反应堆冷却剂泵水力特性对大破口失水事故的影响研究

以AP1000为研究对象,应用WCOBRA/TRAC程序对大破口失水事故进行模拟.主要分析4种不同的主泵特性曲线对系统压力、破口流量及包壳峰值温度的影响.研究结果表明,大破口失水事故下,由于主泵特性曲线的差异,导致喷放阶段及再淹没阶段的峰值包壳温度相差近150℃.通过合理优化或改进主泵特性可以为核电厂大破口失水事故带来更大的安全裕量.     

AP1000小破口事故下非能动氮气安注箱的瞬态特性研究

根据AP1000非能动氮气安全注入水箱的结构和工作原理建立了热工水力模型并开发了计算分析程序TACAP。利用TACAP计算得到了AP1000非能动氮气安全注入水箱在两种小破口失水事故（包括25.4 cm等效直径冷管破口和5.08 cm等效直径冷管破口）下的瞬态特性,得到了箱内水位及注入流量等关键参数的瞬态变化。计算结果表明：安注箱在小破口失水事故后能提供高效的安全注入,对一回路快速地进行冷却和降压,有效地缓解事故后果。TACAP计算结果与西屋公司NOTRUMP程序计算结果基本一致,表明了TACAP程序的适用性和正确性。     

基于额定参数的核主泵惰转工况计算模型

针对突发断电事故下的核主泵惰转工况,基于额定参数提出惰转转速与惰转流量特性曲线计算模型,并通过100D型核主泵惰转试验数据对推导的模型予以验证。结果表明,该计算模型可用于核主泵初步设计计算和验证分析。基于该模型进一步得到了核主泵惰转设计准则,并验证了AP1000核主泵设计转动惯量。     

RELAP5/MOD3.3程序对非能动核电厂小破口失水事故的适用性研究

AP1000核电厂采用非能动堆芯冷却系统来缓解小破口失水事故(SBLOCA),缓解事故的理念是流动冷却。RELAP5/MOD3.3程序适用于传统核电厂SBLOCA研究,对于非能动电厂SBLOCA研究的适用性需重新研究与评估。本工作基于非能动电厂小破口失水事故的分析,结合RELAP5/MOD3.3的结构与模型,对其进行评估和改进。为验证改进后的RELAP5/MOD3.3的适用性,以AP1000小破口失水事故的验证试验台架APEX-1000为模拟对象,分析模拟DBA-02、NRC-05事故工况。分析结果表明,改进后的RELAP5/MOD3.3的计算结果与试验数据符合较好。     

气液两相流工况下核主泵的正转全特性研究

在冷却液流失事故(LOCA)事故发生期间,核主泵将处于两相混合运行状态。主要对核主泵的正转全工况不同含气率冷却介质的泵水力性能、流道内部气体体积分布情况及流体流态进行研究,并采用计算流体力学(CFD)模拟计算与气液两相流试验进行验证。研究发现:在正转逆流制动工况,核主泵的扬程曲线随含气率增加整体向下偏移,但其变化规律基本相同。在正转水泵工况和正转正流制动工况,随着流量增加,含气率对核主泵扬程特性的影响逐渐减小,且同流量下核主泵的扭矩和冷却剂介质密度成较为明显的正比关系。     

AP1000冷管段小破口失水事故分析

基于压水堆最佳估算程序RELAP5/MOD3.4,对AP1000的冷却剂系统和非能动堆芯冷却系统进行建模分析,得到了系统压力、破口流量、燃料包壳温度等关键参数的瞬态变化,计算结果与西屋公司采用NOTRUMP程序计算的结果基本一致。分析表明：AP1000的非能动专设安全设施能有效地对一回路进行冷却和降压,防止堆芯过热,验证了AP1000发生冷管段小破口失水事故后的安全性。     

AP1000典型事故简要分析

AP1000典型事故包括失去外部电力负荷、失水事故、小破口失水事故、大破口失水事故、失水事故后的长期冷却、主蒸汽管道破裂、弹棒事故。通过对这些典型事故的分析,详细描述了事故的发生过程,讨论了事故后果及其影响。     

