Influence of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from polluted and non-polluted areas on some atherosclerosis indices in rats fed cholesterol

The influence of diets supplemented with mussels, from polluted (MPoll) and non-polluted (MNPoll) areas, on some atherosclerosis indices in rats fed cholesterol (Chol) were studied. According to the results of our investigation in vitro, mussels from polluted areas had higher contents of proteins, metals and antioxidant compounds, mostly phenolics and higher antioxidant capacities. 28 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 7 and named Control, Chol, Chol/MPoll and Chol/MNPoll. The rats of the Control group received basal diet (BD) only, and the diets of the other 3 groups were supplemented with 1% of non-oxidized cholesterol (NOC), 1% of NOC and 5.6% of mussel dry matter (DM) from polluted and 1% of NOC and 5.6% of mussel DM from non-polluted areas for Chol, Chol/MPoll and Chol/MNPoll, respectively. The histology of the aorta and brain in rats fed cholesterol did not show any signs of atherosclerosis. Some differences were registered in the electrophoretic protein patterns of plasma in rats, with mussel-supplemented diets. In full plasma electrophoretic patterns of the Chol/MPoll diet group more proteins were detected than in both Chol and Control groups, and the differences were significant. In conclusion, in groups of rats fed cholesterol with mussels supplementation, a significant hindering in the rise of plasma lipid levels and also hindering in the decrease of plasma antioxidant activity were registered.     

Antioxidant properties and bioactive constituents of some rare exotic Thai fruits and comparison with conventional fruits: In vitro and in vivo studies

The aim of this research was to investigate the bioactivity of durian, snake fruit and mangosteen, rare exotic Thai fruits. These fruits were compared among them and with conventional fruits: durian with mango and avocado, and snake fruit with mangosteen and kiwifruit in order to find the preferable diet for human consumption. The contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, flavanols, tannins, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid and carotenoids, and the level of antioxidant potential by ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and CUPRAC in different extracts (methanol, water, acetone, and hexane) were determined. The presence of polyphenols (flavonoids and phenolic acids) in the investigated samples was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and three-dimensional fluorimetry (3D-FL).The in vivo studies were carried out on 25 male Wistar rats, divided into 5 diet groups, each of 5. During 30 days of the experiment the rats of all 5 groups were fed basal diet (BD), which included wheat starch, casein, soybean oil, vitamin and mineral mixtures. The rats of the Control group were fed only the BD. The BD of the other 4 groups was supplemented with 1% of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC) (Chol group), 1% of NOC in each group and 5% of lyophilized fruits: durian (Chol/Durian), snake fruit (Chol/Snake), mangosteen (Chol/Mangosteen). After the experiment diets supplemented with exotic fruits significantly hindered the rise in plasma lipids and hindered the decrease in the plasma antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the contents of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant potential are relatively high in the studied fruits and varied among them depending on the extraction procedure. FT-IR and 3D-FL can be used as additional tools for identification and comparison of bioactive compounds. Supplementation of diets with exotic fruits positively affects plasma lipid profile and antioxidant activity in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets.     

柚皮中活性物质的抗氧化活性研究

柚子皮中含有大量的黄酮类物质,研究柚皮中黄酮类化合物(槲皮素、芦丁、柚皮苷、橙皮苷)和香豆素类化合物(伞形花内酯)的抗氧化作用,对上述5种物质分别采用DPPH法、ABTs法、FRAP法、TBA法测定其抗氧化活性。结果表明槲皮素和芦丁具有较高的还原力,优于VC;清除DPPH自由基的能力均较高,IC50分别为1.36μg/mL和2.32μg/mL,效果优于BHT;清除ABTs+自由基的能力均较高,IC50分别为1.92μg/mL和0.86μg/mL,效果优于BHT;抗脂质过氧化的能力均较高,IC50分别为9.15μg/mL和5.84μg/mL,效果优于BHT。而伞形花内酯、柚皮苷和橙皮苷具有较低的还原力,比VC差;清除DPPH自由基的能力均较低,IC50分别为0.77 mg/mL、5.24 mg/mL和5.57mg/mL,效果比BHT差;清除ABTs+自由基的能力均较低,IC50分别为5.41 mg/mL、3.09 mg/mL和5.78 mg/mL,效果比BHT差;TBA试验表明伞形花内酯、柚皮苷和橙皮苷抗脂质过氧化效果较差。     

