高温钠热管传热性能试验研究

为获得高温钠热管传热性能,开展真空条件下钠热管启动性能和等温性能试验,获得了钠热管真空条件下启动速度与等温性能数据;开展强制冷却工况条件下传热性能试验,获得了钠热管声速限特性与试验工况下的最大传热功率。经试验验证,所研制高温钠热管在真空条件下,580 ℃时完全启动,启动用时20 min,轴向壁面温差低于11 ℃,等温性能良好;钠热管传热功率在工作温度为500～650 ℃时受声速极限限制,在650 ℃以上受携带极限限制;在750 ℃和850 ℃时,测得热管最大散热功率分别为4.78 kW与8.02 kW,对应的最大轴向热流密度分别为1.51 kW/cm²与2.53 kW/cm²。试验结果表明,所研制钠热管具有较强传热能力,可满足热管式核反应堆等工程应用需求。     

高温钾热管稳态运行传热特性研究

本文采用钾金属作为热管工质,对热管的传热性能展开理论和实验研究。首先,对不同加热功率和倾角下热管传热性能影响规律进行实验研究。结果表明,热管加热功率的提升有利于传热性能的改善,加热功率升高导致蒸发加剧,蒸气密度增加,进而强化蒸气传热。倾角对传热性能有正反两方面的作用。一方面,随倾角的增加冷凝段液膜不稳定性加剧,导致传热恶化;另一方面,倾角的增加导致重力加速液体工质回流并减薄冷凝段液膜,传热增强。在二者的共同作用下,随倾角的增加,热管等效热阻逐步增加且超过某一限值后趋于平稳。其次,以热阻网络法为指导,建立了钾热管的数学物理模型,并基于模块化程序思想,开发了热管设计分析程序。通过与实验数据对比,二者整体误差在2.7%以内,验证了热管模型的合理性。本文对碱金属高温热管的设计优化提供了数据及理论支持。     

采用分离式热管的非能动安全壳冷却系统研究

非能动安全壳冷却系统（PCCS）是第3代先进压水堆核电厂重要的专设安全系统。本文提出一套采用分离式热管技术的PCCS,通过原理性试验和系统性热工水力分析程序研究系统启动和稳态运行的流动和传热特性,研究影响系统运行及热传输能力的关键因素,验证系统设计的可行性。研究结果表明,该系统的传热性能随安全壳的状态变化有极强的自适应能力,在事故工况下利用该系统作为非能动的安全壳热量移出措施是可行、有效的。程序分析结果与试验结果及国际上已有研究成果的对比分析表明,RELAP5程序对于该系统热工水力分析是适用的。蒸发段传热管内流型、传热模式、空泡份额等关键流动、传热参数的变化表明,系统初始充液率对系统传热性能有重要影响。较小的冷热芯位差即能提供足够的自然循环驱动力,冷热芯位差不是系统布置的主要制约因素。     

高温液钠在不锈钢丝网吸液芯中毛细特性研究

碱金属高温热管吸液芯的毛细特性对于热管的正常运行具有重要意义。本文采用毛细上升法和称重法在手套箱中开展了高温液态金属钠(简称液钠)在不同目数的304不锈钢丝网吸液芯中毛细特性的实验研究。实验获得了不同温度阶段下吸液芯毛细性能的变化规律,结果表明：在低于460℃阶段,吸液芯毛细性能提升有限,这是由于不锈钢表面Cr₂O₃氧化膜对液钠润湿性影响决定的。温度高于460℃之后,液钠与Cr₂O₃发生腐蚀反应,吸液芯毛细性能明显增强。且液钠对不锈钢表面氧化膜的破坏是不可逆的,在后续加热周期的温度变化阶段将保持最佳浸润性,吸液芯毛细特性将主要受到表面张力物性的影响,呈现随温度升高吸液芯质量下降的变化趋势。根据毛细理论并结合吸液芯结构建立了吸液芯毛细抽吸模型,降温阶段模型预测吸钠质量与实验值的误差在12%以内。     

Study on Heat Transfer Performance of High Temperature Potassium Heat Pipe at Steady State

The heat transfer performance of heat pipe was studied theoretically and experimentally by using potassium metal as working medium in this paper. Firstly, the influence of heating power and inclination angle on heat transfer performance of heat pipe was studied experimentally. The results show that the increase of heating power of heat pipe is beneficial to the improvement of heat transfer efficiency. The inclination angle has positive and negative effects on heat transfer performance. On the one hand, with the increase of inclination angle, the instability of liquid film in condenser section leads to the deterioration of heat transfer. On the other hand, the increase of inclination angle causes gravity to accelerate the reflux of liquid working medium and thin the liquid film in condenser section, enhancing the heat transfer. Under the joint action of the two, with the increase of inclination angle, the equivalent thermal resistance of the heat pipe gradually increases and tends to be stable. Secondly, based on the network method of thermal resistance, the mathematical and physical model of potassium heat pipe was established, and the design and analysis program of heat pipe was developed based on the idea of modular program. Compared with the experimental data, the overall error of the two is within 2.7%, which verifies the rationality of the model. In a word, this paper provides data and theory for the design and optimization of alkali metal high temperature heat pipe.     

