Integrated processing of fresh Indian sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) berries and chemical evaluation of products

An efficient pilot‐scale process was developed to produce nutraceutical products from fresh sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) berries. Fresh berries were subjected to high‐pressure dewatering using a continuous screw press. The separated liquid phase containing 80–90% of pulp oil was clarified at 80 °C and centrifuged to obtain pulp oil, clear juice and sludge. The pulp oil yield was 2.7–2.8% of fresh berry weight with 66–70% extraction efficiency. The pulp oil was remarkably rich in carotenoids (2450–2810 mg kg^?1), tocopherols (1409–1599 mg kg^?1) and sterols (4096–4403 mg kg^?1), with a characteristic fresh berry flavour and 16:1 as the major fatty acid (45.6–49.1%). The clear juice obtained was free from oil and contained high amounts of vitamin C (1683–1840 mg kg^?1) and phytochemicals such as polyphenols (2392–2821 mg kg^?1) and flavonoids (340–401 mg kg^?1). Isorhamnetin (251–310 mg kg^?1) was the major flavonoid in the juice, along with quercetin (77–81 mg kg^?1) and kaempherol (12–16 mg kg^?1). The juice was very acidic (pH 3), with high concentrations of organic acids (30.8–36.0 g kg^?1). High‐performance liquid chromatography profiling of organic acids revealed quinic acid (18.1–19.9 g kg^?1) as the major acid in the juice. The seeds in the pressed cake were separated and extracted for oil using supercritical CO₂. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

沙棘油功效成分及药理功能研究进展

沙棘具有悠久的药用历史,沙棘油根据来源不同分为沙棘籽油和沙棘果油。沙棘果油和沙棘籽油均含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸、生育酚、β-类胡萝卜素和甾醇类物质。研究表明,沙棘油具有丰富的药理功能,对心脑血管和胃肠道的保护作用,滋润皮肤、促进皮肤组织再生和上皮组织愈合、改善皮肤衰老现象的作用,缓解干眼症和辅助保护化学性肝损伤的作用。除此以外,沙棘油还具有一定的抗炎、抗氧化、增强免疫力的功能。通过对沙棘果油和沙棘籽油的功效成分、药理功能及其开发利用现状等进行综述,以期为沙棘油功能产品开发提供一定的理论基础和依据。     

Hepatoprotective effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats

BACKGROUND: Liver injuries induced by carbon tetrachloride are the best‐characterized system of xenobiotic‐induced hepatotoxicity and commonly used model for the screening of hepatoprotective activities of drugs. The present study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), family Elaeagnaceae, on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)‐induced liver injury in male albino rats. The study was performed on Sprague–Dawley male albino rats weighing about 180–200 g. The animals were pretreated with three different doses of leaf extract (50, 100 and 200 mg kg^?1 body weight) for 5 days. Hepatotoxicity was induced by single oral administration of 1.5 mL CCl₄ kg^?1 body weight on the fifth day. The animals were then sacrificed and assessed for various biochemical parameters. RESULTS: Administration of CCl₄ significantly enhanced glutamate oxaloacetate transferase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transferase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin, and decreased total protein levels in the serum. Treatment with CCl₄ also significantly decreased reduced glutathione (GSH), and decreased glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. CCl₄ treatment also caused a significant increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation as assessed by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the tissue. Pretreatment of leaf extract at a concentration of 100 and 200 mg kg^?1 body weight significantly (P < 0.05) protected the animals from CCl₄‐induced liver injury. The extract significantly restricted the CCl₄‐induced increase of GOT, GPT, ALP and bilirubin and better maintained protein levels in the serum. Further, it also enhanced GSH and decreased MDA levels. CONCLUSION: The results show that sea buckthorn leaf extract has significant hepatoprotective effects which might be due to its antioxidant activity and can be developed as a nutraceutical or food supplement against liver diseases. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of Drying on the Nutraceutical Quality of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. ssp. sinensis) Leaves

ABSTRACT: The concentrations of total phenolics, carotenoids, and chlorophylls of fresh and dried sea buckthorn leaves were determined. Overall, drying of leaves resulted in a decrease in the concentrations of these phytochemicals. The degree of reduction depended on the drying time, temperature, or specific component type. For the phenolics, a greater reduction in concentration was observed in the leaves dried at higher temperatures (80 °C or 100 °C) for longer times (to equilibrium moisture contents of 1% to 3%) compared with those dried at lower temperatures (50 °C or 60 °C). For the leaves dried to higher final moisture (5% to 8%), all drying temperatures resulted in a similar final phenolic concentration. The carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations in the leaves decreased with the increasing temperatures. However, higher temperatures such as 80 °C or 100 °C resulted in similar carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations in the leaves. Nonetheless, dried sea buckthorn leaves were of a high nutraceutical quality comparable to those of frequently consumed vegetables.     

