1kW家用SOFC-CHP系统建模及性能分析

构建一个以天然气为燃料的SOFC-CHP系统,推导SOFC传热传质及电化学方程,建立各个组件的数学模型,编写计算程序,对发电功率为1kW的家用SOFC-CHP系统在设计工况下进行性能模拟并探讨不同系统参数对性能的影响。计算结果表明:在设计工况下,系统热电联供效率远高于电池单独发电的效率;此外,随着燃料入口流量的增大,系统发电功率存在一个最大值,燃料利用率与发电效率不断减小,系统热电联供效率不断增大,SOFC的温度梯度分布则越来越平缓;同时发现降低过量空气系数可以提高该CHP系统的性能。     

燃气发电机组变负荷特性对分布式能源系统选型的影响

为了实现分布式能源系统的合理选型匹配,对不同负荷下燃气发电机组的发电效率和热电比曲线进行拟合,以某小区冷热电负荷及电价为计算条件,年总成本费用为目标函数,设置计算对照组,研究燃气内燃机变工况特性对分布式能源系统寻优选型的影响.结果表明:燃气发电机组变工况的热电比和发电效率对系统选型和年总成本影响显著,与采取额定参数作为...     

不同环境温度与负荷条件下燃气轮机联合循环热电联产特性分析

为研究环境温度、热电负荷条件对联合循环热电联产全工况性能的影响,采用模块化建模方法对系统各部件建模,利用各部件参数的相互关系将各模型耦合得到联合循环热电联产模型,通过对比分析各环境温度下的机组特性得出结论:满负荷时,随环境温度的变化联合循环热效率存在最佳值,主要与凝汽器压力变化规律有关,凝汽器压力在环境温度Ta=8℃时变化规律发生转变,联合循环效率在该温度下出现最佳值;变负荷运行时,底循环性能在高、中间和低负荷区域内的最佳环境温度不同;供热工况下,分析了热电联产机组不同评价指标下的最优供热方式,其中以经济效率作为热电联产评价指标时,在任何热负荷下都建议高电负荷运行。     

集成太阳能辅助供热的600 MW高背压热电联产机组的运行及优化

为了解决太阳能辅助燃煤发电系统与太阳能辅助抽汽供热系统的余热损失增多问题,提出一种太阳能辅助高背压热电联产系统的优化改造方案。利用EBSILON软件采用数值模拟的方法,对改造前后机组的整体性能和改造后机组在不同发电功率、背压、热网供回水温度工况下的收益变化进行了分析,对比了改造前后机组的(火用)效率与经济性差异。结果表明：改造后的太阳能辅助高背压热电联产系统节煤更多,机组回收了集成太阳能产生的余热后供热能力增强;改造后的机组在低发电功率、较高背压和较低热网供回水温度时节煤更多;在低发电功率、较低背压及较高热网供回水温度时机组的供热能力更强;改造后的太阳能辅助高背压热电联产系统(火用)效率更高、系统的经济效益更佳。     

内燃机冷热电联产系统设计点性能分析

简介内燃机冷热电联产系统的发展现状,总结了发电用内燃机在设计点工况下主要参数的现有分布范围:排气温度约为450~600℃,排气流量基本上与额定功率呈线性关系,发电效率一般在33%~45%。对联产系统不同形式的能量输出、联产系统经济效率等进行分析研究,表明联产系统回收的能量主要来自排气和冷却水,排气回收能量一般高于冷却水回收能量。与热电联产系统相比,由于制冷比供热困难,冷热电联产系统的经济效率较高。     

地热与生物质直燃耦合的热电联产系统热力学性能分析

提出不同温度地热水与生物质热电联产机组集成的新耦合系统。该系统将地热能集成到生物质热电联产机组的汽水循环中,取代部分汽轮机抽汽。基于某35 MW生物质热电联产机组对新耦合系统的热力学性能进行评估。结果表明：对于地热水温度为110℃的新耦合系统,抽取的地热水处于较高温度,可以作为驱动热泵的热源,节省了抽汽;新耦合系统发电功率的增加分为3部分,即机组本身改造、新设置的抽引器以及地热辅助;不同地热水温度下新耦合系统的总■效率均有较大提升;新耦合系统具有显著的经济优势。     

深度调峰背景下的厂级热电负荷分配优化

为解决在调峰辅助服务市场下不同容量的热电联产机组的热电调度问题,建立了多台热电联产机组调峰调度模型,该模型以全厂收益最大为目标函数,使用分段三次Hermite插值法计算燃煤成本,综合考虑机组的热电出力约束条件,使用粒子群算法求解机组之间的热电调度问题。以某热电厂典型日热电负荷为例进行算例分析。结果表明：所建调峰调度模型能显著提升全厂总收益,且全厂总收益随调峰分摊金额的提高而减少;当热负荷增大时全厂总收益也增大,在全厂电负荷约为机组额定容量之和的60%时,全厂总收益达到最大。     

燃气内燃机冷热电三联供性能分析

针对分布式能源系统,计算分析燃气内燃机冷热电联产系统的热力性能以及经济性能,讨论冷热电联产系统对比单独发电或制热制冷的优劣。以总能利用率为基础,结合?效率,对燃气冷热电三联供系统进行性能分析,并与常规的单产系统进行对比;并分析了三联供系统的初期投资及运营费用对成本回收的影响。     

