基于物理体模CT图像的1岁儿童体素体模构建

本文介绍了基于1岁儿童物理体模（Model 704-D）的CT图像和中国成年男性参考人体素体模(CRAM)的1岁儿童体素体模（CPP01）的构建,包括通过对物理体模扫描得到OCP01体模（基于儿童物理体模的CT图像建立的一粗略的体素体模）,进而构建和优化CPP01。该体素体模的各器官组织的质量与GBZ/T 200.2-2007所给数据的相对偏差约在5%以内,且其外部轮廓和主要器官的位置与Model 704-D相匹配。     

ICRP第143号出版物《儿童计算参考体模》内容摘要

本出版物介绍了一个系列10个计算体模的研发和拟定用途,这些体模代表ICRP 89号出版物定义的新生儿、1岁、5岁、10岁、15岁的男性和女性参考人。这些体模已经被ICRP正式采纳,被ICRP第2分委员会用来制定2007建议书(ICRP 103号出版物)出版以来的年龄相关剂量系数。本出版物中介绍的这些体模所用的像素结构与组织ID号与ICRP 110号出版物为成人参考计算体模所给出的完全一致。ICRP第2分委员会用这些儿童体模来制定代表污染空气、水体和土壤外照射的年龄相关系数。     

利用蒙特卡罗建模及估算儿童X-CT检查受照剂量

在儿科X射线-CT检查迅速增加的当下,尤其对电离辐射敏感的儿童,其所致医疗照射剂量的评估是十分重要和迫切的课题。本文结合已建立的1岁儿童体素体模,利用蒙特卡罗技术建立扫描模型,进行CT检查所致儿童受检者的医疗照射剂量估算。建立了CT单层轴向扫描时对1岁儿童36个器官或组织所产生医疗照射剂量的数据库,利用该数据库,可快速估算1岁儿童受检者接受CT扫描时的医疗照射剂量。并与同样扫描条件下的实验测量值进行了比较,结果显示二者相对偏差在25%以内。     

辐射防护用中国参考人体素模型建立、应用及最新进展

以中国女性参考人体素模型为例,介绍了中国成年男女参考人体素模型的建立工作,包括构建非均匀骨模型,补充辐射敏感器官,进行器官二次分割和调整等过程。最后建立的中国参考人体素模型基本包含了ICRP新建议书中所有辐射敏感器官,器官质量与中国参考人数据差异基本在5%以内。该模型在内照射、外照射方面均得到一定应用,研究结果为我国辐射剂量评价工作提供了基础数据。最后介绍了人体体素模型的最新进展:精细乳房模型和微观骨模型。     

辐射防护用中国参考人体素模型建立、应用及最新进展北大核心CSCD

以中国女性参考人体素模型为例,介绍了中国成年男女参考人体素模型的建立工作,包括构建非均匀骨模型,补充辐射敏感器官,进行器官二次分割和调整等过程。最后建立的中国参考人体素模型基本包含了ICRP新建议书中所有辐射敏感器官,器官质量与中国参考人数据差异基本在5%以内。该模型在内照射、外照射方面均得到一定应用,研究结果为我国辐射剂量评价工作提供了基础数据。最后介绍了人体体素模型的最新进展:精细乳房模型和微观骨模型。     

ICRP《放射性核素职业摄入(OIR)》系列出版物中工作人员及公众内照射剂量系数的更新

正剂量系数对于放射防护体系的实际实施至关重要。基于ICRP第103号出版物中所提及的建立一套完整的职业和公众内照射剂量系数,其准备工作已取得了显著的进步。剂量系数依赖于物理数据和解剖与生物动力学模型。ICRP第107 号出版物提供了核衰变数据。第110号出版物给出了利用体素(三维像素)定义体内器官和组织的成人参考计算体模。运用这些体模,第133号出版物可提供比吸收分数,这是计算滞留在人体组织内放     