Bioactive properties of Snake fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw) and Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) and their influence on plasma lipid profile and antioxidant activity in rats fed cholesterol

Two exotic fruits (Snake fruit and Mangosteen) were characterized by polyphenols, proteins and antioxidant potentials and by their influence on plasma lipids and antioxidant activity in rats fed cholesterol. The content of polyphenols (14.9±1.5 and 9.2±0.8 mg GAE g⁻¹) and antioxidant potential (46.7±4.7 and 72.9±7.4 μmol TE g⁻¹) in Snake fruit was significantly higher than in Mangosteen (P<0.05). Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four dietary groups: Control, Chol, Chol/Snake and Chol/Mangosteen. After 4 weeks of the experiment diets supplemented with Snake fruit and to a lesser degree with Mangosteen significantly hindered the rise in plasma lipids and hindered a decrease of antioxidant activity. Changes were found in fibrinogen fraction, such as solubility and mobility by the number of protein bands detected in SDS-electrophoresis: Chol/Snake differed from Chol/Mangosteen. In conclusion, Snake fruit and Mangosteen contain high quantity of bioactive compounds, therefore positively affect plasma lipid profile and antioxidant activity in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets. Such positive influence is higher in rats fed diet with added Snake fruit.     

Nutritional properties of mussels <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mytilus galloprovincialis</Emphasis>

The aim of this study was to determine the quality indices and assess the influence of diets supplemented with mussels from contaminated (MCont) and non-contaminated areas (MNCont) on some indices of protein and lipid metabolism in rats fed with cholesterol. A wide range of in vitro tests demonstrated that mussels from contaminated area have a higher content of proteins, lipids and higher antioxidant capability. In the in vivo experiment, 28 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 diet groups each of 7 and named Control, Cholesterol (Chol), Chol/MCont and Chol/MNCont. During 30 days of the experiment rats of all four groups were fed basal diet (BD), supplemented with 1% of Chol, 1% of Chol and 5.6% of mussel’s dry matter (DM) from contaminated and 1% Chol and 5.6% of mussel DM from non-contaminated areas for Chol/MCont and Chol/MNCont groups, respectively. At the end of the experiment, a high digestibility coefficient of DM and crude protein in the Chol/MCont and Chol/MNCont groups of rats was found: 93.56 and 93.87% and 91.64 and 91.36%, respectively, and the differences were not significant (P > 0.05). However, the protein efficiency ratio was significantly higher in the Chol/MCont and Chol/MNCont than in the Control and Chol diet groups. Also the level of nitrogen retention as shown by feces and urine examination was higher in the Chol/MCont and Chol/MNCont groups. Diet, supplemented with mussel dry matter from both contaminated and non-contaminated areas significantly hindered the rise in plasma lipids and also hindered the decrease in plasma antioxidant activity. Minor changes were fixed in the protein profile of rat’s plasma after both mussels’ diet. In conclusion, supplementation of diets, containing cholesterol with mussels’ DM from both contaminated and non-contaminated areas improves animals’ protein metabolism and positively affects plasma lipid profile and plasma antioxidant activity. Antioxidant tests can be used as an additional index for the quality of mussels.     

