酱油中的氨基甲酸乙酯检测方法研究

研究采用SLE(固相支持液/液萃取)结合GC-MS法测定酱油中的氨基甲酸乙酯,方法检出限0.005 mg/L,加标回收率71.0%~90.5%,相对标准偏差RSD%4.45%~5.53%,满足分析方法的实验要求。     

酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯形成机制、检测技术及控制研究进展

氨基甲酸乙酯是一种无色无臭的结晶体,且广泛存在于发酵食品中的水溶性“2A”级致癌物。该文阐述了氨基甲酸乙酯的致癌机理与形成机制,针对酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯的检测技术及控制措施的研究进展等方面进行综述,同时对其检测手段及减除技术的发展进行展望,以期为氨基甲酸乙酯在酱油制品中的深度研究提供参考。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄酒和酱油中的氨基甲酸乙酯

目的 建立气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)测定黄酒和酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯的分析方法。 方法 样 品添加同位素内标氨基甲酸乙酯-d5 后, 直接上样到填装好 Extrelut TM NT 有机硅藻土的柱中进行基质固相分散 萃取, 先用正己烷淋洗除杂, 再用乙酸乙酯:乙醚(1:9, v/v)的混合溶剂洗脱氨基甲酸乙酯, 洗脱液经浓缩后采用 GC-MS/MS 多反应监测(MRM)模式测定。结果 方法检出限和线性范围分别为 2 ?g/kg 和 5~1000 ?g/kg (R＞ 0.999)。在 50、200、500 ?g/kg 三个添加水平下, 黄酒基体中氨基甲酸乙酯的加标回收率为 97.4%~98.8%, RSD 为 4.0%~8.4%。向酱油基体中添加 10、50、200 ?g/kg 三个浓度水平, 氨基甲酸乙酯的加标回收率为 96.2%~104.0%, RSD 为 5.3%~10.0%。结论 该方法定量准确、操作简单、灵敏度高、定性确证可靠, 适用于 黄酒和酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯的测定。     

Assessment of estimated daily intake of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol from soy sauce in Korea

Food Science and Biotechnology - Soy sauces collected from the Korean market were determined for 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and daily intake of 3-MCPD through the consumption of...     

Direct determination of free tryptophan contents in soy sauces and its application as an index of soy sauce adulteration

A simple and rapid HPLC method using UV detector for determination of tryptophan (Trp) contents in pure fermented soy sauces, acid-HVP, and commercial soy sauces was developed. The method requires only simple sample pretreatment. The limit of detection (LOD) is estimated at 1 mg/L (signal-to-noise ratio of 3), and the recovery yields ranged from 92% to 108%. The analysis showed that Trp in all of the analysed acid-HVP samples was not detected and there was obvious detection of Trp (ranged from 136.4 to 261.8 mg/L) in all of the analysed fermented soy sauce samples. The observations suggest that Trp is a practical index of pure fermented soy sauce. The absence of Trp contents or lower level of Trp contents than that in pure fermented soy sauces suggests the soy sauces are not pure fermented soy sauces or presence of soy sauce adulteration. Simultaneous determination of levulinic acid (LV) in samples may be a good help in making assessment of soy sauce adulteration with acid-HVP.     

高效液相色谱法测定酱油中呈味核苷酸

利用高效液相色谱法测定酱油中呈味核苷酸二钠盐的含量。以醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲液（pH4．5）配制流动相，等梯度洗脱，254nm波长，Hypersil-ODS反相色谱柱，在20min内分离测定酱油中呈味核苷酸二钠盐的含量。结果表明：肌苷酸二钠和鸟苷酸二钠的保留时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差分别为4．0％-4．6％，峰面积与进样量之间的线性关系数分别为0．9999，标准加入回收率平均为100．06％。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定酱油中氯丙醇类化合物

建立了酱油中两种氯丙醇类化合物检测的气相色谱-质谱分析方法.样品中加入两种稳定性氘代同位素内标,经基质固相分散萃取(MSPD)分步提取、净化,七氟丁酰基咪唑衍生化后进行GC/MS测定.两种氯丙醇化合物的线性范围均为10～1600 ng,检出限为5μg/kg;回收率为99.5%～110%,RSD%为3.8%～6.6%.该方法测定灵敏度高,定性准确,选择性好,稳定性高,适合于样品中多种痕量氯丙醇类化合物的同时测定.     