AP1000小破口失水始发严重事故的源项研究

建立AP1000的事故分析模型,选取小破口失水始发的严重事故,在研究事故进程的基础上,分析计算事故下裂变产物释放和迁移的特性,重点关注惰性气体、挥发性裂变产物和非挥发性裂变产物在核电厂的分布,并选择破口位置、破口尺寸和安全壳泄漏率进行源项敏感性分析.本文分析结果可为严重事故管理和厂外放射性后果评价提供支持.     

AP1000核电厂二回路主管道双端断裂流体喷射力计算分析

AP1000是先进的第三代压水堆核电厂,为确保核电厂在事故工况下的安全性,需对二回路主管道发生双端断裂的工况进行研究。本文采用RELAP5/MOD3.4软件对核电厂二回路突发主管道双端断裂的事故工况进行了数值模拟,计算得到断裂后管道破口处的喷放流量、压强、空泡份额及喷射力等物理参数的变化特性,并将计算结果与ANSI 58.2简化计算方法的结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,RELAP5/MOD3.4计算所得的喷射力小于简化计算方法所得结果。本文分析结果为进行AP1000核电厂的破裂管道甩击防护提供了基础。     

主泵参数变化对失水事故后果影响分析

基于100D主泵和ANDRITZ主泵的差异,分析主泵相似特性曲线和自由容积的变化对失水事故(LOCA)后果的影响。针对岭澳核电站二期反应堆冷却剂系统,应用CATHARE GB程序和CONPATE4程序分析大破口LOCA事故堆芯热工水力后果;应用ATHIS和FORCET程序分析失水事故喷放阶段的反应堆冷却剂主管道水力载荷。结果表明,主泵相似特性曲线的变化对大LOCA事故再淹没阶段的堆芯热工特性影响很大,采用不同主泵时的最高峰值包壳温度(PCT)相差很大;而主泵自由容积对失水事故喷放阶段的卸压波传递影响较大,导致采用不同主泵时的反应堆冷却剂主管道水力载荷有所不同。     

Thermal-hydraulic and stress analysis of AP1000 reactor containment during LOCA in dry cooling mode

Some kinds of break in the reactor coolant system may cause the coolant to exit rapidly from the failure site,which leads to the loss of coolant accident (LOCA).In this paper,a stress analysis of an AP1000 reactor containment is performed in an LOCA,with the passive containment cooling system (PCCS) being available and not available for cooling the wall's containment.The variations in the mechanical properties of the wall's containment,including elastic modulus,strength,and stress,are analyzed using the ABAQUS code.A general two-phase model is applied for modeling thermal-hydraulic behavior inside the containment.Obtained pressure and temperature from thermal-hydraulic models are considered as boundary conditions of the ABAQUS code to obtain distributions of temperature and stress across steel shell of the containment in the accident.The results indicate that if the PCCS fails,the peak pressure inside the containment exceeds the design value.However,the stress would still be lower than the yield stress value,and no risk would threaten the integrity of the containment.     

燃料热导率降级对CAP1000大破口失水事故的影响分析

在高燃耗情况下,燃料芯块的热导率随燃耗降低,该现象被称之为热导率降级(TCD)现象。TCD现象影响失水事故(LOCA)前稳态工况的燃料平均温度和燃料储能,进而影响大破口LOCA过程中的包壳峰值温度(PCT)。本研究采用大破口LOCA分析程序WCOBRA/TRAC对CAP1000冷段双端剪切断裂事故进行了不同燃耗的敏感性分析,并获得了不同工况下的PCT。分析中采用美国核燃料研究所(NFI)修正的TCD模型对降级后的燃料热导率进行模拟,同时考虑了燃耗大于30GW·d/tU后FQ和FΔh峰值因子的降低。敏感性分析表明,考虑TCD和峰值因子降低的影响,PCT极限工况不再出现在低燃耗区间,而出现在燃耗为29GW·d/tU附近。与其他燃耗水平相比,该燃耗点的PCT第1峰值和第2峰值均处于最高水平。本研究结果可为高燃耗情况下非能动电厂大破口LOCA的分析评估提供参考。     

