基于WMS的无旋和螺旋气液两相流流型及空泡份额实验研究

为探究气液两相流流型从无旋状态转变为螺旋状态前后的流型特征及空泡份额时空分布特性,基于高速摄影仪和自主开发的丝网传感器（WMS）测量技术,对内径为30 mm的水平管内起旋装置作用下空气-水两相流的相态时空演变特性进行了可视化实验研究。结果表明,在起旋器诱导的离心力作用下,流场内存在明显的气泡聚并行为和液滴沉积现象,其中,泡状流将转变为螺旋气柱流,塞状流转变为螺旋间歇流,弹状流转变为螺旋环状流,环状流转变为螺旋丝带流;相比于弹状流和环状流,泡状流和塞状流的截面平均空泡份额在起旋器出口波动幅值明显减弱,但离心力场并未明显改变各流型从无旋状态转变为螺旋状态前后的截面平均空泡份额。      

摇摆对气-液两相流流型及空泡份额的影响

对摇摆状态下竖直上升管内气-液两相流的流型及空泡份额变化进行了实验和理论研究.研究发现,摇摆使两相流的流型发生改变,使泡状流提前转变为弹状流,使搅混流的区域加宽.实验还发现,在弹状流型区摇摆状态下两相流的空泡份额小于非摇摆状态下的空泡份额.通过对两相流滑速比的分析并应用分相流的动量方程,合理解释了产生这种结果的原因.     

垂直上升横掠水平管束的两相流空泡份额模型研究

与管内两相流空泡份额模型相比,垂直上升横掠水平管束的两相流空泡份额研究成果相对有限。利用垂直上升的气-水两相流横掠水平管束的实验数据,对现有的空泡份额计算模型进行对比分析,并对2种现有模型的拟合公式进行修正。采用其他实验结果对本文重新修正的空泡份额模型进行验证,结果表明:与原始模型相比,修正的空泡份额计算模型给出的空泡份额预测值更好。     

竖直圆管内泡状流空泡份额径向分布实验研究

常温常压下,采用光学探针测量方法,对圆管（内径50 mm）内空气 水两相竖直向上泡状流空泡份额的径向分布特性进行了实验研究。结果表明,竖直圆管内泡状流空泡份额的径向分布随气液两相表观流速不同而变化。液相流速较高时空泡份额分布呈“壁峰型”,即中心区域变化平缓,近壁区出现峰值后迅速降低;液相静止时,随气相流速增加,空泡份额增加速度沿径向向外逐渐减小,气相流速较大时分布呈“核峰型”,即空泡份额随径向位置向外呈减小趋势;液相流速较低时分布呈现出过渡型。探针测量面积加权平均空泡份额与通过重位压降得到的空泡份额的相对偏差小于10%。     

无内热源有序饱和多孔介质通道内气液两相流阻力特性研究

对无内热源有序饱和多孔介质内蒸汽-水两相流阻力特性进行了实验研究,在多孔介质通道内蒸汽-水两相受力分析的基础上,结合实验数据,得到了多孔介质内空泡份额及气液两相相间作用关系式,通过分析热工水力特征参数和多孔介质几何特征参数对两相流阻力特性的影响,得到了多孔介质内蒸汽-水两相流阻力关系式。结果表明,本文提出的两相流阻力关系式计算结果与实验结果符合良好,且优于其他关系式。本研究结果为进一步开展含内热源多孔介质内气液两相流阻力及传热特性研究提供了实验技术及理论依据。     

振动幅度对两相流局部参数变化影响研究

为研究实验段振动对管内两相流局部参数变化的影响,利用电导探针技术对振动状态下局部两相流特性参数包括空泡份额、气泡直径和界面浓度进行了测量。实验首先在静态工况下进行,通过固定在实验段上方的偏心轮转动获得振动工况。实验段振动周期保持在0.5 s,偏心轮提供的振动幅度分别为4.8 mm、9.5mm和15.8 mm。实验结果表明,振动对环管内气-水两相流局部时均参数分布影响很小。但振动引起的附加惯性力作用使两相流局部参数径向分布在实验段振动周期中发生明显变化,而且局部参数的变化幅度随实验段振幅的增加而显著增大。在含气率较低的流动工况,当振幅增大到15.9 mm时振动工况下径向空泡份额峰值较静态工况下的空泡份额峰值的增量可以达到70%。但振动对局部流动参数的影响随气流量增大而降低。     

窄矩形通道内搅混流和环状流相界面参数的计算方法

空泡份额和界面浓度是两相流动中重要的相界面参数,准确获取窄矩形通道内搅混流和环状流工况下空泡份额和界面浓度是构建和完善两流体模型的关键。本文针对横截面为65 mm×2 mm的矩形通道开展了气液两相流动特性可视化实验研究,气相折算速度j_g＝1～9 m/s,液相折算速度j_f＝0.1～1.5 m/s,流型包含搅混流和环状流。提出了基于高速摄像法获取搅混流和环状流下空泡份额和界面浓度的分析计算方法,利用该方法所得空泡份额与窄矩形通道内经验关系式计算值的相对偏差约在10%以内。此计算方法可为研究复杂流型下窄矩形通道内的相界面参数提供理论依据。     