酒醅发酵过程中氨基甲酸乙酯与尿素的变化

建立超声萃取固体基质样品,顶空固相微萃取技术（HS-SPME）结合气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）检测白酒大曲和酒醅中氨基甲酸乙酯（EC）的方法。采用比色法测定白酒大曲和酒醅中尿素浓度。结果表明,不同香型酒醅中尿素和EC的变化趋势类似,且二者之间具有一定相互关系。发酵结束时,酒醅中EC浓度在110～130μg/kg,尿素浓度26～80mg/kg。      

应用GC-O和GC-MS分析酱香型习酒中挥发性香气成分

利用液液萃取法(LLE)提取酱香型习酒中的香气化合物,按照酸碱性将萃取组分分离,获得酸性/水溶性、中性、碱性三个组分,通过气相色谱-闻香法(GC-O)结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分别进行香气成分分析。在具有典型酱香特征的习酒中共检测出72种香气化合物,其中酸性组分29种,中性组分43种,碱性组分22种,14种香气化合物在两种或两种以上组分中均可检测到。研究发现酱香型习酒中主要的香气物质是酯类、醇类、挥发性有机酸、呋喃类、芳香族类、酚类、醛酮类、吡嗪类以及含硫化合物等。香气强度较大的物质有丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、1-丙醇、3-甲基丁醇、乙酸、3-甲基丁酸、糠醛、四甲基吡嗪和二甲基三硫,这些物质对酱香型习酒的风味贡献较大。     

酱香型白酒液液微萃取-毛细管色谱骨架成分与香气重组

应用液液微萃取（LLME）、气相-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）研究酱香型白酒骨架成分。液液微萃取定量48种香气物质,确定29种骨架成分。通过52种物质香气重组,得到的模拟酒香气较为丰满,且富有层次感,呈现酱香型白酒的背景香,但未出现典型酱香。缺失实验表明酱香型白酒骨架成分中香气贡献较大的主要是酯类和醇类物质,其中：己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、1-丙醇、2-苯乙醇以及3-甲基丁醇是重要的香气物质;缺失与添加实验验证了三甲基吡嗪、糠醛、4-乙基愈创木酚和呋喃扭尔（furaneol）与酱香型白酒的典型酱香无关。     

Ethyl carbamate formation regulated by ornithine transcarbamylase and urea metabolism in the processing of Chinese yellow rice wine

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a potential carcinogenic compound present in most of the fermented foods. In this work, EC was inhibited through different strategies during vinification of Chinese yellow rice wine. EC can be inhibited by the use of ornithine in contrast to the control at peak point. However, the utilisation of urease resulted in little inhibitive effect on EC. The comparative data of intracellular ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCase) and arginine deiminase (ADI) among four experiments showed that EC was positively regulated by intracellular OTCase, but ADI was not determined. Extracellular urea and citrulline content was significantly increased by adding ornithine (P < 0.05), whereas ethanol played a minor role in EC formation. The correlation analysis between EC and OTCase or urea revealed a linear association (correlation coefficients above 0.8). These findings suggested that OTCase may be a required factor regulating EC formation during the brewing of Chinese yellow rice wine.     

Health risk assessment of ochratoxin A for all age-sex strata in a market economy

In order to manage risk of ochratoxin A (OTA) in foods, we re-evaluated the tolerable daily intake (TDI), derived the negligible cancer risk intake (NCRI), and conducted a probabilistic risk assessment. A new approach was developed to derive ‘usual’ probabilistic exposure in the presence of highly variable occurrence data, such as encountered with low levels of OTA. Canadian occurrence data were used for various raw food commodities or finished foods and were combined with US Department of Agriculture (USDA) food consumption data, which included data on infants and young children. Both variability and uncertainty in input data were considered in the resulting exposure estimates for various age/sex strata. Most people were exposed to OTA on a daily basis. Mean adjusted exposures for all age–sex groups were generally below the NCRI of 4 ng OTA kg bw^?1, except for 1–4-year-olds as a result of their lower body weight. For children, the major contributors of OTA were wheat-based foods followed by oats, rice, and raisins. Beer, coffee, and wine also contributed to total OTA exposure in older individuals. Predicted exposure to OTA decreased when European Commission maximum limits were applied to the occurrence data. The impact on risk for regular eaters of specific commodities was also examined.     