沙棘籽原花色素组成和结构的研究

采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱技术分析鉴定沙棘籽原花色素单体和寡聚体组分,采用Sephadex LH-20柱色谱按聚合度大小对沙棘籽多聚体组分进行分级,并通过苄硫醇酸降解反应(简称硫解)对各分级组分的组成结构特征进行分析.共检测到4种单体和8种二聚体:4种单体分别为儿茶素、表儿茶素、棓儿茶素和表棓儿茶素;二聚体包括3种原花青素二聚体、1种原飞燕草素二聚体和4种混合二聚体.并根据ESI提供的质谱信息,分析确定了混合二聚体组成单元的连接顺序.棓儿茶素是构成多聚体各分级组分末端单元的主要组成成分,棓儿茶素和表棓儿茶素(合并计算)是构成各分级组分延伸单元的主要组成成分;平均聚合度为9.1、13.2和17.0,原飞燕草素比例为69.2%、84.6%、87.4%的三个分级组分是多聚体的主要成分,占多聚体总量的74.7%.     

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L) seeds

Pilot‐scale supercritical fluid extraction of okra seeds was carried out, using carbon dioxide as solvent, at temperatures of 40, 50 and 60 °C and pressures of 150, 300 and 450 bar. Laboratory‐scale Soxhlet extraction of the ground seeds was carried out with ethanol and n‐hexane. The yields of supercritical fluid extraction and n‐hexane Soxhlet extractions were similar. The ethanol Soxhlet extraction gave the highest yield, but the concentrations of β‐sitosterol and tocopherols in this extract were lower than in the supercritical fluid extraction product. The fatty acid profiles of the extracts were determined, and a high unsaturated/saturated ratio was observed. The fatty acid compositions were only slightly different for oils obtained by the different extraction methods. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

超声波-微波协同提取沙棘总黄酮的研究

对超声波-微波协同提取沙棘总黄酮进行了研究。通过单因素实验分别考察了乙醇浓度、提取时间、微波功率、料液比等因素对沙棘总黄酮提取率的影响。在此基础上,通过正交实验确定了沙棘总黄酮的最佳提取参数,并与文献报道的溶剂回流法、微波法、超声波法等进行了对比研究。结果表明,在乙醇浓度为50%,提取时间180s、微波功率240W、料液比为1:50g/mL时,沙棘总黄酮最高得率为1.72mg/g;超声波-微波协同提取法优于溶剂回流法、超声辅助法以及微波法等提取方法。     

沙棘籽粕原花青素制备、体外抗氧化及细胞活力评价

本实验优化了沙棘籽粕原花青素的提取方法,条件为80%乙醇,提取温度35℃,液料比8∶1 m L/g,时间1.5 h,p H3.0,在该条件下的原花青素提取率为（97.31±0.48）mg/g沙棘籽粕;对提取得到的原花青素提取物进行了DPPH自由基和羟自由基清除能力实验,并分析得到IC₅0,发现沙棘籽粕原花青素提取物的DPPH自由基清除能力较维生素C强;羟自由基清除能力较弱;MTT法测定了沙棘籽粕原花青素提取物对小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞活力的抑制作用,分析得到24、48、72 h处理时间下提取物IC₅0分别为542.78、199.25、82.58μg/m L。结论:沙棘籽粕提取物对小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞具有一定的抑制作用,随着剂量和时间的增加,呈逐渐增强的趋势。      

沙棘籽粕多酚提取工艺优化、组分分析及抗氧化性能研究

为提高沙棘籽粕中蛋白质和多酚的利用率,在确保蛋白质溶出率低的情况下,优化了沙棘籽粕多酚的提取工艺条件。同时,采用HPLC对沙棘籽粕多酚提取液的组分进行了分析,并研究了沙棘籽粕多酚的抗氧化性。结果表明,沙棘籽粕多酚提取的最佳工艺条件为:80%甲醇溶液为提取溶剂,超声提取方式,超声频率40 k Hz,超声功率150 W,料液比1∶25,提取温度20℃,提取时间20min。在最佳提取条件下,多酚得率为(7. 83±0. 03)%。沙棘籽粕多酚提取液共检出没食子酸、儿茶素、芦丁、杨梅素、槲皮素、山奈酚6种多酚类物质,其中芦丁含量最高,为(1. 623±0. 224) mg/g(以沙棘籽粕质量计)。沙棘籽粕多酚具有较强的抗氧化性,对DPPH自由基和羟自由基均具有显著清除能力,半数抑制浓度(IC₅₀)分别为0. 057、0. 147 mg/m L。     

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) proanthocyanidins inhibit in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis of protein