AP1000 ADS-4夹带卸压试验模拟分析

第4级自动降压系统（ADS-4）是AP1000极为重要的非能动安全设施。ADS-4能在AP1000小破口失水事故中为反应堆系统提供可控卸压。然而,大量的冷却剂可通过卸压过程中ADS-4夹带和上腔室夹带被带到安全壳中,从而引发堆芯裸露和堆芯熔化事故。为研究小破口事故中的ADS-4夹带卸压和上腔室夹带过程,在以AP1000为原型、按直径/高度比1∶5.6设计建造的ADS-4喷放卸压试验回路（ADETEL）中,研究了不同初始压力、压力容器混合液位和加热功率下的夹带和卸压行为,以及反应堆内部构件的夹带沉积效应。试验数据表明,大量的水在短时间内迅速通过ADS-4支管被夹带出来。液体的夹带率和压力容器混合液位的降低速率随系统初始压力的增加而增大。值得注意的是,在本试验特定工况下,初始压力为0.5 MPa时出现堆芯裸露。堆内构件对夹带量和压力容器混合液位无显著影响。     

The SCDAP/RELAP5 3.2 model of AP1000 on SBLOCA

One of innovation design of both the AP600 and AP1000 from conventional Westinghouse PWRs is that they includes passive safety features to prevent or minimize core uncovery during small break loss of coolant accidents (SBLOCAs). This paper uses the best estimate code SCDAP/RELAP5 3.2 to build the numerical model of AP1000. Several SBLOCAs are simulated and analyzed. RELAP5 predictions are also compared to the simulation results of NOTRUMP code. The comparison shows good agreement. The sensitivity analysis of liquid entrainment model of RELAP5 on the pressure-balance-line (PBL), which connecting core makeup tank (CMT) and cold leg in AP1000 is done. Comparisons of the system pressure decreasing, the level of CMT, and actuation time of ADS all indicate that the existing horizontal stratification entrainment model of RELAP5 is very sensitive and important to the short-term of LOCA, and has significant impact on the entire SBLOCA process.     

华龙一号非能动安全壳冷却系统热工水力分析

本文采用不可压缩流体均匀流模型对华龙一号(HPR1000)的非能动安全壳冷却系统（PCS）进行数值模拟,在反应堆冷却剂系统（RCS）大破口丧失冷却剂事故（LOCA）工况下对PCS进行热工水力分析,并对PCS设计工况进行性能分析计算。结果表明：PCS的非能动运行特性与事故进程具有很好的匹配能力,能在事故早期极快启动,并在24 h内将安全壳的温度和压力稳定在安全范围内。通过PCS设计工况的换热性能分析,PCS在运行5 h后进入两相流传热阶段,当换热水箱介质达到饱和温度后仍能长期稳定运行,导出安全壳内热量。     

Analysis of maximum pressure in VVER1000/V446 reactor containment for LOCA and MSLB

The highest thermal-hydraulic pressure in the containment occurs when reactor coolant in the first loop and steam in the secondary loop discharge simultaneously,and when the maximum amount of energy from reactor unit enters to containment volume.In this paper,we investigate temperature and pressure variations in the VVER1000 containment compartments owing to concurrent break in the pipelines of the primary and secondary loops.A two-phase,multicellular model is applied in the presence of non-condensable gases.Convection and conduction through the main heat structures inside the containment are also considered.The predicted results agree well with available data.Maximum values of pressure and temperature in the containment are then calculated and compared to the design values.If LOCA and MSLB occur simultaneously,the maximum pressure would exceed the design value and integrity of the containment would be threatened.     

