自然发酵对荞麦挤压面条拉伸性能的影响效应研究

面筋蛋白缺乏,淀粉糊稳定性差,纤维含量高等因素,导致荞麦粉凝胶质地差是当前面条等荞麦面制品开发的瓶颈问题。拉伸测试及RVA快速黏度分析法研究了自然发酵对荞麦挤压面条质地的改善效应。结果表明,自然发酵96 h可使面条的最大破断应变从24.7%增加到29.4%,破断功增加了0.25kg.mm;自然发酵加速了糊化过程中淀粉颗粒的膨胀及崩解,降低了淀粉糊化的峰值黏度、谷值黏度及终黏度,使得发酵荞麦粉面条制品的凝胶结构更加致密,凝胶强度增强。因此,自然发酵作为一种绿色加工技术用于改善荞麦面条的质地特性是切实可行的。     

超微粉碎对苦荞面条品质特性的影响

为提高苦荞麦的利用价值和苦荞面条的食用品质,利用超微粉碎技术制备超微苦荞麦粉,考察超微粉碎和超微粉粒径对苦荞麦粉的粉质特性及其面条品质特性的影响。结果表明,随着粒径的减小,苦荞麦粉的破损淀粉质量分数显著增加（P＜0.05）,面粉亮度值由72.20升高至77.48。同时,随着粒径的减小,苦荞麦粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均显著上升（P＜0.05）。超微粉碎技术的应用提升了苦荞麦粉的整体糊化特性,使得面团能够更快成型,稳定时间延长,面团的黏弹性增强,内部网络结构愈发均匀致密。利用超微粉制作全苦荞麦面条,断条率显著下降（P＜0.05）,最佳蒸煮时间和蒸煮损失最多减少约50%,质构特性显著改善。     

添加挤压苦荞粉对纯苦荞挂面加工及面条品质的影响

为提高纯苦荞挂面的加工适应性及面条品质,将挤压处理后的苦荞粉与生苦荞粉混合后制作纯苦荞挂面,将挤压苦荞粉的添加量及和面加水量结合探究其对纯苦荞挂面加工品质及面条品质的影响。通过面带的质构品质、面条的蒸煮及质构特性评价纯苦荞挂面的加工性能和食用品质。结果表明,随着挤压苦荞粉添加量的增加,面带的表面黏附力和抗拉伸力及面条的蒸煮损失率显著(P<0.05)增加;随着和面加水量的增加,面带的表面黏附力显著(P<0.05)增加,抗拉伸力下降,面条的硬度、咀嚼性和蒸煮损失率均显著(P<0.05)增加,当挤压苦荞粉的添加量为30%,加水量为34%时,面带的表面黏附力最低,抗拉伸力适中,蒸煮损失率最小,质构品质较好,综合评价最高。     

挤压处理对苦荞粉理化特性及全苦荞挂面品质的影响

为提高全苦荞挂面的加工适应性、蒸煮和质构品质,对苦荞粉进行挤压预处理后与苦荞生粉混合制作全苦荞挂面,探究了挤压处理对苦荞粉的冷糊黏度及凝胶强度的影响,并结合面带、面条的质构品质及面条蒸煮特性探究挤压处理对全苦荞挂面加工性能及食用品质的影响。结果表明,经过挤压后苦荞粉的吸水性指数和水溶性指数分别增加了102.7%和87.5%以上,冷糊黏度显著增加（p<0.05）,挤压后苦荞粉在冷水中可形成凝胶,凝胶强度随挤压加水量的增加或温度的降低而升高;添加挤压苦荞粉促进了面带成型,面带的表面黏附力随苦荞粉冷糊黏度的增加而显著增加（p<0.05）,随挤压苦荞粉凝胶强度的增加,面带的抗拉伸力及面条的硬度和咀嚼性显著增加（p<0.05）,蒸煮损失率及断条率显著下降（p<0.05）。     