大孔树脂法纯化柑橘皮中的橙皮甙及其油脂抗氧化活性研究

为研究柑橘皮橙皮甙的纯化工艺及其抗油脂氧化活性,以吸附率和解吸率为考察指标,分别用AB-8、NKA-9、D-100、HP-20、HPD-400、HPD-500、HPD-6007种型号的大孔树脂对柑橘皮橙皮甙进行分离纯化,并通过碘量法检测橙皮甙抗油脂氧化活性。结果表明,AB-8型大孔树脂对柑橘皮橙皮甙有良好的吸附,其最佳吸附分离工艺条件为:药液质量浓度0.6mg/mL,上样量为3倍柱体积,上样液pH值3.0,以1.0mL/min吸附速率进行吸附,3倍柱体积的60%乙醇洗脱。橙皮甙对动物油和植物油显示不同的抗氧化活性,对猪油的抗氧化作用具有剂量效应关系。而维生素C对橙皮甙具有明显的协同抗氧化作用。作为天然的油脂抗氧化剂,橙皮甙在食品工业上具有良好的应用价值。     

橙皮苷/羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的理化性质研究

橙皮苷具有抗氧化、抑菌、降血压、抗病毒、抗肿瘤及提高机体免疫力等多种生物活性功能,在功能性食品,医药和化妆品领域具有良好的应用前景,但由于其在水中的溶解度过低,限制了它的广泛应用。本研究采用溶剂法制备了橙皮苷/羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物,以提高橙皮苷的水溶性,采用紫外（UV）、红外（IR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、差示量热扫描（DSC）、X-射线衍射（XRD）等波谱分析技术对该包合物的理化性质进行了研究。结果表明,橙皮苷与羟丙基-β-环糊精包合后,其物相发生了重大改变,橙皮苷以无定形状态完全分散在羟丙基-β-环糊精中,二者以氢键或范德华力等非共价键形式相结合。通过与羟丙基-β-环糊精的包合,橙皮苷在30 ℃水中的溶解度也从34.68 μg/mL增加至2049.20 μg/mL,其水溶性和稳定性得到了显著提高。     

Major Phytochemical Composition of 3 Native Korean Citrus Varieties and Bioactive Activity on V79-4 Cells Induced by Oxidative Stress

ABSTRACT:  Three citrus varieties grown in Korea, namely, Yuza ( Citrus junos  Sieb ex Tanaka), Kjool ( Citrus unshiu  Marcow), and Dangyooja ( Citrus grandis  Osbeck), were evaluated for their dietary fiber, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total carotenoids as well as individual flavonoids composition. The biochemical characteristics of citrus varieties were examined by the antioxidant capacity (731 to 1221 μmol of Trolox equivalent/g), total phenolic (334 to 411 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/100 g), total flavonoid contents (214 to 281 mg of catechin equivalent/100 g), and total carotenoid contents (63 to 84 mg/100 g). Six flavonoids, including naringin, naringenin, hesperidin, hesperetin, neohesperidin, and luteolin, were tentatively identified. Naringin, hesperidin, and neohesperidin were the predominant flavonoids in 3 citrus varieties. Among the citrus varieties studied, Yuza showed higher antioxidant activity, total phenolics, total carotenoids, and lower superoxide radical scavenging assay (SRSA) IC₅₀ values than other varieties. Furthermore, Korean citrus showed higher protective effect on gap-junction intercellular communication (GJIC) as compared to vitamin C and luteolin.     

橙皮苷提取方法的研究

陈皮富含丰富的橙皮苷,是一种抗氧化剂.应用配对比较试验和正交拉丁方试验的方法,以产量和纯度为指标,对3种市售陈皮和碱提酸析和醇提酸析两种提取方法进行比较和筛选.结果表明,从碱石灰和自来水出发的碱提酸析法是合适的橙皮苷工业化提取方法,并找到一种适于橙皮苷工业化的提取方法和来源广、成本低的陈皮原料.     

胡柚中3种主要黄酮类物质的含量测定

目的：建立常山胡柚3种主要黄酮类物质含量的测定方法,并比较常山胡柚中皮、肉、籽中该3种黄酮类物质含量的差异。方法：采用反相高效液相色谱法分离检测胡柚中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷的含量;流动相为乙腈-水(23:77,V/V),柱温25℃,流速1.0mL/min,检测波长283nm。结果：柚皮苷在3.22～1030μg/mL、橙皮苷在0.59～380μg/mL、新橙皮苷在0.077～990μg/mL范围内,黄酮类物质的质量浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷的平均回收率分别为98.43%(RSD＝4.07%)、98.70%(RSD＝4.30%)、99.90%(RSD＝3.47%);并以柚皮苷、橙皮苷和新橙皮苷为标准比较胡柚副产物皮、籽与胡柚肉含量的差异,初步得出皮＞肉＞籽。结论：该方法简便、准确、可靠、重复性好,可用于常山胡柚的质量控制。     