摇摆状态下两相流动局部参数光学探针测量实验

为了获取摇摆状态下气-液两相流动的局部界面信息,提出摇摆状态下通过探针获取两相流动局部时均界面参数的测量及信号处理方法。将自制的双传感器光学探针应用于摇摆状态下气-液两相流实验研究。通过实验验证摇摆状态下利用光学探针测量界面参数的可行性。相对于压降测量方法得出的空泡份额,探针测量方法的平均偏差仅为8%。     

光纤探头测量管外沸腾两相流空泡率和流型的研究

为了测量核蒸汽发生器模拟体的汽液两相流空泡率和流型,采用国产两相流空泡率光纤探头于小型氟利昂两相流台架。光纤探头信号被动态采集并转换为数字形式。同时对信号的电平时序,电平概率密度函数和傅里叶谱函数进行了分析。汽液过渡的阈值由冷态压降试验确定。空泡率由单阈值方法确定,并与传热数值计算结果进行了比较。流型由上述时序和函数的特征图形确定,并经过目视观察记录证实。试验表明,光纤技术可以应用于两相流的流型和空泡份额测量。     

两相横流作用下的旋转三角形管束流弹失稳研究

为了较为准确的预测两相流作用下圆柱管的失稳临界流速，采用试验测量的两相流准稳态流体力系数，对单向流的准稳态模型进行扩展，建立了气-水两相流作用下的旋转三角形管束中间悬臂自由管的动力学模型，运用Galerkin方法对方程变量进行离散后，求解特征方程得到了不同空泡份额的临界流速，并运用龙格-库塔法求解动力学方程得到位移时程响应。数值结果表明，临界流速随着空泡份额的增大而增大，且所建模型计算结果与试验测量值较为吻合。因此，本研究所建模型可用于两相横流作用下的旋转三角形管束流弹失稳临界流速预测。      

Measurement of void fraction in bubbly-slug flow with a constant electric current method

In several void fraction measurement methods, a constant electric current method which is one of conductance methods is focused in the present study. By using this method, void fraction can be measured with higher temporal resolution. However, it has been mainly applied to annular flow in previous studies. In the present study, Maxwell's estimation, Bruggemann's estimation, low void fraction approximation and new estimations which consider the bubble shape are applied in order to measure more accurately void fraction of dispersed bubbly flow and slug flow. To understand the effect of bubble shapes and flow patterns, void fraction was measured by the constant electric current method for a rising single spherical bubble and a rising single slug bubble without a forced convection. In addition, void fraction was also measured in bubbly flow and bubbly-slug flow with a forced convection. Then, effects of flow patterns on the proposed estimations of void fraction and the accuracy of their estimations were discussed with the measurement results. From the result, the new estimations which consider a bubble shape are more accurate than the previous estimation in a slug bubble and bubbly-slug flow.     

竖直圆管中泡状流含汽率径向分布的统计测量方法

为了研究竖直圆管中高含汽率泡状流的含汽率径向分布,设计了一种测量含汽率径向分布的方法.该方法通过统计投影视图中的像素信息得到泡状流的投影含汽率,根据汽泡投影重叠概率计算出截面含汽率在投影面上的边缘分布;再基于竖直圆管中含汽率分布轴对称的假设,使用改进的傅里叶级数展开方法求解Abel逆变换,计算出含汽率沿圆管径向的分布.为验证该方法的有效性,测量了较低含汽率时的泡状流径向含汽率,并与匹配方法的测量结果进行比较.实验结果表明:此方法能得到高含汽率或含汽率近壁分布等其他方法难以测量的含汽率分布.     

Application of Neutron Radiography to Visualization and Void Fraction Measurement of Air-Water Two-Phase Flow in a Small Diameter Tube

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of visualization and void fraction measurement of air-water two-phase flow in a small diameter tube (I.D.: 4.08mm) by using the real-time neutron radiography and image processing techniques. Video images of two-phase flow were taken by using the real-time neutron radiography system (thermal neutron radiography facility No. 2) installed at the Japan Research Reactor 3 M of the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute. The shape of bubbles and its moving behavior were clearly observed from the video images. The image corrections for dark current, shading, field intensity fluctuation and electrical system drift were examined in order to measure the void fraction from the video images. Though, generally speaking, the effect of the scattered neutron could not be ignored for quantification of the images taken by the neutron radiography, the scattered neutron could not affect the final results of void fraction in the case of a small diameter tube. The void fraction calculated from the corrected images was correlated well with the drift flux equation, indicating that the existing drift flux equation could be applied to predict the void fraction of two-phase flow in a small diameter tube. It was demonstrated that the real-time neutron radiography technique could be useful for measuring the void fraction of two-phase flow in a small diameter tube.     