小麦面粉对油炸型方便面感官品质的影响

以同一厂家不同产品不同批次的方便面生产专用面粉和相应的成品为研究对象,测定面粉的总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、降落值以及面粉的糊化特性、方便面的TPA 实验指标和感官品质等指标,并对其相关性进行分析,探讨面粉各指标对方便面感官品质的影响。结果表明：降落值和直链淀粉与起始糊化温度呈极显著正相关,与峰值黏度和方便面的各个感官指标呈极显著负相关;总淀粉含量与各个感官指标成极显著正相关。因此面粉中直链淀粉含量和降落值较低、总淀粉含量较高的时候,方便面成品感官品质较好。     

吉林省冷面产品生产状况分析

为了解吉林省内冷面产品质量状况,在全省内20个县、市地区的55户冷面加工企业及市场经销点抽取小麦粉冷面、荞麦冷面、玉米面及其它杂粮冷面共计6种143个冷面样品,通过对其11项冷面加工质量指标、6项食品安全指标以及荞麦冷面真实性指标的检测分析,指出目前吉林省冷面存在的质量问题及其产生的原因,并针对吉林省冷面产品的质量现状提出几点建议,为进一步提高冷面产品的质量提供参考。     

Effects of different crop starches on the cooking quality of Chinese dried noodles

To investigate the effects of seven starches made from different crop sources on noodle quality, Chinese dried noodles made from various reconstituted flours were prepared and analysed. Potato starch had better solubility and swelling power than the other starches, leading to higher water absorption, cooking loss and breakage ratio of the potato starch noodles. The correlation results unravelled that the cooking breakage ratio of noodles presented positive correlations with solubility, swelling power, peak viscosity (PV), trough viscosity (TV) and final viscosity (FV) values of starches. Besides, the adhesiveness of noodles showed a positive correlation with conclusion temperature (T_c) and setback viscosity (SV) values of starches. Moreover, the peak temperature (T_p) value of starches was negatively correlated with cooking loss; the granule size of starches had a positive correlation with noodles water absorption; and the peak time (PkT) value of starches represented positive relationships with noodles chewiness, shearing force and breaking strength.     

氢氧化钙对陕西传统饸饹品质及荞麦粉糊化特性的影响

向荞麦粉中添加0%～1.0%的氢氧化钙,探究其对荞麦饸饹品质和荞麦粉糊化特性的影响。随氢氧化钙添加量的增加,饸饹L*值下降,a*值增加,b*值先增加后减小,添加0.6%氢氧化钙的饸饹呈亮黄色,断条率最低（17.57%）,蒸煮损失最小（4.67%）,感官总分最高（80?分）,硬度适中,黏性和弹性较好;添加氢氧化钙可降低荞麦粉的透光率,增加溶解度,最终黏度和回生值先增后降,添加0.6%氢氧化钙的荞麦粉最终黏度和回生值适中。氢氧化钙可通过影响荞麦粉的糊化特性改善饸饹品质。     

荞麦面条餐后血糖的评测

研究了纯荞麦面条和市售荞麦面条的加工品质以及对小鼠餐后血糖反应的影响,通过测定面条的基本成分、蒸煮特性、质构特性、感官评定以及餐后血糖反应,来对比纯荞麦面条与市售荞麦面条在控制血糖方面的效果。结果表明,市售荞麦面条在感官评价方面虽然优于纯荞麦面条,但在控制小鼠餐后血糖方面,纯荞麦面条的血糖峰值要比市售荞麦面条晚出现15 min,而且血糖增长曲线也呈现缓升缓降的趋势,餐后血糖的波动较小;在120 min时,灌胃纯荞麦直面的小鼠血糖增长百分比比市售荞麦面条的小鼠血糖增长百分比高约20%,说明纯荞麦面条能有效的维持餐后血糖的稳定,食用纯荞麦直面更能起到一定的饱腹作用。研究表明特定加工工艺下的纯荞麦面条可作为日常膳食摄入以起到降低血糖的作用。     

燕麦、荞麦面条品质提升研究进展

燕麦、荞麦等杂粮营养价值高但缺乏面条制作中需要的面筋蛋白.因此,为兼顾营养与口感的需求,燕麦、荞麦面条制作时通常需要与小麦粉复配,并从原料预处理、加工工艺等方面改良品质.本文从原料预处理(预糊化、灭酶、脱脂、发酵)和加工工艺改进(配方、和面方式、成型方式等)两个方面对燕麦、荞麦面条品质改良的研究现状进行了综述.在此基础...     

