Permittivity measurement of disk and annular dielectric samples using coaxial transmission line fixtures. part II: experimentation and accuracy analyses

An improved permittivity measurement technique for dielectric disks involving S-parameter measurement of a two-port coaxial transmission line fixture is presented. The previous form of the method suffers from variation of the retrieved permittivity with frequency, which leads to inaccuracies that may be severe at some frequencies. An extension of the method that reduces these errors is devised. In addition, an independently developed new technique for measuring the permittivity of annular samples via quadratic curve fitting is presented. This technique also involves S-parameter measurement of a coaxial fixture and requires measurement of only three known materials (one of them may be free space, in which case the requirement is reduced to only two solid dielectrics). The permittivity of any unknown dielectric may subsequently be determined with high accuracy over a wide frequency range. The method is based on the premise that the variation of the reflection characteristics of the two-port coaxial transmission line fixture with the permittivity of the sample displays a strongly quadratic behaviour. This paper constitutes the second of two parts of this work. Part I, also appearing in this issue, presents the theoretical formulation for the moment method mode-matching treatment of the coaxial fixture for treating annular samples. In the present paper, the measurement techniques are described, and numerical simulations of the experimental procedure based on the theory of Part I are presented. In addition, comparative results of accuracy for these two approaches are given. Sensitivity analyses are also presented, along with preliminary experimental results.     

开口同轴探头横电磁波模型法测量液体复介电常数

讨论了开口同轴探头技术测量液体复介电常数的理论和实验。在仅考虑同轴线横电磁波(TEM)主模反射波的情况下,用被测液复波数的多项式逼近同轴开口端输入导纳值,简化了复介电常数的求解。以用醇在频率1~18 GHz的导纳测量值求解复介电常数,验证了随多项式项数目增加计算的收敛性。在实验中,为了确定法兰直径最小值和被测液样品最小用量,提出了用被测液边界面与同轴开口面的两项功率比(辐射功率与入射功率比以及无功功率比)作为指标描述边界面电磁场的衰减程度。以1%浓度和3.5%浓度食盐水介电特性测量为例,使用孔径3.20 mm探头,验证了TEM模型法得出的测量结果在0.6~4.5 GHz频率上相比参考值的偏差小于5%。     

串联谐振法测量1/4波长介质同轴谐振器的特性参数

本文介绍一种测量1/4波长介质同轴谐振器主要特性参数的方法.介质同轴谐振器等效为并联谐振回路,直接串入线路无法测量其参数,本文提出串联谐振法,即在谐振器的开路端串联一只高Q值的电容器,形成串联谐振回路,用网络分析仪测量其传输曲线,从曲线上直接读出该回路的谐振频率和Q值,然后用本文推导出的公式便可计算得出谐振器的谐振频率和无载Q值.本文还用介电常数为74的陶瓷材料制成了1/4波长介质同轴谐振器进行了一系列的实验,实验结果表明,该方法简单,非常实用.     

同轴谐振腔测量片状介质材料的介电常数

基于同轴谐振腔,提出一种测量低损耗片状介质材料相对介电常数的方法。结合麦克斯韦方程组和电磁场边界条件,分析部分填充介质的同轴谐振腔内TEM谐振模,推导填充介质同轴谐振腔的本征方程。采用多项式拟合法简化计算模型。本文通过计算分析,设计一个空腔工作频率在1.8183 GHz的同轴谐振腔进行研究。在HFSS电磁仿真软件中进行仿真分析,研究填充介质材料的厚度和放置高度对测量结果的影响,仿真测量结果与理论模型结果一致。在实验中搭建测量系统实现全自动测量。实验测量同轴谐振腔空腔的谐振频率为1.8183 GHz。对FR4介质材料的相对介电常数进行测量。经过多次测量表明测量系统稳定性良好。实验结果符合实际标称值,与仿真误差小于5%,证明该方法的可行性和准确性。     

Basic parameters of coplanar-strip waveguides on multilayer dielectric/semiconductor substrates. Part 2: Low permittivity superstrates

For Part 1 see ibid., vol.4, pp.67-70 (2003). In Part 1, closed-form formulas were proposed for basic parameters of coplanar-strip (CPS) waveguides on multilayer dielectric substrates. In Part 2, a new partial capacitance technique is proposed to deal with the case where the permittivity of the substrate layers increase away from the strips, and the magnetic wall approximation between the dielectric layers used in Part 1 is not valid. CPS on a SiO/sub 2//Si substrate is a typical example. Conformal mapping technique is also used for the evaluation of the line inductance (including internal) of the strips. The line capacitance, inductance, and conductance are then used to evaluate the frequency-dependent complex impedance, effective dielectric permittivity, and losses. The results are in good agreement with experiments and numerical simulations. The computation time is at least an order of magnitude shorter in comparison with the available commercial software (e.g., Momentum, Sonnet).     

