叶片和塔架振动对风电传动系统外载荷的影响

应用二结点梁单元建立风力发电机叶片和塔架的结构模型,并结合风力发电机叶片的气动载荷计算模型、传动系统模型、发电机模型和变速变桨距控制系统模型,得到可考虑叶片和塔架结构动力响应影响的风力发电机传动系统动态外载荷计算模型。应用该动态外载荷计算模型,计算风力发电机传动系统在正常运行条件下的动态外载荷,并对叶片和塔架结构振动对风力发电机传动系统动态外载荷的影响进行分析。     

变风载下风力发电机齿轮传动系统动力学特性研究

根据风力发电机齿轮传动系统所处的由随机风速引起的复杂变工况环境,用自回归AR风速模型模拟实际风场的风速,获得了由随机风速引起的时变风载荷;采用集中质量参数法建立了传动系统的纯扭转动力学模型,求得了系统的固有频率和阵型;研究了传动系统在时变风载下的动态特性,求得了各齿轮的振动位移和各齿轮副的动态啮合力,为风力发电机传动系统的动态性能优化和可靠性设计奠定了基础。     

不同工况下风力发电机传动系统动态外载荷计算

综合考虑风轮非定常气动载荷计算模型、传动系统动力学模型、双馈发电机模型和变速变桨距控制模型,建立风力发电机传动系统在不同工况下的动态外载荷计算模型。使用所建立的计算模型对变速变桨距型风力发电机分别在启动、运行和制动时的外载荷进行计算分析,得到增速齿轮箱的输入载荷变化规律及其影响因素。     

基于LQR方法的大型风力机转矩控制建模与仿真

当风速高于额定风速、小于切出风速时,恒电机转矩控制易导致传动链扭矩大幅波动,降低风力发电机组关键零部件的疲劳寿命。针对该问题建立基于状态空间的传动链线性化模型,采用线性二次型调节器(LQR)方法设计风力发电机的转矩控制器,将传动链一阶扭转模态对应的闭环极点向复平面的左侧移动,实现对传动链的动态加阻。通过Matlab7.1/Simulink中的控制器与FAST风力机模型的联合仿真表明该控制方法的有效性,即可提高传动链的阻尼,降低风力发电机组关键零部件的载荷。     

基于动力学的风力机齿轮传动系统可靠性研究

为正确评估齿轮传动系统齿面接触疲劳寿命,以2 MW风力发电机齿轮传动系统为研究对象,引入风场风速变化规律并选用weibull分布建立随机风速模型。考虑外部风载以及由齿轮、轴承刚度等引起的内部载荷激励,建立行星齿轮传动系统平移-扭转动力学模型,求得传动系统各齿轮副动态啮合力并计算相应的应力历程。针对齿轮传动强度及受载随机性的特点,以轮齿的强度退化表征疲劳效应,基于非线性疲劳损伤累积理论建立剩余强度模型,在传统应力-强度干涉理论的基础上,得到随机风载作用下齿轮传动系统动态可靠度功能函数,通过摄动法对零部件的动态可靠度变化曲线进行描述。结果表明：在强度退化和随机载荷联合作用下,风力机系统各齿轮疲劳可靠度随服役时间出现逐渐下降的趋势,且服役前期可靠度下降趋势较快,中后期下降趋势逐渐减缓,强度退化形式及载荷大小影响着可靠度的变化趋势。该模型反映了齿轮传动系统可靠度随服役时间的变化规律,为产品的可靠性设计及疲劳寿命预测提供了参考。     

风力发电机组的自适应转矩控制及载荷优化

针对变速变桨风力发电机组(variable speed variable pitch,VSVP)如何在低风速时最大限度捕获风能以及在额定风速以上降低传动链载荷进行研究。低风速时在研究了传统风能追踪控制策略的基础上,文中提出通过改变最优增益系数来追踪最佳风能利用系数的自适应转矩控制策略。同时针对风力发电机组传动链的扭转振动,提出了基于发电机转速反馈滤波的转矩纹波控制方式。以2MW变速变桨风力发电机组为验证对象,基于Blade软件平台对所采用的控制策略进行仿真研究。结果表明：所提出的自适应转矩控制策略能够更好的追踪最大功率点,同时采用转矩纹波能够降低传动链载荷     

随机风载作用下风力发电机齿轮传动系统疲劳寿命预测

针对风电齿轮传动系统在复杂随机风载下运行的特点,运用加权最小二乘支持向量机(Weight Sparse Least Squares Support Vector Machines,SLS-SVM)方法建立风场随机风速模型,进而得到随机风引起的系统外部载荷激励。建立考虑齿轮时变啮合刚度、综合啮合误差、滚动轴承变刚度的风电齿轮传动系统的平移-扭转动力学模型,求得传动系统各齿轮副的动态啮合力和各支承轴承的动态接触力及相应的应力时间历程。应用雨流计数法统计循环参量,结合Goodman公式将工作循环应力水平按等寿命原则转换为对称循环下的疲劳应力谱。基于Palmgren-Miner线性累积损伤法则和材料P-S-N(失效概率-应力-循环次数)曲线,预测风电齿轮传动系统各齿轮和轴承的疲劳寿命。为风力发电机齿轮传动系统动态疲劳寿命预测提供了理论方法。     