Abstract: Interactions of phenolics with other food constituents and digestive enzymes are likely to have interference with the digestion and bioavailability of food and phenolics. In this study the effect of sea buckthorn proanthocyanidins on in vitro digestion of protein was evaluated. Optimization of the extraction conditions showed that maximum recovery of sea buckthorn proanthocyanidins was obtained with acidified acetone; water mixture (60% to 70%, v/v). Crude proanthocyanidin extracts thus prepared were purified using sephadex gel column chromatography and their average degree of polymerization and the effects on enzymatic hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin as influenced by their protein precipitation capacities were studied. Average degree of polymerization of proanthocyanidins in berry pulp, kernel, seed coat, and leaves was 7.4, 5.6, 8.2, and 10.6, respectively. The EC50 values for the protein precipitation by the PA of berry pulp, kernel seed coat, and leaves were 44.2, 44.1, 65.8, and 39.8 μg, respectively. Relative enzymatic hydrolysis of the protein‐proanthocyanidin complexes was 44.1% to 60.3% for pepsin and 57.5% to 67.7% for trypsin. Interactions of sea buckthorn proanthocyanidins with food proteins and digestive enzymes might alter the protein digestibility and phenolic bioavailabilty.     

响应面法优化超声提取沙棘果渣总黄酮的工艺研究

对沙棘果废渣中的总黄酮进行了超声提取,并采用单因素法对工艺条件进行了初步优化.在此基础上,利用Box-Behnken中心组合设计原理和响应面分析法,考察了提取剂(乙醇)浓度,提取温度、提取时间、液料比对沙棘总黄酮得率的影响,模拟得到了二次多项式回归方程的预测模型.预测结果表明,在超声波功率为40％ (60W)的条件下,最佳提取条件为乙醇浓度66％vol、提取温度72℃、提取时间36mins、液料比为45∶1.在此工艺条件下,总黄酮提取得率为9.187mg/g,与理论预测值拟合性良好.     

超临界CO2萃取工艺条件对沙棘全果油功效成分含量的影响

以沙棘全果为原料,研究了不同萃取压力、温度和萃取时间对超临界二氧化碳萃取沙棘全果油萃取率、脂肪酸组成、生育酚及总类胡萝卜素等功效成分含量的影响。结果表明:沙棘全果油萃取率随萃取压力的升高而增加,随温度上升先增加后降低;不同萃取压力和温度下沙棘全果油脂肪酸组成和4种生育酚含量差异不显著;随着萃取时间的延长,油中肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸和棕榈稀酸及4种生育酚含量逐渐降低,而硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和总类胡萝卜素含量增加。     

Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë thamnoides L.) oil using response surface methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the conditions of supercritical CO₂ extraction of the whole berry oil from sea buckthorn. The effects of pressure, temperature, CO₂ flow rate and extraction time on the yield of oil, vitamin E and carotenoids were investigated. Results showed that the data were adequately fitted into three second-order polynomial models. The independent variables, the quadratics of pressure and extraction time, the interactions between pressure and temperature, pressure and extraction time, temperature and extraction time, as well as flow rate and extraction time had a significant effect on the yield of the oil, vitamin E or carotenoids. It was predicted that the optimum extraction conditions within the experimental ranges would be the extraction pressure of 27.6 MPa and temperature of 34.5 °C with flow rate of 17.0 L/h and extraction time of 82.0 min. Under such parameters, the yields of oil, vitamin E and carotenoids were predicted to be 208.0 g/kg, 288.7 mg/kg and 620.0 mg/kg dry sea buckthorn berry, respectively. Monounsaturated fatty acids were predominant in the whole berry oil, accounting for over 62% of the total fatty acids.     

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of oregano oleoresin

The leaves of Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) harvested in different countries, three samples from Hungary and one from Turkey, were extracted with carbon dioxide in a high pressure apparatus with a 5 l extractor vessel volume. Total extractions with stagewise precipitation of the extracts were carried out in order to obtain essential oil-rich liquid and pasty products. A fractionated extraction with a stepwise increase of the extraction pressure was also performed to obtain portions of extracts of different quality. The extraction with carbon dioxide was compared to conventional steam distillation and to Soxhlet extraction with hexane, whith the goal of recovering essential oils and oleoresin products, respectively.     

Supercritical CO2 extraction of oleanolic acid from grape pomace

In this work, we investigated the possibility to extract oleanolic acid through supercritical fluid extraction from waste materials such as grape pomace, which can represent a yet unexploited source of highly added‐value products. Preliminary supercritical fluid extractions were performed on dried grape skin samples and compared with solid–liquid extraction. After optimising extraction parameters such as temperature, pressure and extraction time, the ratio between supercritical and solid–liquid extraction yields was approximately 1/5. Supercritical CO₂ extractions were also carried out on dried grape pomace samples. In this case, the ratio between supercritical and solid–liquid extraction yields was increased up to 1/3, thanks to a combination of static and dynamic extraction and the use of ethanol as modifier. This extraction technique proved successful in extracting oleanolic acid from grape pomace samples with extraction yields that were comparable with those obtained with well‐established extraction techniques such as solid–liquid extraction.     