基于微波干涉理论的岩石介电常数测试方法

岩石的介电常数是表征其电磁辐射特性的重要参数,对于遥感对地观测具有重要意义。然而,现有的介电常数测定方法通常对样品的形状和尺寸有特定要求,且所测得的介电常数只能代表岩石局部小区域的介电特性,无法表征岩石整体的介电特性。为此,本文基于微波干涉理论,首先研究并提出了一种利用微波辐射计来测试岩石介电常数的新方法。然后,基于该方法并利用C波段微波辐射计对花岗岩和砂岩的介电常数进行了测试。为验证测试结果的正确性,利用AET开口同轴谐振腔方法对该结果进行了对比验证。结果表明,利用新方法测得的花岗岩和砂岩的介电常数分别为3.89和5.71,与AET开口同轴谐振腔法测量结果相比,相对误差分别为3.2%和2.7%,误差较小。研究结果初步表明了新方法的可行性,对于目前的点式介电常数测试方法不失为一种有益的补充。     

An adaptive PMU based fault detection/location technique fortransmission lines. II. PMU implementation and performance evaluation

Part I of this paper set sets forth theory and algorithms for adaptive fault detection/location technique, which is based on phasor measurement unit (PMU). This paper is Part II of this paper set, A new timing device named “Global Synchronism Clock Generator, GSCG” including its hardware and software design is described in this paper, Experimental results show that the synchronized error of rising edge between the two GSCGs clock is well within 1 ps when the clock frequency is below 2.499 MHz. The measurement results between Chung-Jeng and Chang-Te 161 kV substations of Taiwan Power company by PMU equipped with GSCG is presented and the accuracy for estimating parameters of line is verified. The new developed DFT based method (termed as smart discrete Fourier transform, SDFT) and line parameter estimation algorithm are combined with PMU configuration to form the adaptive fault detector/locator system. Simulation results have shown that SDFT method can extract exact phasors in the presence of frequency deviation and harmonics, The parameter estimation algorithm can also trace exact parameters very well, The SDFT method and parameter estimation algorithm can achieve accuracies of up to 99.999% and 99.99%, respectively. The EMTP is used to simulate a 345 kV transmission line of Taipower System. Results have shown that the proposed technique yields correct results independent of fault types and is insensitive to the variation of source impedance, fault impedance and line loading. The accuracy of fault location estimation achieved can be up to 99.9% for many simulated cases, The proposed technique will be very suitable for implementation in an integrated digital protection and control system for transmission substations     

同轴圆柱结构DBD装置放电功率的模拟计算及实验研究

分析了介质阻挡放电的宏观工作机理,推导了介质阻挡放电功率的计算公式,在电场及等效电容分析的基础上,建立了同轴圆柱结构介质阻挡放电装置放电功率的数学模型。依据该模型对介质阻挡放电功率随输入电压的变化规律进行了模拟计算,并对具体算例进行了实验对比研究,研究结果验证了文中所建立模型的精确性和有效性,为介质阻挡放电类型的低温等离子体反应器的设计提供了理论依据。     

倾斜轴空心矩形截面圆柱线圈互感计算

运用等效圆环回路法与任意方位的两圆环之间的互感公式得到了倾斜轴空心矩形截面圆柱线圈的互感公式。由于任意方位圆环互感公式保持了简洁的单重积分形状,本文的公式亦具有简洁的单重积分形状。除了线圈间距很近的情况外,任意方位的矩形截面圆柱线圈的互感可以被足够精确地算出。本文公式在同轴与平行轴的情形与已有文献数据进行了比较以验证本文公式的精度;在线圈轴倾斜的情形与精确公式进行了比较以验证本文公式计算一般情形互感时的精度。比较结果表明这些公式具有足够高的精度,可以用于一般方位矩形截面圆柱线圈互感的计算。同时,两任意线圈的解耦位置也可以运用本文公式求得。     