基于流固耦合的风力机塔筒动态特性分析

塔筒动态特性分析对风力发电机的振动设计起着关键作用。文章以1.5 MW风力发电机塔筒为研究对象,将叶片旋转和随机风载荷作为载荷输入条件,建立风力机塔筒叶片旋转载荷模型、流固耦合风载荷模型、结构动力学方程,分析计算得到随机载荷下叶片旋转和风载共同作用时,风力机塔筒动态特性评估方法。     

随机风载荷对双馈风电机组轴系扭振响应分析

考虑到风电机组柔性传动链在风速持续扰动中易产生机组扭振,研究随机风载荷作用下双馈风电机组扭振响应、扭振传递规律及关键部件的影响程度。首先,考虑叶片、齿轮箱和发电机等关键部件,采用集中质量法,建立双馈风电机组传动链等效3质量块模型。其次,基于小信号分析法对柔性传动链的扭振模态、扭振频率及参与因子进行分析,获取其模态振型图。最后,基于Simulink软件平台,建立考虑随机风载荷作用和传动链柔性的双馈风电机组时域仿真模型,仿真分析在亚同步、超同步工况下的机组轴系扭振响应,并与理想风载荷作用效果进行比较。结果表明:与理想风载荷相比,随机风载荷作用对机组传动链轴系扭振响应影响明显,且在超同步或亚同步运行时,影响扭振的关键部件为发电机转子。     

风力发电机齿轮箱齿根弯曲疲劳寿命仿真技术与方法研究

为了正确评估齿轮传动系统齿根弯曲疲劳寿命,以风力发电机齿轮箱为研究对象,以轮齿的线性强度退化表征疲劳效应,建立系统寿命蒙特卡洛仿真模型。模型全面考虑轮齿强度的随机特性,由轮齿转动带来的系统结构时变特性,轮齿的强度退化引起的系统抗力时变特性,齿轮传动系统失效相关特性以及各特性之间的耦合作用。在模拟载荷谱下,分析750 kW风力发电机齿轮箱传动系统疲劳寿命的分布,得到各齿轮和齿轮传动系统的寿命分布参数。     

开关磁阻风电制氢动力传动系统机电耦合动力学分析

为揭示开关磁阻风电制氢动力传动系统的机电耦合作用规律,考虑齿轮系统的详细特性和制氢装置非线性物理细节以及发电机电磁特性,建立包含风轮、齿轮传动系统、开关磁阻发电机、制氢装置的开关磁阻风电制氢动力传动系统机电耦合动力学模型,仿真分析变风况下系统的能量流、机电耦合动力学特性以及并联电解槽数量对系统动态特性的影响.结果表明:...     

Modelling and control of variable‐speed multi‐pole permanent magnet synchronous generator wind turbine

Emphasis of this article is on variable‐speed pitch‐controlled wind turbines with multi‐pole permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and on their extremely soft drive‐train shafts. A model and a control strategy for a full back‐to‐back converter wind turbine with multi‐pole PMSG are described. The model comprises submodels of the aerodynamic rotor, the drive‐train by a two‐mass model, the permanent magnet generator and the full‐scale converter system. The control strategy, which embraces both the wind turbine control itself and the control of the full‐scale converter, has tasks to control independently the active and reactive powers, to assist the power system and to ensure a stable normal operation of the wind turbine itself. A multi‐pole PMSG connected to the grid through a full‐scale converter has no inherent damping, and therefore, such configuration can become practically unstable, if no damping by means of external measures is applied. In this work, the frequency converter is designed to damp actively the drive‐train oscillations, thus ensuring stable operation. The dynamic performance of the presented model and control strategy is assessed and emphasized in normal operation conditions by means of simulations in the power system simulation tool DIgSILENT. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Validation of fixed speed wind turbine dynamic models with measured data

Power system dynamics studies involving fixed-speed wind turbines normally use a wind turbine model consisting of two lumped masses, an elastic coupling and a induction generator model which neglects stator transients. However, validations of this model with measured data are rarely reported in the literature. This paper validates the model using a recorded case obtained in a fixed speed, stall regulated 180 kW wind turbine through a voltage dip. The work analyses the performance of the reduced order induction generator model which neglects stator transients, compared to the detailed induction generator model. It also includes a study of the convenience of representing mechanical damping in the drive train, and an evaluation of the single mass mechanical model.     