ICRP第144号出版物《环境源外照射剂量系数》内容摘要

本出版物给出了发射光子和电子的放射性核素对公众成员环境外照射的器官和有效剂量率系数。这些数据是根据代表ICRP新生儿、1岁、5岁、10岁、15岁的男性和女性参考人计算体模计算出的。首先使用蒙特卡罗辐射传输程序PHITS计算了单能光子和电子源的环境辐射场、代表环境放射性核素照射的源的几何条件、包括在地面或地下不同深度的平面元(表示落下灰或天然陆地源对地面的放射性核素污染)、空气中的体积源(表示放射性烟云)和模拟污染水中均匀分布源。     

基于面元模型的河蚌剂量转换系数的计算

基于河蚌开口与闭合两种形态,利用多边形网格(PM)与NURBS曲线技术对河蚌体素模型进行光滑和变形处理,分别建立河蚌开口面元模型和闭合面元模型,并通过MCNPX模拟计算河蚌在两种模型形态下的外照射剂量转换系数(外照射DCC)与内照射剂量转换系数(内照射DCC)。通过模拟结果可得出:(1)在外照射条件下,河蚌的外照射DCC的关系为:开口面元模型>闭合面元模型;(2)在内照射条件下,河蚌的内照射DCC的关系为:闭合面元模型>开口面元模型。     

图像分割在肺部计数器虚拟刻度中的应用

基于边缘检测及阈值分割算法,采用Matlab编程对一物理体模的CT图片进行了自动分割,区分出肺、肌肉、骨骼3种组织,并对分割出的数据进行了三维重建,实现了体素模型的快速建立。将自动分割出的器官的体积与实际器官的比较,相对偏差小于2%。将体素模型用于肺部计数器的虚拟刻度,结果显示,虚拟刻度与实验结果的相对偏差小于10%。     

肺部计数器虚拟校准结果的影响因素

内照射活体测量中,肺部计数器通常忽略肺以外其他器官中沉积的放射性核素对探测器计数的贡献,且校准使用的参考体模和被监测人之间会有身体形态的差异。本文利用中国成年男性体模库,采用蒙特卡罗程序模拟计算了~(65)Zn和~(60)Co核素的器官源探测效率,并计算了总探测效率,研究了这两个因素对虚拟校准的影响。结果表明,对于类似65Zn的核素不能忽略肺部以外其他器官源的计数贡献;同一身高下,肺部计数器对~(65)Zn和~(60)Co核素的总探测效率随体重增加而降低,且对于65Zn核素的降低比例会随摄入时间而变化;对于同一体模的总探测效率会随时间而降低。由此证明,核素生物动力学分布和体模形态的差异对肺部计数器总探测效率均有较大影响,且对不同核素影响会有不同。     

Dose conversion coefficients for Chinese reference adult male and female voxel phantoms from idealized neutron exposures

A whole-body voxel phantom called CRAF representing the Chinese adult female was constructed in this study from color photographs. The CRAF has a height of 160 cm and a weight of 54 kg with 80 organs and tissues, including almost all organs required in the ICRP Publication 103. Masses of all organs in CRAF are consistent with the Chinese reference data within 1%. Our research group has previously developed a Chinese reference adult male phantom called CRAM, which has a height of 170 cm and a weight of 60 kg with 80 tissues and organs. A new set of fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients based on the Chinese reference adult voxel phantoms CRAM and CRAF are presented for six idealized external neutron exposures from 10^?8 MeV to 20 MeV. The calculation of organ-absorbed doses and effective doses were performed with the Monte Carlo transport code MCNPX 2.4. The resulting dose conversion coefficients were compared with those published in ICRP Publication 116, which represents the reference Caucasian. It was observed that the two sets of organ-absorbed dose conversion coefficients agreed well for most organs in ROT and ISO geometry; however, considerable deviations were found in some organs in AP, PA, RLAT and LLAT exposures. Organ-absorbed dose coefficients difference showed good agreement with the difference of organ depth distribution between Chinese and ICRP phantoms. For neutrons with energies above 2 MeV, the effective dose conversion coefficients of Chinese reference adult are almost identical to those of ICRP Publication 116 in AP, PA, ROT and ISO geometries, while are generally 15% higher than those of ICRP Publication 116 from lateral geometries. When energies range from 10^?8 MeV to 1 MeV, differences are within 10% in AP (–5%), PA (–8%) and ROT (4%) geometries; however, relatively large discrepancies are shown in lateral and ISO geometries, with differences of 15% for LLAT, 20% for RLAT and 12% for ISO, respectively.     