Distribution of phenolic compounds in the graded flours milled from whole buckwheat grains and their antioxidant capacities

Whole buckwheat grains were milled into 16 flour fractions using the gradual milling system and the phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity of each flour fraction were investigated. The phenolic and flavonoid contents of both free and bound phenolic extracts of buckwheat flour fractions significantly increased in the order from the fraction number 1 (phenolics less rich fraction) to the fraction number 16 (phenolics rich fraction). The phenolic compounds in buckwheat existed primarily in free form, whereas the flavonoids existed in grain in insoluble bound forms, bound to cell wall materials. The amounts of ferulic acid and rutin increased from 2.5 and 2.5 μg/g flour of the phenolics less rich fraction to 609.5 and 389.9 μg/g flour of the phenolics rich fraction of grain, respectively. The higher phenolic contents in the phenolics rich fractions exhibited the stronger antioxidant capacity than the phenolics less rich fractions. As a result, the flour milled from the outer layers of buckwheat grains with large amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity are considered to have significant health benefits.     

苦荞超微粉对苦荞小麦混合粉及其挂面品质的影响

将普通苦荞粉,苦荞超微粉A和B按照5%~30%的比例添加到小麦粉中,对苦荞小麦混合粉的面团粉质特性及其挂面的感官品质、蒸煮品质及质构特性进行了研究,结果表明:与普通粉相比,添加苦荞超微粉的混合粉面团的吸水率增加,面团形成时间和稳定时间缩短,弱化度值升高,粉质指数降低;添加苦荞超微粉提高了挂面的感官品质;添加量在15%以下时,添加苦荞普通粉制作的面条煮熟增重率较高,添加量在15%~30%时,添加苦荞超微粉A制作的面条煮熟增重率较高,而添加量在5%~30%时,添加苦荞超微粉A制作的面条煮熟的干物质损失率最低;苦荞粉超微处理增加了苦荞挂面的坚实度和剪切功,面条咀嚼性和韧性增强。小麦粉中添加20%苦荞超微粉A时制作的挂面韧性,口感良好。     

Effect of Potato Starch Properties on Instant Noodle Quality in Wheat Flour and Potato Starch Blends

The properties of potato starch and their effect on the quality of Chinese‐style alkaline instant noodles made from wheat flour and potato starch blends were investigated. Starches were extracted from nine potato cultivars, and the phosphorus content of these starches was analyzed together with the median granule size and pasting and gelatinization properties. Instant noodles were manufactured using mixtures of wheat flour and these potato starches. A Rheoner instrument was used to evaluate three textural parameters, namely, the breaking force (BF), breaking energy (BE), and ratio of the breaking force to the breaking deformation (BF/BD), of instant noodles cooked by immersing into boiling water for 3 and 7 min. The phosphorus content, peak viscosity, and breakdown were significantly and positively correlated with the BF of the noodles cooked for 3 min and did not significantly correlate with that of those cooked for 7 min. Other quality parameters of potato starch did not affect the BF significantly. Other textural parameters of instant noodle quality, such as the BE and BF/BD, did not significantly correlate with any of the quality parameters of potato starch. The findings obtained with the use of wheat flour and potato starch blends suggest that phosphate, which is thought to enhance starch viscosity of potato starch, is important for making instant noodles with favorable texture in hardness.     