Fundamental Experiment of Potassium Heat Exchanger Using Principle of Heat Pipe

Abstract

In order to provide compact and reliable sodium equipments including a steam generator, performance tests are conducted with a potassium heat exchanger, which is featured by the separate construction of primary and secondary coolant systems. A small amount of potassium plays a role as an intermediate media of heat transportation between these two coolant systems. Heat is transfered by evaporation and condensation of potassium on the surfaces of the primary and the secondary coolant pipings, respectively. The tests are performed in the temperature range of 200-300°C and the maximum heat transfer reaches 1.3 kW (heat transfer rate at the primary heating source: 8.6 W/cm² at 300°C). The experimental results are analyzed by using Langmuir's and Schrage's equations and close agreement between experiment and theory is obtained.     

Performance Characteristics of Potassium Heat Pipe Loaded with Argon

The influence of inert gas on performance characteristics of liquid metal heat pipe was experimentally studied over a wide range of gas loading. In this experiment, potassium was used as a working fluid and argon was loaded in the heat pipe. The loading amount of argon ranged in initial pressure 10^?2～10²Torr at room temperature. As the results, the followings became evident.

During a start-up, an axial heat flux of the heat pipe is reduced from that corresponding to the sonic vapor flow by the presence of inert gas accumulating in the condenser section. In the region of high initial gas pressure, an over-all thermal conductance of the heat pipe can be described with the model due to “flat-front”, but, with decreasing initial gas pressure, the over-all thermal conductance deviates from the theoretical values obtained from the flat-front model and approaches to that corresponding to the sonic vapor flow. Also, the over-all thermal conductance is influenced by the effect of the gravitational force on the wick pumping ability of the heat pipe and the decrease of the thermal conductance depends on the initial gas pressure.     

Influence of Transverse Magnetic Field on Heat Transport Characteristics of Potassium Heat Pipe

The influence of a transverse magnetic field on the heat transport characteristics of a potassium heat pipe was experimentally studied in the range of field strength 0~0.6 T. The wick was constituted of a multilayer mesh screen, and the adiabatic section, to which the magnetic field was applied, was made up of a concentric double-wall rectangular tube, with the inner wall completely separating the vapor and liquid flows.

The magnetic field was applied perpendicularly to the heat pipe, upon which the axial temperature distribution of the heat pipe was observed to be affected, and the heat transport rate to be reduced with increasing field strength.

The effect of the magnetic field on the heat transport rate is analyzed in terms of the liquid pumping ability of the wick and of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect on the liquid flow through the wick. The MHD effect on the flow through wick is shown to be expressible by a formula similar to that for flow between parallel plates.

The heat transport rate measured in magnetic field are compared with values calculated assuming that the wick pumping ability was not influenced by the magnetic field but that it was the MHD effect on the liquid flow through the wick that affected the heat transport. The calculated results well explained the experimental data.     

钾热管稳态数值模拟分析

进行热管的数值模拟主要是为预测钾热管稳态运行时的工作特性。热管的物理模型中包括了管壁、吸液芯及蒸气腔内蒸气3个耦合传热区域。利用PHOENICS程序作为求解器对控制方程和边界条件进行求解,得到了热管稳态运行时的温度、速度、压力分布。计算结果与试验结果进行了对比,两者符合较好。     

液态金属高温热管传热极限研究

热管作为一种高效可靠、可进行长距离传热的非能动设备,在核能领域有着广泛的应用。本文针对工质为钠、充液量为158 g与208 g的毛细驱动热管,对其传热极限开展实验和理论研究。实验方面,设计搭建了高温热管传热极限测试分析实验平台,研究了液态金属高温热管在不同水平倾角和不同加热功率下传热功率的变化。理论方面,验证了连续流动极限与夹带极限理论模型的正确性,总结了两种极限的发生规律。研究发现,热管连续流动极限影响热管的启动;由于水平夹角较大时转变温度较高,因此大角度下的热管更容易发生连续流动极限,小角度下经验模型的预测误差在6.58%以内,大角度下误差超过28%。夹带极限发生时热管蒸发段温度骤升且冷凝段温度出现波动,热管倾角越大夹带极限越容易发生,经验模型在不同角度下均存在误差,大角度下误差超过100%。本文总结了连续流动极限与夹带极限的发生规律,为先进核反应堆系统中热管的设计提供参考。     

基于多孔介质模型的钾热管数值模拟

为研究钾热管内传热传质机理,对钾热管进行了数值模拟。建立了固液气三相耦合数学模型。其中对吸液芯液体流动区域采用了多孔介质模型,该模型考虑了液体流动对热管传热性能的影响。利用PHOENICS3.6对数学模型进行数值计算,得到了热管内的稳态工作参数。分析模拟结果得到了钾热管内部各相工质传热、传质机理,并与试验数据进行了比较。结果表明,模拟结果与试验数据符合较好。