分布式能源知识

<正>世界分布式能源联盟的定义:分布式能源是分布在用户端的独立的各种产品和技术。包括(1)高效的热电联产系统,功率在3 k W~400 MW,例如:燃气轮机,蒸汽轮机、往复式内燃机、燃料电池、微型燃气轮机、斯特林发动机;(2)分布式可再生能源技术,包括:光伏发电系统、小水电     

带冷凝除湿的湿空气透平热电联产系统

建议了一种新的基于加湿和冷凝除湿混合循环的湿空气透平热电联产系统,可提高城市热电联产系统的发电和能源利用效率,实现燃料和热源的多样性,降低主机投资和装置回收周期。利用直接式除湿器进一步回收潜热和改善系统。基于节点能量平衡的热力性能分析方法,揭示了关键参数对系统性能影响的特性规律。分析表明:借助联合应用加湿和除湿过程,系统主机的优化压缩比可以低选,发电和热电效率相应提高,有利于实用、经济、环保地实现分布式热电联产节能工程。     

Performance of an innovative 120 kWe natural gas cogeneration system

The paper deals with an innovative (120 kWe, 195 kWt) natural gas (NG) combined heat and power (CHP) system, at present under development, which has been set up at the FIAT Centre of Research (CRF), Turin, Italy. The main characteristics of the CHP system are: the use of an automotive derived internal combustion engine, a high part load electrical efficiency due to a variable speed operation strategy and an advanced exhaust gas after-treatment to meet the most stringent pollutant emission regulations.     

The utilization of hydrogen in hydrogen/diesel dual fuel engine

A hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine has great advantages on exhaust emissions including carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission in comparison with a conventional engine fueling fossil fuel. In addition, if it is compared with a hydrogen fuel cell, the hydrogen engine has some advantages on price, power density, and required purity of hydrogen. Therefore, they expect that hydrogen will be utilized for several applications, especially for a combined heat and power (CHP) system which currently uses diesel or natural gas as a fuel.A final goal of this study is to develop combustion technologies of hydrogen in an internal combustion engine with high efficiency and clean emission. This study especially focuses on a diesel dual fuel (DDF) combustion technology. The DDF combustion technology uses two different fuels. One of them is diesel fuel, and the other one is hydrogen in this study. Because the DDF engine is not customized for hydrogen which has significant flammability, it is concerned that serious problems occur in the hydrogen DDF engine such as abnormal combustion, worse emission and thermal efficiency.In this study, a single cylinder diesel engine is used with gas injectors at an intake port to evaluate performance swung the hydrogen DDF engine with changing conditions of amount of hydrogen injected, engine speed, and engine loads. The engine experiments show that the hydrogen DDF operation could achieve higher thermal efficiency than a conventional diesel operation at relatively high engine load conditions. However, it is also shown that pre-ignition with relatively high input energy fraction of hydrogen occurred before diesel fuel injection and its ignition. Therefore, such abnormal combustion limited amount of hydrogen injected. Fire-deck temperature was measured to investigate causal relationship between fire-deck temperature and occurrence of pre-ignition with changing operative conditions of the hydrogen DDF engine.     

Performance characterization of gas engine generator integrated with a liquid desiccant dehumidification system

Combined heat and power (CHP) involves on-site or near-site generation of electricity along with utilization of thermal energy available from the power generation process. CHP has the potential of providing a 30% improvement over conventional power plant efficiency and a CO₂ emissions reduction of 45% or more as compared to the US national average. In addition, an overall total system efficiency of 80% can be achieved because of the utilization of thermal energy that would be wasted if only the electric power were utilized, and because of the reduction of transmission, distribution, and energy conversion losses. The current research is being carried out in a four-story educational office building. This research focuses on the design, installation, and analysis of a modular CHP system consisting of a natural gas fired reciprocating engine generator with a liquid desiccant dehumidification system. The engine generator provides 75 kW of electric power to the building load bus while the combined waste heat from the exhaust gases and jacket water are used to regenerate the liquid desiccant. The liquid desiccant unit dehumidifies and cools the ventilation air to the building and supplies it to the mixed air section of the roof top unit. This paper discusses the various aspects involved in the design and installation of the system such as the heat recovery loop design and the electrical interconnection with the building load bus. Test results are also presented and the performance is compared to a traditional power plant with a conventional heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system.     

Design and performance evaluation of an innovative small scale combined cycle cogeneration system

This paper deals with an innovative natural gas (NG) combined cycle cogeneration system (150-kW_e, 192 kW_t). The system is made up of a combination of two interconnected combined heat and power (CHP) systems: a reciprocating internal combustion engine cogenerator (ICE CHP) as the topping cycle and a Rankine cycle cogenerator (RC CHP) which operates as the bottoming cycle on the exhaust gases from the ICE. The expander technology chosen for the Rankine cycle prime mover is a reciprocating single expansion steam engine with three cylinders in a radial architecture. The ICE is an automotive derived internal combustion engine with a high part-load electrical efficiency, due to a variable speed operation strategy and reduced emissions.     