面粉糊化特性与鲜湿及煮后面条质构特性关系

为了研究小麦面粉糊化特性对于面条加工品质和食用品质的影响，选用了黄淮冬麦区（陕西省、河南省）的25个主栽小麦品种及2个专用面粉（新疆拉争子粉、日本乌东专用粉）为材料，研究了面粉糊化特性与鲜面条加工特性（面条长度、面条厚度、鲜面条最大拉伸阻力、拉伸长度和拉伸能量）、面条煮后品质（TPA测试、表面韧性、剪切韧性和压缩特性）的关系。研究结果认为对于鲜面条加工而言，低谷粘度、最终粘度、回生值、破损值、峰值时间和峰值温度贡献较大；对于煮后面条质构而言，最终粘度、回生值、破损值、峰值时间和峰值温度更为重要。总之，小麦品种的最终粘度、回生值、破损值对于面条加工和食用品质影响很大。     

Thermomechanical Properties of Dough and Quality of Noodles Made from Wheat Flour Supplemented with Different Grades of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) Flour

Tartary buckwheat has attracted attention worldwide for its nutritional value. To examine the potential application of tartary buckwheat in oriental noodle production, different proportions of four grades of tartary buckwheat flour (TBF) were added to noodle dough. TBF is produced from the hulled tartary buckwheat by passing it through break rolls and a 120-mesh sieve of a complete buckwheat processing set four times to produce four grade fractions, A, B, C, and D. The thermomechanical properties of the dough as well as the quality of noodles made with different grades of TBF were assessed. The results indicate that protein, fiber, lipid, and ash contents increased while starch content decreased sequentially from fraction A to fraction D. The addition of TBF significantly decreased the water absorption and stability of the wheat dough. No significant differences were found in cooking loss or the tensile strength of cooked, formulated noodles between 10 and 20 % of fraction A and 10 % of fraction B. Additionally, TBF decreased the firmness of cooked noodles and gave the dry noodles a more yellow hue with low lightness. A sensory evaluation confirmed that the noodles containing fraction A or B in the above proportions showed no significant differences in acceptability when compared with the noodles prepared with only wheat flour. In conclusion, TBF fractions A and B could be used as a nutritional additive in oriental noodles.     

Studies on distribution of protein and allergen in graded flours prepared from whole buckwheat grains

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is one of the traditional crops and has become a renewed target of interest or a popular crop as a healthy foodstuff, because it is a good source of cereal protein which is rich with essential amino acids. However, what is critical to our health is that buckwheat contains proteins which cause a hypersensitive reaction (allergy). In this study, to decrease the allergenic activity of buckwheat products, some graded flours were prepared from various portions of buckwheat grain, and its protein distribution and characteristics of each graded flour fractions were determined. The protein and ash contents of all buckwheat fractions increased in the order from the inner fraction to the outer fraction. From SDS–PAGE patterns, the concentrations of 15, 22, 35, 39 and 50 kDa proteins of the inner fractions were lower, and there were clear differences in the protein compositions between the inner and outer buckwheat flour fractions. Detection of allergenic proteins by IgE-immunoblotting showed that sera pooled from 9 patients reacted with proteins of 15 and 22 kDa bands, named Fag e 2 and Fag e 1, respectively. IgE binding activities of proteins, Fag e 1 or Fag e 2 of the inner fractions were weaker than those of the outer fractions. Therefore, the inner fractions without major allergic proteins could be separated from whole buckwheat grains, and also expected to be applied to manufacturing processed foods with low allergen. Furthermore, the graded-milling procedure could be used to provide less-allergenic buckwheat flours.     