西安脉冲堆大破口失水事故分析

分析了西安脉冲堆大破口失水事故的特点,建立了适用的数学模型,编制了计算程序。结果表明：在大破口失水事故下,部分燃料芯体最高温度将超过设计限值,但不会发生燃料元件熔毁事故。     

ACME台架PRHR管线破口位置敏感性试验研究

为研究先进非能动（AP）型核电厂在非能动系统失效条件下的安全性能,利用我国先进堆芯冷却机理整体试验台架（ACME）开展了非能动余热排出（PRHR）管线破口失水试验研究,分析了主要的试验进程和破口位置对事故过程各阶段关键参数的影响。结果表明,ACME PRHR管线破口试验进程与冷管段小破口失水事故（SBLOCA）进程基本一致,再现了非能动核电厂自然循环阶段、自动卸压系统（ADS）喷放阶段和安全壳内置换料水箱（IRWST）安注阶段的安全特性;在不同破口位置的试验中,非能动堆芯冷却系统（PXS）均可保证堆芯得到补水,堆芯活性区始终处于混合液位以下;破口位置对ACME LOCA事故进程、反应堆冷却剂系统（RCS）初期降压速率、PRHR热交换器（HX）流量、喷放流量、堆芯液位、IRWST安注流量等参数具有显著影响,对堆芯补水箱（CMT）和蓄压安注箱（ACC）安注流量的影响较小。      

Investigation of Break Location Effects on Thermal-Hydraulics during Intermediate Break Loss-of-Coolant Accident Experiments at ROSA-III

The rig of safety assessment (ROSA)-III facility is a volumetrically scaled (1/424) boiling water reactor (BWR/6) system with an electrically heated core designed for integral loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) and emergency core cooling system (ECCS) tests. Break location effects on thermal-hydraulics during intermediate LOCAs were investigated by using four experiments at the ROSA-III, the 15 and 25% main recirculation pump suction line break (MRPS-B) experiments, the 21% single-ended jet pump drive line break (JPD-B) experiment and the 15% main steam line break (MSL-B) experiment. Water injection from the high pressure core spray (HPCS) was not used in any of the experiments. Failure of ECCS actuation by the high containment pressure was also assumed in the tests.

In the MRPS-B experiments, the discharge flow turned from low quality fluid to high quality fluid when the downcomer water level dropped to the main recirculation line outlet elevation, which suppressed coolant loss from the vessel and the core. In the JPD-B experiment, the jet pump drive nozzle was covered with low quality fluid and low quality fluid discharge continued even after the downcomer water level reached the jet pump suction elevation. Low quality fluid discharge ceased after the ADS actuation. It suggestes that the JPD-B LOCA has the possibility of causing larger and more severe core dryout and cladding temperature excursion than the MRPS-B LOCA. The MSL-B LOCA was characterized by mixture level swell in the downcomer and the core. The core mixture level swell resulted in the much later core dryout initiation than that in the MRPS-B LOCA, however, ECCS actuation was also delayed because of slow downcomer water level drop.     

Investigation of fluid mixing with direct vessel injection

The object of this work is to investigate fluid mixing phenomena as they related to pressurized thermal shock (PTS) in a pressurized water reactor vessel downcomer during transient cooldown with direct vessel injection (DVI), using test models. The test model designs were based on ABB Combustion Engineering (CE) System 80+ reactor geometry. A cold-leg, small-break loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) and a main steam line break were selected as the potential PTS events for the ABB-CE System 80+. This work consists of two parts. The first part provides the visualization tests of the fluid mixing between DVI fluids and existing coolant in the downcomer region, and the second part presents the results of thermal mixing tests with DVI in the other test model. Flow visualization tests with DVI have clarified the physical interaction between DVI fluid and primary coolant during transient cooldown. A significant temperature drop was observed in the downcomer during the tests of a small-break LOCA. The measured transient temperature profiles compare well with the predictions from the REMIX code for a small-break LOCA, and with the calculations from the COMMIX-1B code for a stream line break event.