A parametric convex meshfree formulation for approximating the Helmholtz solution in circular coaxial waveguide

The application of convex meshfree approximation to the time‐harmonic electromagnetic wave propagation analysis of a waveguide with non‐convex cross section such as the circular coaxial waveguide remains unsolved. This paper introduces a parametric convex meshfree formulation for the circular coaxial waveguide analysis. The present method reformulates the convex meshfree approximation on the basis of a special parametric space―an extended parametric domain. The new parametric domain ensures a one‐to‐one geometric mapping using the convex meshfree approximation and allows the convex meshfree method to be applied to the oscillatory type of Helmholtz equation for circular coaxial waveguide analysis. Both transverse electric and transverse magnetic mode studies are conducted using the present method, and results are compared with the standard bilinear finite element method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An adaptive PMU based fault detection/location technique fortransmission lines. I. Theory and algorithms

An adaptive fault detection/location technique based on a phasor measurement unit (PMU) for an EHV/UHV transmission line is presented. A fault detection/location index in terms of Clarke components of the synchronized voltage and current phasors is derived. The line parameter estimation algorithm is also developed to solve the uncertainty of parameters caused by aging of transmission lines. This paper also proposes a new discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based algorithm (termed the smart discrete Fourier transform, SDFT) to eliminate system noise and measurement errors such that extremely accurate fundamental frequency components can be extracted for calculation of fault detection/location index. The EMTP was used to simulate a high voltage transmission line with faults at various locations. To simulate errors involved in measurements, Gaussian-type noise has been added to the raw output data generated by EMTP. Results have shown that the new DFT based method can extract exact phasors in the presence of frequency deviation and harmonics. The parameter estimation algorithm can also trace exact parameters very well. The accuracy of both new DFT based method and parameter estimation algorithm can achieve even up to 99.999% and 99.99% respectively, and is presented in Part II. The accuracy of fault location estimation by the proposed technique can achieve even up to 99.9% in the performance evaluation, which is also presented in Part II     

A Simulated Annealing-Based Goal-Attainment Method for Economic Emission Load Dispatch with Nonsmooth Fuel Cost and Emission Level Functions

A novel multiobjective optimization method for economic emission load dispatch (EELD) with nonsmooth fuel cost and emission level functions in power system operation andscheduling phases is presented. In this paper, the problem treats economy, emission, and transmission line security as competing objectives. The load constraints and operating constraints are taken into account. Assuming that the decision maker (DM) has goals for each of the objective functions, the multiobjective problem is converted into a single-objective optimization by the goal-attainment method, which is then handled by the simulated annealing (SA) technique. The solution methodology can offer a global or near-global noninferior (best compromising) solution in a sense close to the DM's requirements. Results for a sample test system have been presented to demonstrate the applicability and validity of the proposed method.     

开口同轴探头去嵌入技术的研究

开口同轴探头测量技术,由于可实现非破坏性测试,一直是众多科学家及工程技术人员关注的焦点。但对于同轴探头的误差分析,研究不够深入。相位补偿技术是最常用的同轴探头去嵌入技术,该技术假设同轴探头是理想器件,忽略了同轴探头加工精度带来的误差。为此,提出了一种更为精确的去嵌入技术,即基于传输线模型的开口同轴探头去嵌入技术,通过实测得到表征同轴探头误差的校准参量,从而量化同轴探头的误差模型,以去除在测量中同轴探头带来的误差。介绍了该技术的基本原理,并与相位补偿技术进行了对比,最终通过实测验证了该技术是有效可行的。     

Computation of Cable Impedances Based on Subdivision of Conductors

The frequency-dependent resistances and inductances of cables can either be found from analyt ical formulas, or with numerical methods based on finite elements or subdivision of conductors. While analytical formulas are limited to coaxial configurations, numerical methods can be used for non-concentric configurations as well. This paper discusses the method of subdivision into subconductors of circular, square or elemental shape, and compares the results for the case of a coaxial cable, where exact solutions are available from analytical formulas. The inclusion of ground return impedances is discussed next. The method is then applied to the calculation of impedances of pipe-type cables with magnetic pipe material, and of internal impedances of stranded conductors in the power line carrier frequency range.     

