混凝土入仓温度控制和表面保温并重.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。