联合反应器处理精对苯二甲酸废水的研究

本实验研究精对苯二甲酸(PTA)废水的最佳处理方法,试验研究表明厌氧HRT设定为18h,温度为37℃条件下联合反应器处理效果最佳.此时,UASB出水COD、TA、Pt酸、BA浓度分别为为450mg/L、15mg/L、40mg/L、1.0mg/L,SBR出水COD、TA、Pt酸、BA浓度分别为为25mg/L、0.5mg/L、25mg/L和0,去除率达90％以上,均达到国家排放标准.     

金属有机框架衍生的C-Bi/CC电极制备及其在铁铬液流电池中的电化学性能

电极是铁铬液流电池的重要组成部分,是电解液中活性组分发生电化学反应的场所。理想的电极材料应具备高电导率、大比表面积、高电化学活性、低成本等特性,而目前的电极材料往往不能兼顾。金属有机框架(MOF)兼具高导电性、高催化性能的优点,能够为电化学反应提供更多的活性位点,因此被广泛应用在电极材料中。此项工作通过水热法制备了以碳布负载Bi-MOF为前驱体(Bi-MOF/CC)的铋基碳布(CC)电极(C-Bi/CC)。通过探究金属盐的添加量与电极性能的耦合关系,提升了电极的性能,结果显示,使用90 mg金属盐的电极样品极化电阻仅1.069Ω,相较于原始碳布降低了8.5%、Cr³⁺还原过电位为0.25 V,使用普通碳布作为正极,改性过的电极作为铁铬液流电池负极进行电池循环性能测试,在电流密度为80 mA/cm²时能量效率达89.7%,库仑效率达97.2%,电压效率达92.3%;在电流密度为140 mA/cm²时能量效率达到83.8%,库仑效率达98.1%,电压效率达85.5%。     

水源CO2热泵的全工况性能与匹配性分析

通过对60kW水源CO_2热泵的实验测试,在获得的911组实验数据的基础上,建立了用于反映热泵系统性能和循环参数随运行工况变化趋势的BP神经网络拟合模型,综合分析了系统在供水温度为55~100℃、回水温度为10~50℃、热源温度为5~50℃和电子膨胀阀开度为50~400步的全工况范围内的性能,从而为该类型热泵系统性能的预测和系统设计提供了数据参考。在对四种工况下,即15/55/15℃、15/90/15℃、15/90/30℃和30/90/30℃时系统运行参数的比较分析的基础上,定性评价了系统在全工况范围内的匹配性。     

低热-Na2CO3联合处理生物污泥释放碳源

针对剩余污泥溶胞效率低问题,开展低热-Na₂CO₃联合处理剩余污泥释放碳源的研究。结果表明,相对最佳试验条件下,Na₂CO₃投加量6.0 g/L、试验温度90℃、反应时间24 h,上清液中SCOD (溶解性化学耗氧量)、蛋白质和多糖浓度分别达11 781.78 mg/L、1 289.67 mg/L和537.81 mg/L。通过破解前后SEM照片可知,破解前初始污泥颗粒轮廓清晰,颗粒分明;破解后污泥颗粒表面明显被破坏,出现团聚现象。研究表明,采用低热-Na₂CO₃联合处理能够有效破解污泥,释放碳源。     

相变储湿纤维的制备及其形貌影响因素的研究

醋酸纤维素为包裹材料、聚乙二醇800为相变材料、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺和丙酮为溶剂,采用静电纺丝法制备具有调温调湿性能的相变储湿纤维。采用电子扫描电镜(SEM)对相变储湿纤维进行表征,系统分析相变材料用量、聚合物用量、溶剂性质、电压和推速对表面形貌的影响;采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、动态水分吸附分析仪(DVS)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究优化工艺参数下制备的相变储湿纤维的组成结构、储湿调湿性能和相变调温性能。相变储湿纤维的优化工艺参数,即聚乙二醇800与丙酮的质量比为0.15、醋酸纤维素与丙酮的质量比为0.13、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺与丙酮的质量比为0.20、电压为20.0 kV、推速为0.40 mL/h。结果表明,优化工艺参数下制备的相变储湿纤维在相对湿度为40%~60%时,平衡含湿量为0.0412~0.2239 g/g;在相变温度为21.53~29.25℃时,相变潜热为44.64~49.45 J/g。     