Coriander (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coriandrum sativum</Emphasis> L.) seed oil improves plasma lipid profile in rats fed a diet containing cholesterol

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seed oil (COR) is a promising oil with high levels of bioactive compounds. Very little information, however, is available on the effect of administration of COR on different aspects of plasma lipid profile in experimental animals. In view of the important implications, the effect of administration of COR and oil blend [a mixture of soybean oil, coriander oil and sunflower oil (4:2:4, w/w/w; Blend)] on the profile of plasma lipids was investigated in 24 male albino rats placed on a cholesterol-rich (1%) basal diet as compared to rats on a cholesterol-free basal diet. Coriander seed oil and Blend were analyzed for composition of fatty acid, sterol and tocopherol. The levels of bioactive compounds (sterols and tocopherols) were higher in COR than in the Blend. In addition, the antiradical potential of COR and Blend was measured and the results showed that COR had stronger radical scavenging activity than Blend. In the biological experiment, rats were divided into four diet groups. The negative control group (control) consumed the basal diet (BD) only, which contained wheat starch, casein and cellulose, as well as mineral and vitamin mixtures. To the BD were added 1 g/100 g cholesterol (Chol/group), or both (Chol/COR group) and (Chol/Blend group). The groups did not differ before the experiment, which lasted 60 days. Plasma total lipids (TL), triacylglycerols (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured at day 15, 30, 45 and 60 during the experiment period. Generally, COR and Blend-supplemented diets decreased the levels of TL, TC, TAG and LDL-C in plasma. In addition, significant increase in the levels of HDL-C was observed for Chol/COR and Chol/Blend groups. The results demonstrated that COR, and to a relatively lesser degree Blend, have hypocholesterolemic properties in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet.     

橙皮苷生物学活性及其改性技术的研究进展

橙皮苷是一种广泛存在于柑橘属水果中的天然黄酮类化合物,具有抗氧化、抗炎、抑菌和抗癌等多种生物活性。已有研究表明,橙皮苷因其水溶性和吸收性较差,导致生物利用度较低,因此国内外学者聚焦于橙皮苷进行物理、化学和生物改性,以增加其溶解性及生物利用度。本文对橙皮苷的生物学活性、改性技术以及改性衍生物的相关内容进行综述,为橙皮苷的高效利用提供理论支撑。     

Effects of flavonoids on physical and oxidative stability of soybean oil O/W emulsions

Flavonoids have attracted attention due to pharmacological and antioxidative activities. The effects of flavonoids on the physical and oxidative stabilities of lecithin emulsified soybean oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were investigated at 25°C during 29 days of storage. Addition of 100 ppm hesperidin, hesperitin, rutin, or quercetin improved the physical stability of O/W emulsions but did not change particle size values, compared to a control with no flavonoids during storage. Quercetin showed the highest antioxidant activity for inhibition of lipid oxidation based on lowered lipid hydroperoxide formation and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values in emulsions, followed by rutin, hesperitin, and hesperidin. Hesperidin and hesperitin did not affect antioxidative activities in O/W emulsions under metal ion-catalyzed conditions. Addition of hesperidin, hesperitin, rutin, and quercetin to soybean oil O/W emulsions improved the physical and oxidative stability of emulsions lacking added metal ions.     