Effect of operating methods of wind turbine generator system on net power extraction under wind velocity fluctuations in fields

The effect of how a wind turbine generator system is operated is discussed from the viewpoint of net power extraction with wind velocity fluctuations in relation to the scale and the dynamic behavior of the system. On a wind turbine generator system consisting of a Darrieus-Savonius hybrid wind turbine, a load generator and a battery, we took up two operating methods: constant tip speed ratio operation for a stand-alone system(Scheme1) and synchronous operation by connecting a grid(Scheme2). With our simulation model, using the result of the net extracting power, we clarified that Scheme1 is more effective than Scheme2 for small-scale systems. Furthermore, in Scheme1, the appropriate rated power output of the system under each wind condition can be confirmed.     

A novel power splitting drive train for variable speed wind power generators

In this paper a novel electrically controlled power splitting drive train for variable speed wind turbines is presented. A variable speed wind turbine has many advantages, mainly it can increase the power yield from the wind, alleviate the load peak in the electrical-mechanical drive train, and posses a long life time, also, it can offer the possibility to store the briefly timely wind-conditioned power fluctuations in the wind rotor, in which the rotary masses are used as storages of kinetic energy, consequently, the variable speed wind turbines are utilized in the wind power industry widely. In this work, on the basis of a planetary transmission a new kind of drive train for the variable speed wind turbines is proposed. The new drive train consists of wind rotor, three-shafted planetary gear set, generator and servo motor. The wind rotor is coupled with the planet carrier of the planetary transmission, the generator is connected with the ring gear through an adjustment gear pair, and the servo motor is fixed to the sun gear. By controlling the electromagnetic torque or speed of the servo motor, the variable speed operation of the wind rotor and the constant speed operation of the generator are realized, therefore, the generator can be coupled with the grid directly. At the nominal operation point, about 80% of the rotor power flow through the generator directly and 20% through the servo motor and a small power electronics system into the grid. As a result, the disadvantages in the traditional wind turbines, e.g. high price of power electronics system, much power loss, strong reaction from the grid and large crash load in the drive train will be avoided.     

An experimental investigation on the wake interferences among wind turbines sited in aligned and staggered wind farms

An experimental investigation was conducted for a better understanding of the wake interferences among wind turbines sited in wind farms with different turbine layout designs. Two different types of inflows were generated in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel to simulate the different incoming surface winds over typical onshore and offshore wind farms. In addition to quantifying the power outputs and dynamic wind loads acting on the model turbines, the characteristics of the wake flows inside the wind farms were also examined quantitatively. After adding turbines staggered between the first 2 rows of an aligned wind farm to increase the turbine number density in the wind farm, the added staggered turbines did not show a significant effect on the aeromechanical performance of the downstream turbines for the offshore case. However, for the onshore case, while the upstream staggered turbines have a beneficial effect on the power outputs of the downstream turbines, the fatigue loads acting on the downstream turbines were also found to increase considerably due to the wake effects induced by the upstream turbines. With the same turbine number density and same inflow characteristics, the wind turbines were found to be able to generate much more power when they are arranged in a staggered layout than those in an aligned layout. In addition, the characteristics of the dynamic wind loads acting on the wind turbines sited in the aligned layout, including the fluctuation amplitudes and power spectrum, were found to be significantly different from those with staggered layout.     

风特性对风力发电机组输出功率的影响

为了准确研究不同类型的风速对并网风电机组输出功率的影响,建立了并网风力发电机模型和不同类型风速的模型。在不同类型风速的扰动下,对异步风电机输出功率的波动进行了仿真分析;针对引起功率振荡最严重的阵风,进行了不同频率的阵风扰动下风电机组功率振荡的比较,对阵风扰动下风电机组间的相互影响进行了仿真分析。结果表明,在相同幅值的扰动下,阵风引起的风电机组功率振荡最严重,机组功率振荡情况与阵风扰动的频率有关,单台机组在阵风扰动下产生的振荡对其他机组也会产生一定的影响。     

基于混杂自动机的大型风力发电机组全程控制

风力发电系统是具有不确定性的复杂非线性系统,机组运行工况变化十分频繁。通过对风力发电机组的系统特性分析,发现风力发电系统呈现出混杂系统的典型特征。因此,基于混杂自动机理论建立了1.5 MW双馈型风电机组的混杂动态模型,并根据风力发电机组控制策略设计了能够在机组运行中实现全程自动化的混杂控制系统。仿真结果表明,基于混杂自动机的动态模型可以实现风电机组的全程模拟,所设计的混杂控制系统能够满足风电机组全程控制要求,证明了混杂系统理论应用于风力发电研究领域的有效性。     

大型风力发电机组自振频率的分析

应用集中质量法的基本原理和方法对复杂的大型风力发电机组结构进行合理的简化，建立相应的动力学模型和运动方程分析机组的自振特性，通过求解线性齐次方程组导出机组最主要的n阶自振频率。经验证，此法简便实用且能获得较为满意的精度，可为大型风力发电机组结构动态设计提供参考。