生物质粉体在低NO_x燃烧器中燃烧的实验研究

为降低生物质直接燃烧过程污染物排放,提高燃烧效率,在给料量为12 kg/h的低NO_x生物质粉体燃烧器中进行燃烧实验,探究燃烧温度、过量空气系数(ER)和一、二次风比值对生物质粉体燃烧效率,NO_x、SO_2等污染物生成的影响。实验表明,燃烧效率与温度成正比。在800℃以下时,升高燃烧温度能显著提高燃烧效率;而在800℃以上时,温度对燃烧效率影响不大,但均能达到90%;实验结果还表明,当燃烧温度为800℃,过量空气系数为1.2,且一、二次风比值为60∶40时是实验条件下最佳工况点,此时效率为90.8%,NO_x浓度为282.94 mg/m3,SO_2含量为52.71 mg/m3。     

基于生物质稻秸气化的催化剂研究

利用浸渍法和沉淀法分别制备了Ni/Al₂O₃（NiAlI）和Ni/白云石（NiDoP）两类生物质气化催化剂,采用氢气还原热重实验和固定床气化实验对两类催化剂进行性能验证,分析了催化剂制备方法、活性组分、还原温度、负载量、还原度、比表面积等因素对气化效果的影响。结果显示沉淀法制备的NiDoP中Ni以Mg_0.4Ni_0.6O固溶体形式存在,其适宜的还原温度范围为400～600℃,浸渍法制备的NiAlI中Ni以NiAl₂O₄形式存在,其适宜的还原温度范围为800～900℃。500℃还原后的20NiDoP较20NiAlI具有更好的催化性能,900℃时20NiDoPA催化下的氢产率达34mol/（kg daf）,碳转化率达96%。添加5%K₂CO₃改性后的20NiDoP催化剂中,K₂O在气化过程中起了显著的催化作用。此外,在生物质气化催化剂制备过程中需综合考虑比表面积和负载量的相互关系。     

二氧化碳热泵热水器

日本东京电气公司（TEPCO）和Denso公司合作开发家用CO2热水器。新热水器是针对当前家用能耗达35％的热水供应而开发的。其COP大于3．0,因而运行费很低。由于利用CO2为制冷剂,是一种环保性能优良的绿色工质,可减少温室效应和臭氧层的衰减。不同于一般CFC热泵热水器只能提供最高达60℃水温,CO2热水器由于具有卓越的制热能力,在最低气温-20℃时亦能提供90℃的热水。     

电厂多元优化动力配煤燃烧特性研究

针对线性规划动力配煤的缺点,研究了非线性规划实现多元优化动力配煤的新技术,利用开发的多元优化动力配煤专家系统计算得到最优化配煤方案。利用沉降炉对13种最优化配煤进行燃烧特性试验。实验结果表明:随着燃煤细度R90由15%减小到5%,着火温度由1 283℃降低到1 167℃,着火距离由400 mm缩短到250 mm;随着过量空气系数由1.1升高到1.3,配煤着火温度由1 170℃升高到1 233℃,着火距离由200 mm延长到300 mm。炉壁温度由1 150℃上升到1 350℃时,排烟中NO含量由63 mg/kg升高到229 mg/kg;煤粉细度R90由15%减小到5%时,烟气中O_2含量由11.16%降低到9.72%,同时CO_2含量由9.4%上升到10.0%,SO_2含量由556 mg/kg升高到711 mg/kg。13种配煤基本上没有结渣,说明优化动力配煤技术可以改善煤质结渣特性。     

渤海稠油热力吞吐用耐温抗盐化学体系的室内实验研究

筛选、复配出适用于渤海稠油热力吞吐用耐温抗盐化学体系,该体系由磺酸盐类甜菜碱两性表面活性剂LHSB、苯磺酸盐类阴离子表面活性剂ABS及抗盐辅剂A组成,体系各组成浓度为0.3%LHSB+0.2%ABS+0.05%抗盐辅剂A。室内实验表明,该体系可耐温200℃,耐NaCl容忍度30000mg/L、CaCl_2容忍度1000mg/L。经过200℃老化6h后,该体系50℃下与渤海稠油的界面张力为0.097mN/m,相对于原油与地层水的界面张力降低了99.2%。与煤油浸润后的模拟岩心之间润湿角为8°,可使岩石表面由油湿转变为水湿。在剪切速率16.2s~(-1)、实验温度50℃下考察不同油水比下的降黏率,随着含水率的增加,该体系可形成比较好的水包油乳状液,体系降黏率达到98%以上,低含水率下亦不发生反相乳化。弱动力下,原油与体系即会发生乳化,静置1h后分层脱水,说明体系乳化分散效果好。该体系静态洗油率达20%。200℃下驱替效率达61.3%,相对于水驱可提高11.5个百分点。     