Sugar beet pulp and apple pomace dietary fibers improve lipid metabolism in rats fed cholesterol

The effect of diets supplemented with sugar beet pulp fiber (SBP, 10%) and apple pomace fiber (AP, 10%) on lipids and lipids peroxides was investigated in 60 male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into six groups of 10 and adapted to cholesterol-free or 0.3% cholesterol diets. The basal diet (BD) contained wheat meal, barley meal, wheat hulls, meat-bone meal, barley sprouts, skimmed milk, fodder yeast, mineral and vitamin mixtures. The Control group (Control) consumed BD only. To the BD were added 3 g/kg cholesterol (Chol), 100 g/kg dry sugar beet pulp fiber (SBP), both 100 g/kg sugar beet pulp fiber and 3 g/kg cholesterol (SBP+Chol), 100 g/kg apple pomace fiber (AP), both 100 g/kg apple pomace fiber and 3 g/kg cholesterol (AP+Chol). The experiment lasted 40 days. Plasma total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), total phospholipids (TPH), HDL phospholipids (HDL-PH), lipid peroxides (LP) and liver TC concentration were measured. Groups did not differ before the experiment. In the Chol+SBP and the Chol+AP vs. Chol group the sugar beet pulp and apple pomace dietary fiber supplemented diet significantly (P<0.05) hindered the rise of plasma lipids: (a) TC−2.97 vs. 3.69 mmol/l, −20% and 3.01 vs 3.69 mmol/l, −18.4%, respectively; (b) LDL-C −1.36 vs. 2.02 mmol/l, −32.6% and 1.39 vs. 2.02 mmol/l, −31.2%, respectively; (c) TG −0.73 vs. 0.88 mmol/l, and 0.75 vs. 0.88 mmol/l; −17 and −14.8%, respectively, and TC in liver (17.1 vs. 24.3 μmol/g, −29.6% and 17.9 v. 24.3 μmol/g, −26.3%, respectively. Sugar beet and apple pomace fiber-supplemented diets significantly hindered the decrease in HDL-PH (0.79 vs. 0.63 mmol/l, −25.3%, P<0.025 and 0.75 vs. 0.63 mmol/l, −19%, P<0.05, respectively) and decreased the level of TPH (1.34 vs. 1.74 mmol/l, −23%, P<0.005 and 1.37 vs. 1.74 mmol/l, −21.3%, P<0.01, respectively). Both sugar beet pulp fiber and apple pomace fiber, in rats fed the basal diet without cholesterol, did not significantly affect the variables measured. Neither sugar beet pulp fiber or apple pomace fiber-supplemented diets influenced the level of lipid peroxides. These results demonstrate that sugar beet pulp fiber and to a lesser degree apple pomace fiber possess hypolipidemic properties. This is more evident when sugar beet pulp fiber or apple pomace fiber are added to the diet of rats fed cholesterol. The hypolipidemic effects of both sugar beet pulp fiber and apple pomace fiber can be attributed to their water-soluble parts. The sugar beet pulp and apple pomace fibers have no antioxidant properties.     

Inhibition of Phosphatidylcholine Liposome Oxidation by Porcine Plasma

Porcine plasma inhibited iron-catalyzed lipid oxidation at the pH range (5.5–7.0) and temperatures (4–37°C) commonly found in food. Increasing concentrations of frozen-thawed plasma resulted in increased antioxidant activity until 100% inhibition was reached at 5.36 mg plasma protein/mL assay. In addition to iron, porcine plasma also inhibited hydrogen peroxide-activated hemoglobin- and photoactivated riboflavin-catalyzed lipid oxidation. The plasma partially lost antioxidant activity during refrigerator storage (4°C) after 8 days but not during frozen storage (?15°C) after 246 days. Dialyzing the plasma increased inhibition of iron-catalyzed lipid oxidation 1.8-fold higher than undialyzed plasma (1.5 mg plasma protein/mL).     

Coffee polyphenols protect human plasma from postprandial carbonyl modifications

The antioxidant capability of coffee polyphenols to inhibit red‐meat lipid peroxidation in stomach medium and absorption into blood of malondialdehyde (MDA) in humans was studied. Roasted‐ground coffee polyphenols that were found to inhibit lipid peroxidation in stomach medium are 2‐ to 5‐fold more efficient antioxidant than those found in instant coffee. Human plasma from ten volunteers analyzed after a meal of red‐meat cutlets (250 g) revealed a rapid accumulation of MDA. The accumulation of MDA in human plasma modified low‐density lipoprotein is known to trigger atherogenesis. Consumption of 200 mL roasted coffee by ten volunteers during a meal of red‐meat cutlets, resulted after 2 and 4 h in the inhibition by 80 and 50%, respectively, of postprandial plasma MDA absorption. The results obtained in vitro simulated stomach model on MDA accumulation were predictive for the amount of MDA absorbed into circulating human plasma, in vivo. Timing the consumption of coffee during the meals may make it a very active functional food.     