Experimental investigation of performance and emissions of the SICAI-hybrid engine systems

The use of hybrid electrical engines can provide more efficiency by reducing fuel consumption and emissions. In the research, the experimental studies on the created hybrid electric engine were presented. The hybrid engine combines an electric motor with the internal combustion engine (ICE) which is operated under spark assisted controlled auto-ignition (SICAI) combustion mode with the alternative fuels consisting of different ratios of methane–hydrogen blends. In order to establish the hybrid engine, firstly, efficiency graphs of the electrical motor were obtained experimentally. The battery charge status was also checked. The operating range of the SICAI engine in the hybrid system was identified considering performance and efficiency parameters. Based on these parameters, a hybrid algorithm was established to control the operating of the created hybrid engine system. Thus, the experimental studies were carried out for 100% methane, 90% methane-10% hydrogen, 80% methane-20% hydrogen and, 70% methane-30% hydrogen blends (by volume) at wide opening throttle (WOT) and, 50% WOT positions. Consequently, the results were discussed in terms of efficiency and emissions.     

An internal combustion engine platform for increased thermal efficiency,constant‐volume combustion,variable compression ratio,and cold start

An internal‐combustion engine platform, which may operate on a portfolio of cycles for an increased expansion ratio, combustion under constant volume, variable compression ratio, and cold start, is introduced. Through unique thermodynamic cycles, the engine may be able to operate on a much greater expansion ratio than the compression ratio for a significantly improved thermal efficiency. This improvement is attained without involving a complex mechanical structure or enlarged engine size, and at the same time without reducing the compression ratio. The engine with these features may serve as an alternative to the Atkinson cycle engine or the Miller cycle engine. Furthermore, based on the same engine platform, the engine may operate on other cycles according to the load conditions and environmental considerations. These cycles include those for combustion under constant volume, variable compression ratio under part load conditions, and cold start for alternative fuels. It is believed that the introduced thermodynamic cycles associated with the engine platform may enable a future internal combustion engine that could generally increase the thermal efficiency by about 20% under full and part load conditions and overcome the cold start problem associated with diesel fuels or alternative fuels such as ethanol and methanol. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimization and efficiency analysis of methanol SOFC-PEMFC hybrid system

In order to improve the power generation efficiency of fuel cell systems employing liquid fuels, a hybrid system consisting of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is proposed. Utilize the high temperature heat generated by SOFC to reform as much methanol as possible to improve the overall energy efficiency of the system. When SOFC has a stable output of 100 kW, the amount of hydrogen after reforming is changed by changing the methanol flow rate. Three hybrid systems are proposed to compare and select the best system process suitable for different situations. The results show that the combined combustion system has the highest power generation, which can reach 350 kW and the total electrical efficiency is 57%. When the power of the tail gas preheating system is 160 kW, the electrical efficiency can reach 75%. The PEM water preheating system has the most balanced performance, with the electric power of 300 kW and the efficiency of 66%.     

Thermoeconomic modeling of micro-CHP (micro-cooling,heating, and power) for small commercial applications

The increasing demand for electrical power as well as energy for heating and cooling of residences and small commercial buildings is a growing worldwide concern. Micro-cooling, heating, and power (micro-CHP), typically designated as less than 30 kW electric, is decentralized electricity generation coupled with thermally activated components for residential and small commercial applications. The number of combinations of components and parameters in a micro-CHP system is too many to be designed through experimental work alone. Therefore, theoretical models for different micro-CHP components and complete micro-CHP systems are needed to facilitate the design of these systems and to study their performance. This paper presents a model for micro-CHP systems for residential and small commercial applications. Some of the results that can be obtained using the developed model include the cost per month of operation of using micro-CHP versus conventional technologies, the amount of fuel per month required to run micro-CHP systems, the overall efficiency of micro-CHP systems, etc. A case study is used to demonstrate differences in the system performances of micro-CHP systems driven by a natural gas internal combustion engine and a diesel engine. Some of the results show that both systems have similar performance and that system total efficiencies in cooler months of up to 80% could be obtained. Also, modeling results show that there is a limit in fuel price that economically prevents the use of CHP systems, which is $11 MBTU⁻¹ for this specific case. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimum generation capacities of micro combined heat and power systems in apartment complexes with varying numbers of apartment units

A dynamic simulation of micro combined heat and power (micro-CHP) systems that includes the transient behavior of the system was developed by modeling the generation of electricity and recovery of heat separately. Residential load profiles were calculated based on statistical reports from a Korean government agency, and were used as input data to select the optimum capacities of micro-CHP systems based on the number of apartment units being served, focusing on both economic and energetic criteria. The capacity of internal combustion engine (ICE) based micro-CHP was assumed to be in the range 1–500 kW, and the dependence of the efficiency of the generator unit on the capacity was included. It was found that the configuration (i.e., the capacity and number of generator units) that maximized the annual savings also had favorable energetic performance. Additionally, the statistical mode calculated from the annual electrical load distribution was verified as a suitable indicator when deciding the optimum capacity of a micro-CHP system.