Organ dose conversion coefficients for external neutron irradiation based on the Chinese mathematical phantom (CMP)

A group of Monte Carlo simulations has been performed for external neutron dosimetry calculation based on a whole-body mathematical model. The Chinese mathematical phantom (CMP) is a mathematical human body model developed based on methods of ORNL (Oak ridge National Laboratory) mathematical phantom series (OMPS), and data from Chinese reference man and reference Asian man. Fluence-to-absorbed dose conversion coefficients of 24 organs and tissues for monoenergetic neutron beams ranging from 10^?9 to 10² MeV were calculated using the Monte Carlo code MCNPX. Irradiation conditions include anterior–posterior, posterior–anterior, right lateral, left lateral, rotational, and isotropic geometries. Results for the different organs are compared with those recommended in International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP) publication 74 and results obtained based on the visible Chinese human (VCH) phantom. Overall the consistency among the three sets of data was observed, but significant deviations up to 30–50% were also found in the AP, PA and lateral irradiation conditions. Since CMP represents the Chinese population, this work is helpful as a reference to investigate the difference of the neutron induced organ doses due to the anatomical variation between the Chinese and the Caucasians, and that between the average population and an individual.     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的航空机组人员辐射剂量评估北大核心CSCD

采用辐射仿真人体面元模型和数字化飞机模型,基于蒙特卡罗方法开展了航空机组人员的航空辐射剂量研究。选取昆明至北京航线为例,评估了航空机组人员在该航线飞行时受到的航空辐射有效剂量率,分析了人体参数对航空辐射有效剂量率的影响,并探索了航线参数变化时机组人员受到的航空辐射有效剂量率的变化。结果表明,机组人员在昆明至北京航线受到的航空辐射有效剂量率为2.114μSv/h,基于中国人参考生理特征的体模和高加索人体参数体模的有效剂量率评估结果差异为25.3%;航线参数中航线的高度是最主要的影响因素,14 km飞行高度的航空辐射有效剂量率达到10 km高度时的1.8倍,同时,航线纬度升高时,机组人员受到的航空辐射有效剂量率也会产生显著的提升。该研究对航空机组人员的辐射剂量评估具有一定的参考和指导意义。     

女性蹲姿曲面模型光子外照射剂量研究

基于中国女性参考人曲面模型建立女性蹲姿曲面模型,采用蒙特卡罗方法,针对6种标准光子外照射几何,计算光子能量0.01～10 MeV范围内21个能量点的器官吸收剂量转换系数和有效剂量转换系数,并与直立姿势的剂量数据进行了对比。结果表明:两种姿势中某些器官的吸收剂量转换系数在前后、后前以及侧向照射方式下差异较大。其中,后前照射方式下,光子能量为0.03 MeV时,乳腺的吸收剂量转换系数比直立姿势高115.1%。在不同照射方式下,大部分能量点的有效剂量转换系数的差异在10%范围内。转换系数的差异主要是由于胳膊和腿位置的改变,以及蹲姿时因身体前倾造成器官在照射方向上厚度发生改变而产生的。     

A quantitative assessment of heart phantom motion and its effect on myocardial perfusion SPECT images

In order to study the image characteristics of motion artifacts and to determine the relations of motion artifacts with varied motion types, and the imaging timings, frames, distances and directions during SPECT acquisition, a myocardial phantom filled with pertechnetate solution was used to simulate the patient motion. In nonreturning pattern, the simulation motion was timed at the 0°, -45° and -90° positions during the rotation of the detector over a 180° arc from ±45° right anterior oblique to -135° left posterior oblique. Simulation motion was performed by moving the phantom ±5mm, ±10mm and ±20mm along X- (from left to right), Y- (from head to caudal) and Z-axis (from back to ventral) respectively. In returning pattern the acquired 30 projections were divided into three equal parts. The simulation motion was timed at the middle 1-7 projections of each part and performed by moving the phantom ±5, ±10,±15, ±20, ±25, ±30 and ±50 mm along X-, Y- and Z-axis respectively. Each image was co