微氧和铜对植物绝缘油热老化特性的影响

在变压器运行过程中因储油罐与空气作用或密封设备发生泄漏,会导致绝缘油中溶解微量的氧气,且因植物绝缘油因不饱和脂肪酸含量较高而更易氧化。植物绝缘油酸值远高于矿物绝缘油,油中低分子有机酸对金属材料有腐蚀作用,且油中过渡金属离子对绝缘油的氧化有一定的催化作用。为此,研究了微氧和铜作用下植物绝缘油的热老化特性,分析了不同老化时间下油样的电气性能、油色谱特性。结果表明,相较于微氧作用,铜对植物绝缘油的热老化促进作用更为明显;植物油纸绝缘热老化特征气体为CO2、C2H6。     

热老化对植物油中绝缘纸样频域介电谱的影响

为研究不同绝缘纸样在植物油中的老化行为,对FR3植物油与菱格点胶纸、DPE纸和Nomex纸构成的油纸绝缘组合,在130℃环境中开展人工加速热老化试验,测量绝缘纸在10-1~107 Hz范围内的频域介电谱(FDS),分析FR3植物油中绝缘纸样老化前后的tanδ、复介电常数实部ε′和虚部ε″,利用扫描电子显微镜观察绝缘纸的表面微观结构,并测试各纸样的拉伸强度。结果表明,三种纸样在低频下的介电谱随老化程度延长呈现降低趋势,下降幅度为点胶纸>DPE纸>Nomex纸;热老化破坏绝缘纸紧密的纤维排列结构,使其孔洞、裂纹增多;相同老化时间下DPE纸纤维结构比点胶纸纤维结构的劣化程度低;Nomex比点胶纸和DPE纸抗热老化能力更强,机械强度更稳定。     

Performance and emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl esters of rubber seed oil

Recent concerns over the environment, increasing fuel prices and scarcity of its supply have promoted the interest in development of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. At present, biodiesel is commercially produced from the refined edible vegetable oils such as sunflower oil, palm oil and soybean oil, etc. by alkaline-catalyzed esterification process. This process is not suitable for production of biodiesel from many unrefined non-edible vegetable oils because of their high acid value. Hence, a two-step esterification method is developed to produce biodiesel from high FFA vegetable oils. The biodiesel production method consists of acid-catalyzed pretreatment followed by an alkaline-catalyzed transesterification. The important properties of methyl esters of rubber seed oil are compared with other esters and diesel. Pure rubber seed oil, diesel and biodiesel are used as fuels in the compression ignition engine and the performance and emission characteristics of the engine are analyzed. The lower blends of biodiesel increase the brake thermal efficiency and reduce the fuel consumption. The exhaust gas emissions are reduced with increase in biodiesel concentration. The experimental results proved that the use of biodiesel (produced from unrefined rubber seed oil) in compression ignition engines is a viable alternative to diesel.     

Evaluation of the dielectric properties of biodiesel fuels produced from different vegetable oil feedstocks through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Biodiesel fuels were prepared from different vegetable oil sources (canola, soybean, sunflower, and corn) and studied through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The dielectric constant from these biofuels evidenced no important dependence on feedstock, suggesting basically no change in fuels' polarity from varying the raw materials. In a different way, huge variations of the electrical resistivity and relaxation frequency were found when comparing among the studied biodiesels. Our findings demonstrate that these variations are closely associated with changes in the biodiesel viscosity, which is known to modulate charge mobility and was feedstock dependent. Accordingly, the impedance spectroscopy is here revealed to be a sensitive, alternative and reliable analytical approach for distinguishing among different feedstock-related biodiesels and monitoring certain biofuels' properties, like viscosity and interrelated parameters, usually connected with fatty acid structural profiles in biodiesel fuels.     