激光诱导荧光技术对棒束通道内定位格架搅浑特性研究

基于激光诱导荧光（LIF）技术开展了5×5棒束通道内定位格架搅浑特性的可视化研究。常温常压下,通过示踪染色剂（RhB）浓度分布表征流体微团的搅浑行为,清晰展现染色剂溶液在定位格架作用下的搅浑扩散过程,获取格架下游流场的搅浑信息。采用自验证方法分析验证LIF技术测量的准确性,重构棒束通道内径向与轴向染色剂浓度分布,对比带定位格架与不带定位格架的实验结果,得到定位格架对其下游流场的影响范围及不同棒束子通道所受搅浑程度的差异,并以变异系数量化格架对流场搅浑性能的强弱。实验结果表明：定位格架能快速搅浑流动工质,其搅浑翼片分布形式的差异是造成不同子通道交叉搅浑强弱及各向异性的主要原因。本实验工况（Re＝10 478）下,格架对其下游流场的作用范围约为8倍当量直径(D_h),流动工质在格架下游5D_h附近所受搅浑最为剧烈。     

Development of high-frame-rate neutron radiography and quantitative measurement method for multiphase flow research

In relation to the establishment of thermal neutron radiography as a measurement method with high accuracy and reliability, this paper reviewed the present status on the development of high-frame-rate neutron radiography with a steady thermal neutron beam and its application to multiphase flow researches. This review included also the present progress on the quantification of neutron radiographic image at Kyoto University, i.e. (1) quantitative method to measure void fraction of two-phase flow with thermal neutron radiography (Σ-scaling method), (2) influence of scattered neutrons on void fraction measured by neutron radiography, (3) measurement error of neutrons in a low neutron flux field, (4) error in void fraction measurement due to low gray level, and (5) measurement error due to low imaging speed Moreover, a new experimental approach on a total macroscopic cross section for thermal neutrons measurement by neutron radiography was presented. This paper revealed neutron radiography to be a promising visualization and measurement method in thermal hydraulic research.     

Single rod experiments on transient void behavior during low-pressure reactivity-initiated accidents in light water reactors

A series of experiments for fast transient void behaviors during cold shutdown reactivity-initiated accidents in light water reactors has been performed with a single simulated fuel rod at the atmospheric pressure. A fast-response impedance technique was applied to the void fraction measurement. It was confirmed that, based on the comparison with X-ray technique, the impedance technique was capable of measuring void fraction within an allowable range of accuracy for fast transient two-phase flows. Experimental data was accumulated concerning the onset of net vapor generation, local void fraction, water temperature and pressure. The observed tendency on the onset of net vapor generation was qualitatively agreed with the Saha and Zuber model. However, the model overestimated local water subcooling at the onset of net vapor generation. Inlet water subcooling largely influenced the variation of local void fraction. It was observed that larger inlet water subcooling resulted in repeated growth and collapse of voids to suppress a continuous increase in void fraction.     

基于两步形态学图像法的窄缝通道空泡份额测量方法研究

空泡份额是两相流动研究的基础参数之一。对于窄缝通道内的流动沸腾工况,空泡份额难以使用探针等直接测量。本文在高速摄影法基础上,提出基于两步形态学的窄缝通道出口空泡份额测量方法。该方法可解决流道上的汽泡边界识别问题,获得空泡份额的瞬时值。本文方法流型适应性好,通过与能量守恒法计算得到的时均试验结果对比,相对偏差均在17%以内,验证了本方法的准确性和可靠性。     

Temperature Field Distribution Characteristics in Rod Bundle Channel

Visualized experimental techniques are increasingly used in the measurement of nuclear reactor system parameters. Based on the characteristics of laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique, the difficulties and solutions of the LIF technique were introduced in this paper. And the temperature distributions downstream of spacer grid in rod bundle channel under the steady flow and pulsating flow were analyzed. The results show that the application range and measurement accuracy of LIF technique can be improved by studying the optical properties and dye characteristics. At the same time, post-processing technology can be used to obtain more accurate temperature field distribution. The full-field temperature distributions downstream of spacer grid in rod bundle channel under steady flow and fluctuating flow conditions were obtained. Spacer grid can significantly enhance flow mixing and improve heat exchange capacity. Temperature distribution is also affected by fluctuations in velocity. In summary, the LIF technique can achieve the full-field measurement of the temperature distribution in the rod bundle channel. According to the temperature distribution characteristics, the performance of the spacer grid can be evaluated.     

棒束通道内温度场分布特性研究

可视化实验技术越来越多地被应用于核反应堆系统参数的测量,本文基于激光诱导荧光（LIF）技术的特点,介绍该技术的难点和解决方案,并对棒束通道定位格架下游稳态流和脉动流下温度分布进行了研究。结果显示,通过对系统光学特性和染色剂特性研究,可提高LIF技术的应用范围和测量精度。同时采用后处理技术,可获得更准确的温度场分布。通过对棒束通道定位格架下游全场温度进行测量,获得了稳态流和脉动流两种工况下温度的分布。定位格架能显著增强下游的流动搅混,提高换热能力。流速的波动也会对温度分布产生显著影响。研究表明,LIF技术可实现对棒束通道内流体温度分布的全场测量,根据温度分布特性研究可实现对定位格架性能的评价。