Characterisation of hydrogels and aerogels as carriers for sea buckthorn pomace extract

In this study, aerogels were prepared from kognac glucomannan (KG) or whey proteins loaded with bioactive sea buckthorn pomace extract. KG was diacetylated with Na₂CO₃ (0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4 m ) resulting hydrogel formation that were further freeze-dried to obtain an aerogel structure. Whey protein aerogels were prepared by removing pore fluid from alcogels using supercritical CO₂ drying. Produced aerogels evaluated for microstructure, porosity, specific surface area, absorption capacity, encapsulation efficiency and antioxidant capacity of the extract. It was found that higher concentration of alkali induced higher hardness, resilience and elastic modulus values. It was also obtained that pores in the konjac glucomannan aerogels were irregular in shape and a decrease in total pore volume (0.026 to 0.019 cc/g) and surface area (12.39 to 11.40 m²/g) after increasing the carbonate concentration was observed. These aerogels were found to have better encapsulation efficiency properties for sea buckthorn pomace extract (17 to 20%) in comparison to whey protein aerogels (0.05 to 0.36%). Overall, the KG aerogels show potential for applications in the food industry as a carrier of bioactive sea buckthorn pomace extract, while whey proteins must be used in combination with other biopolymers to enhance their bioactive compound loading capacity.     

沙棘果油与沙棘籽油脂肪酸组成及其抗氧化活性

采用气相色谱技术分析了沙棘果油与沙棘籽油的脂肪酸组成,并利用清除1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基自由基(DPPH·)法与羟自由基(·OH)法评价了沙棘果油和沙棘籽油的抗氧化活性。结果表明:沙棘果油主要含棕榈油酸(35.945%)、棕榈酸(34.108%)、油酸(18.357%)和亚油酸(6.198%),不饱和脂肪酸含量为62.501%;沙棘籽油主要含亚油酸(38.958%)、亚麻酸(29.327%)、油酸(20.859%)和棕榈酸(7.659%),不饱和脂肪酸含量为89.965%;沙棘果油、沙棘籽油和BHT清除DPPH·的IC50分别为25.68、17.29μg/mL和27.61μg/mL;清除·OH的IC50分别为29.32、25.48μg/mL和33.60μg/mL;表明沙棘籽油与沙棘果油均具有较强的抗氧化活性,且沙棘籽油的抗氧化活性强于沙棘果油。     

不同预处理对提高大果沙棘热风干燥效果的对比分析

通过研究不同预处理对大果沙棘热风干燥微观结构、干燥特性及品质的影响,以期为筛选适宜大果沙棘热风干燥的预处理方式提供理论依据和技术参数。以新鲜大果沙棘为原料,采用不同预处理(蒸馏水(对照)、70℃烫漂、150 W超声、2%Na_2CO_3、2%促干剂和2%NaHCO_3)对大果沙棘预处理后进行热风干燥,分析不同预处理对大果沙棘干燥前表皮微观结构、干燥过程中的干燥特性及干燥后品质指标的影响。结果表明,不同预处理对大果沙棘果实表皮微观结构均有不同程度的影响,2%Na_2CO_3预处理对其蜡质溶解和气孔结构破坏最为明显;70℃烫漂、2%Na_2CO_3、2%促干剂和2%NaHCO_3预处理均可显著缩短大果沙棘热风干燥时间,其中2%Na_2CO_3预处理效果最显著,仅需44 h,与对照(118 h)相比,缩短了62.71%;经2%Na_2CO_3预处理后,大果沙棘热风干燥品质较优,其中Vc含量为351.90 mg/100 g DW、总黄酮含量为12.86 mg RE/g DW、总酚含量为7.50 mg GAE/g DW,且色泽最接近于新鲜果实。可见,2%Na_2CO_3浸泡1 min为热风干燥较佳的预处理方式,可在生产中进行应用和推广。     

沙棘果渣总黄酮提取工艺响应面法优化与 抗氧化活性研究

目的 优选沙棘果渣总黄酮提取的最佳工艺,并对其抗氧化活性进行评价。方法 选取提取时间、温度、料液比、乙醇体积分数为影响因素,在单因素试验结果基础上确定各因素的分析水平,利用响应面中心组合法设计试验方案。并通过体外抗氧化能力指数(ORAC)法研究沙棘果渣总黄酮的抗氧化能力。结果建立了沙棘果渣总黄酮提取的数学模型,最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇体积分数70%、提取温度80℃、提取时间100min、液料比25∶1,沙棘果渣总黄酮具有较强抗氧化活性,与浓度成正相关。结论 本研究结果可为沙棘果渣总黄酮提取和应用提供理论指导。