水分对天然酯变压器油热老化特性的影响

水分被认为是除温度外影响变压器油纸绝缘寿命最主要的因素,为研究水分对天然酯变压器油热老化特性的影响,通过设计不同初始水分含量油纸绝缘试品在130℃下进行加速热老化试验,测试分析天然酯变压器油在不同老化时间下的介电性能和油色谱特性。结果表明,初始水分含量越高,天然酯变压器油热老化过程中相对介电常数增加的速率越快、介质损耗因数越高,除对CH4的生成速率表现为抑制作用,对其他气体的生成速率均表现为促进作用;天然酯变压器油纸绝缘热老化特征气体为CO2和C2H6。     

Alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of Silurus triostegus Heckel fish oil: Optimization of transesterification parameters

The present work reports the production of biodiesel from Silurus triostegus Heckel fish oil (STFO) through alkaline-catalyzed transesterification by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an alkaline catalyst with methanol. Chemical and physical properties of the extracted oil were determined. It was found that STFO has a low acid value (1.90 mg KOH/g oil); hence no pre-treatment such as acid esterification is required to produce the biodiesel. The influence of the experimental parameters such as KOH concentration (0.25–1.0% w/w of oil), methanol to oil molar ratio (3:1, 6:1, 9:1 and 12:1), reaction temperature (32, 45 and 60 °C), reaction duration (30, 60, 90 and 120 min), type of the catalyst (potassium or sodium hydroxide) and step multiplicity (single- and two-step transesterification) on the yield of the biodiesel were investigated. The maximum biodiesel yield (96%) was obtained under the optimized parameters of the transesterification (KOH 0.50% w/w, 6:1 methanol to oil, at 32 °C for 60 min). The properties of the produced biodiesel were found to conform with the ASTM standard, indicating its suitability for internal combustion engines. Blending of the produced biodiesel with petro diesel with various volume percentages was investigated as well.     

Cyprinus carpio fish oil: A novel feedstock for biodiesel production

Biodiesel was developed from a novel nonedible oil source, namely Cyprinus carpio fish oil. The acid value of fish oil was very low (0.70 mg KOH/g oil, 0.35 free fatty acid content). As a result, biodiesel was produced through a one-step transesterifcation process, i.e. alkali-catalyzed transesterification with methanol. The optimal conditions for producing biodiesel from fish oil were investigated. The highest biodiesel yield (97.22% ~ 96.88% w/w ester content) was obtained under optimum conditions of 0.75% KOH w/w, 7:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 60°C reaction temperature and 60-minute duration. Properties of the produced biodiesel as well as its blends with petro-diesel fulfilled the standard limits as prescribed by ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 indicating its suitability as a fuel for diesel engines.     

Agglomeration of Makarwal coal using soybean oil as agglomerant

The study was carried out for beneficiation of Makarwal coal using soybean oil as agglomerant. The effect of six parameters – pH, mesh size of coal particles, slurry ratio, stirring speed, soybean oil concentration, and time of agglomeration – was investigated to reduce ash and sulfur from Makarwal coal and to enhance the gross calorific value. In the cleaned product obtained after the agglomeration process, the gross calorific value was increased from 4900 to 7115 Kcal/kg. The ash of agglomerates was reduced from 30% to 7.5% and sulfur was reduced from 5.4% to 2.0% The optimum operating conditions were concentration of soybean oil 10 mL, pH 9, stirring speed 2800 rpm, mesh size 200, coal to water ratio of 15:450 (W/V), and time of agglomeration 20 min. Significant reduction in ash and sulfur showed the effectiveness for agglomeration of Makarwal coal using soybean oil as the agglomerant. The final product thus obtained may be used efficiently in various energy recovery schemes.     

Biodiesel production from two stage esterification of simarouba glauca seed oil and its characterization

In this work, biodiesel was produced from simarouba glauca seed oil through a two-stage acid-alkali esterification process. Concentrated sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide were used as catalysts for acid and alkaline catalyzed esterification process, respectively. The free fatty acid content of the oil was reduced from 3.5 to 0.2%. The major properties of oil and its biodiesel were studied. Upon two-stage esterification, kinematic viscosity was reduced from 45.75 to 3.1 cSt and the acid value was reduced from 6.9348 to 0.4 mg KOH/g. The measured physio-chemical properties are within the limits set by ASTM biodiesel standards.     

电容式电压互感器介损增长异常分析

在电容式电压互感器预防性试验中,发现介损增长异常。对其设备提高试验电压,随着电压从10 kV升高至81 kV,介损下降到0.045%,电容量增大4.42%,当电压继续升高至100 kV,介损及电容量不再变化。通过计算及解体试验证实有6个电容击穿。分析结果表明:由于电容在制造过程中真空度未达到要求,发生局部放电,电容未完全击穿,电阻增大,导致介损增长异常。