球磨改性对小米全粉理化特性及其面条品质特性的影响

小米兼具营养价值与药用价值,为提高小米的附加值和小米面条的加工品质,本实验利用球磨技术对小米全粉进行改性处理,探究不同球磨处理时间（0.5、1、2、4、6、8 h）对小米全粉营养成分、水合特性、糊化特性、流变特性、结晶结构及面条品质的影响,并分析部分理化性质与面条品质的相关性。结果表明,随着球磨时间延长,小米全粉的结晶结构破坏较明显,损伤淀粉质量分数显著增加,直链淀粉质量分数不断减少（除8 h外）,面粉亮度由77.27升至81.37。同时,球磨处理使小米全粉峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度均显著上升（P＜0.05）,分别由1 478、665 Pa·s和1 384 Pa·s提升至3 271（球磨1 h）、982 Pa·s（球磨2 h）和2 199 Pa·s（球磨2 h）,同时使水合特性（持水力、膨润力）显著提升（P＜0.05）。当球磨时间为4 h时,面团的凝胶网状结构愈发均匀致密,制作的小米面条质构、蒸煮品质均最佳。相关性分析结果表明,面条质构特性（弹性、胶黏性、咀嚼性）、感官品质（色泽、外观、黏性）与直链淀粉质量分数呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与损伤淀粉和支链淀粉质量分数整体上呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。面条的蒸煮品质（断条率）与直链淀粉质量分数呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与损伤淀粉和支链淀粉质量分数呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）;且糊化黏度与面条品质相关性也较强。综合分析,球磨技术对小米全粉的改性处理可用于生产较高品质的小米面条。     

Hypoallergenic buckwheat flour preparation by Rhizopus oligosporus and its application to soba noodle

The effect of Rhizopus oligosporus on the structure and functional properties of buckwheat grain during fermentation was investigated and the production of buckwheat hypoallergenic flour was studied. The spores of R. oligosporus were mixed with steamed buckwheat grains, and they were incubated at 30 °C and 85% relative humidity (RH) for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. The changes of structure, free amino acids, minerals, phytic acid and allergenic proteins in the grains were determined during the time course of incubation. The 48-h-fermented buckwheat (FeB) was found to be involved in formation of amino acids with higher amounts of total amino acids, and some of them increased 50 times more; including isoleucine, leucine, lysine, valine, glycine, histidine, tyrosine and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA). SDS–PAGE and Western Blot analyses showed that R. oligosporus was very effective to reduce allergenic proteins of buckwheat and could produce the hypoallergenic buckwheat flour. In its application to noodle making, the FeB-substituted wheat flour noodle was softer and had more elasticity than the control without FeB flours (1CW), except for the 10% substitution of FeB. Uncooked and cooked noodles were brownish compared to those of the 1CW. The R. oligosporus could possibly be used to produce hypoallergenic buckwheat with higher functional and good rheological properties, and thus produced FeB flour was considered to become a big prospect for development of new food in the future.     

面絮粒度分布对面条品质影响研究

以13种小麦为原料,将面絮按粒度分级,对不同粒度的面絮分布与籽粒、小麦粉、面条品质进行相关性分析,探索采用面絮评价小麦粉制作面条品质的适应性。结果表明,小颗粒面絮(d1.5 mm)含量与籽粒水分呈显著或极显著负相关,大颗粒面絮(d1.5 mm)含量与其呈显著或极显著正相关;小颗粒面絮含量与面筋指数呈显著正相关,大颗粒面絮含量与其呈显著负相关;小颗粒面絮含量与面条质构参数呈显著或极显著正相关,大颗粒面絮含量与其呈显著或极显著负相关;小颗粒面絮含量与面条感官评价得分呈显著或极显著正相关,大颗粒面絮含量与其呈极显著负相关。综合结果表明:采用面絮评价小麦粉制作面条品质具有可行性,小颗粒面絮含量多,有利于提高面条品质;大颗粒面絮含量多,不利于提高面条品质。     

Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of wheat graded flours by polishing method

The graded flour fractions, which were milled from whole wheat grain from outer to inner parts without removal of germ and bran, are rich in dietary fibers and minerals, the sources of nutrition for human beings. In this study, the whole waxy wheat was milled into five fractions using the gradual milling method and the phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of these flours were investigated. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of free and bound phenolic extracts gradually increased in the order from the inner to the outer fractions. The flours milled from the outer parts of grain contained significantly higher amount of phenolics and exhibited significantly higher antioxidant capacity than did the whole grain. Likewise, the inner flour fractions milled from mostly endosperm part had significantly higher amount of phenolics and exhibited significantly higher antioxidant capacity than did the white flour, which was milled by a conventional milling method. Thus, the graded flours from whole waxy wheat should be encouraged to be used for processing whole-grain foods to improve both qualities of end-use products and health benefits.