Partial discharge. III. Cavity-induced PD in solid dielectrics

For pt.II see ibid., vol.6, no.5, p.35 et seq. (1990). The question of how to relate the magnitude of the measured, effective, partial discharge (PD) to the size, shape, and position of the cavity within a solid dielectric system is addressed. The causes of cavities are examined, and a brief review of gas breakdown is given. It is then shown that for a range of geometries, such as parallel plate and coaxial, one can develop analytic solutions (i.e. formulas), and that for any system the solution can be found using computer-based methods for calculating the electric field throughout a sample. Scaling rules are derived from the physical model     

220kV电容式电压互感器上节电容介损测量分析

对220 kV电容式电压互感器上节电容单元的介损及电容测量,一直以来采用的是西林电桥正接法10 kV测量方法,这是一种普遍使用的试验方法.但这种测量方法需要将200kV电压互感器上节一次接线拆除,现场拆除引线很不方便.本方法是采用不拆除220 kV电容式电压互感器一次接线,使用去干扰的介损测量反接法,从而避免了繁重的拆...     

偏心介质同轴谐振腔的解析研究

文中应用电磁场解析方法并结合传输线理论计算了同轴线、平行偏心同轴线、斜偏心同轴线特性阻抗,进而对偏心同轴线等效为无偏心同轴线时的等效长度以及偏心后引起谐振频率的变化作了计算,解决了介质同轴谐振腔加工过程中由于工艺不完善引起的中心孔偏差所带来的问题。     

Modelling of a circular Fresnel zone plate lens for electromagnetic wave antenna application

The application of Fresnel lenses is often made to the receiving antennas for television and radio by way of the satellite communication, for the astronomical observation and so on. Their advantage lies in structural simplicity and low cost. A typical Fresnel zone plate lens (FZPL) consists of coaxial conductive ring bands separately placed over the surface of a dielectric plate. For the antenna application a receiving horn is provided at the focal point. In our previous work, the experiment was carried out for this arrangement, where the horn aperture is larger than the wavelength. Comparison was made with the solution of the Kirchhoff's scalar formula with reasonable agreement (Trans EIC Japan 1998; J‐81‐B‐II (8):823–828; Trans EIC Japan 1996; J‐79‐B‐II (11):959–963). The present work is to validate the numerical treatment. The method of moment and the theory of the physical optics are here considered with three‐dimensional vectorial formulation. The focal characteristic is obtained not only for the normal incidence but also for the slightly oblique incidence. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Method of moments modelling of cylindrical microwave integrated circuits interconnections

In this paper, a numerical technique suitable for characterizing a wide variety of interconnection configurations printed on cylindrical surfaces, is presented. The interconnection lines may have either finite or infinitesimal cross‐sections. To model cylindrical interfaces, suitable space‐domain integral equations are formulated to represent the potential on conductors and electric field at dielectric interfaces. The solution of the integral equations is then obtained numerically by applying the method of moments (MOM). The objective of this approach is to determine the capacitance matrix of cylindrical interconnection systems with different configurations. From the capacitance matrix, other quantities such as characteristic impedance, coupling coefficient and effective permittivity can be determined. The numerical technique described in this paper is implemented as a general computer program. Various circular cylindrical as well as elliptical cylindrical structures have been solved including microstrip lines and coplanar waveguide lines. The results obtained compare very well with other published data. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

球和线圈共轴的涡流问题解析解

导电导磁球和轴对称线圈的共轴电磁系统可用于球的涡流无损检测。文章利用磁矢量位和洛化兹规范,建立了均匀导电导磁珠和圆环线圈共轴电磁系统的时谐场边值问题,用分离变量法解得到了球的散射场解析解。在此基础上,导出了球和空芯圆柱线圈共轴电磁系统的电磁场解析解上,导出了球和空芯圆柱线圈共轴电磁系统的电磁场解析解和线圈的阻抗增量解析式。为便于计算,给出了复宗量的球贝塞尔函数的计算方法。实验表明,阻抗增量的理论计