Cholesterol Content and Functionality of Plasma and Granules Fractionated from Egg Yolk

In low-salt aqueous solution, nonspray-dried (NS) and spray-dried (SD) egg yolk were fractionated into granule and plasma fractions using ccntrifugation. The following determinations were made on each fraction: total cholesterol, lipid, protein, emulsifying activity (EA) and stability, foam capacity and stability, and protein solubility index. Fractionation of NS to granules resulted in -30% reduction (p ≤ 0.01) in cholesterol, a 46% reduction in lipid, and a twofold increase in protein. In decreasing order (p ≤ 0.01), EA of NS products in distilled water was: plasma > NS > granules. Emulsion and foam stability values exhibited by granules of NS suggest they could be used as a stabilizer of dispersion system.     

Two exotic fruits positively affect rat’s plasma composition

The aim of this investigation was to determine the bioactive compounds and the antioxidant potentials of Snake fruit and Mangosteen and their influence on plasma lipid levels and antioxidant activity in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets. It was found that total polyphenols and antioxidant potentials of Snake fruit were significantly higher than those of Mangosteen (P < 0.05). A cholesterol-containing diet supplemented with the studied exotic fruits showed a positive affect on rat’s plasma lipid levels and on the antioxidant activity during 30 days of feeding. In rat’s plasma of the Chol/Snake diet group, the fibrinogen fraction showed a decrease in the amounts and compositions of electrophoretic protein bands in the range of 110 and 14 kDa. However, all the positive results of this experiment on animals could not be automatically applied to humans.     

Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Persimmon Peel Extracted with Different Levels of Ethanol

In this study, antioxidant potentials of persimmon peel extracted with different levels of ethanol (0 [DW], 50, 70, and 99%) were screened for their antioxidant activity at various concentrations. The persimmon peel extracted by 70% ethanol inhibited 89.82% of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical at 0.5 mg/mL and had β-carotene bleaching inhibition activity at values of 91.26%. superoxide dismutase-like activity and reducing power had the highest in persimmon peel extracted by 70% ethanol each at 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL and the lowest persimmon peel extracted by distilled water. These results provided that persimmon peel extracted by 70% ethanol could be the most effective as a natural antioxidant in food industry.     

蜜柚果肉膳食多酚的结构鉴定及抗氧化机理

蜜柚果肉富含膳食多酚，极具保健价值，但其理论研究不足导致深加工产业受限。本实验以梅州蜜柚为原料，对其果肉膳食多酚进行粗提和表征，并研究其对H2O2诱导的HepG2细胞氧化应激的保护作用及其潜在作用机理。结果显示，在柚果肉膳食多酚粗提物中共鉴定出7 种可精确定量多酚单体：柚皮苷、芸香柚皮苷、野漆树苷、香草酸、甲基橙皮苷、新西兰牡荆苷和阿魏酸，其中柚皮苷含量为50.54 mg/g，显著高于其他6 种多酚含量。新西兰牡荆苷和野漆树苷为首次在蜜柚果肉中发现。质量浓度为20 μg/ mL和100 μg/mL的膳食多酚粗提物对H2O2诱导的HepG2肝癌细胞氧化损伤均具有保护作用，且能降低该细胞中乳酸脱氢酶的释放，降低活性氧的积累，促进核因子E2相关因子2（nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2，Nrf2）从细胞质到细胞核的转运，并上调其靶基因GSTA2、HO-1、GCLC、NQO1的表达。综上，梅州蜜柚果肉膳食多酚可以作为预防氧化应激相关疾病潜在的抗氧化剂。