Quantification of volatile compounds in Chinese soy sauce aroma type liquor by stir bar sorptive extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

BACKGROUND: Considering the important of aroma compounds on the quality of baijiu, stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was applied to the aromas analysis of baijiu (Chinese liquor). RESULTS: Based on the results of optimization, a total of 76 volatile compounds were identified from 14 Chinese liquors, including 25 esters, 10 alcohols, 9 aldehydes and ketones, 8 aromatic compounds, 5 furans, 3 nitrogen‐containing compounds, 6 acids, 4 phenols, 3 terpenes, 1 sulfide‐containing compound, 1 lactone, and 1 acetal. By principal component analysis based on quantification results, 14 Chinese liquor samples could be classified into three groups. CONCLUSION: SBSE is a fast, simple, effective, and reliable method for extracting volatile compounds from Chinese liquor. The chemometrics approach revealed that LJ liquor with soy sauce aroma could exhibit more prominent sauce flavor through extending the time of storage, and its peculiar manufacturing practice was responsible for the soy sauce flavor. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Study of chloropropanols in soy sauce by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with coupled column separation without derivatisation

A qualitative and quantitative determination method for chloropropanols in soy sauce was developed by GC-MS/MS with coupled column separation without derivatisation. The target compounds were 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP), 2,3-dichloropropan-1-ol (2,3-DCP), 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD). 3-MCPD-d₅ was used as an isotope internal standard for MCPDs and 1,3-DCP-d₅ for DCPs. After spiking with internal standards and mixed with 1?g of Extrelut? NT, about 1?g of the sample was washed by 4?ml of hexane and the analytes were eluted with 15?ml of 95% (v/v) ethyl ether/hexane mixture. The concentrated extract was directly injected without derivatisation, separated by a coupled column – a 3?m Innowax (polyethylene glycol) combined with a 30?m DB-5?ms ((5%-phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane) by a quartz capillary column connector – and detected by GC-MS/MS. The limits of detection (LODs) in the sample matrix were 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 5.0?µg?kg^?1 for the above chloropropanols, respectively. The relative proportions of 2-MCPD/3-MCPD ranged from 0.19 to 3.74 in soy sauce samples. 2,3-DCP and 2-MCPD were more stable than 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD under alkaline condition. The levels of chloropropanols can be decreased by an alkaline treatment process.     

Annual variation of deoxynivalenol in Danish wheat flour 1998-2003 and estimated daily intake by the Danish population

The occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in Danish wheat flour was studied during the period 1998-2003 by either capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection and liquid chromatography coupled to an ion trap mass spectrophotometer. A total of 151 samples were collected from mills and the retail market in Denmark. Contamination levels varied considerably from year-to-year with the highest concentrations occurring in samples from the 2002 harvest with mean and median concentrations of 255 and 300 µg kg^-1, respectively. Compared to other harvest years, 2002 had the highest amount of precipitation around flowering time, i.e. from the end of June to the beginning of July covering weeks 25-27. The lowest average levels were found in samples from the 2001 harvest, where weeks 25-27 were dry compared with other harvest years. The highest value (705 µg kg^-1) was obtained in a flour sample from the 2002 harvest, but none of the tested samples exceeded the maximum limit of 750 µg kg^-1, which has been recently introduced by the European Commission for DON in flour used as raw materials in food products. Calculation of chronic or usual intake by a deterministic approach showed that intake did not exceed the TDI of 1 µg kg^-1 bw day^-1 either for the whole population or for children. A probabilistic approach also showed that intake in general was below the TDI, but intake for children in the 99% percentile amounted to more than 75% of the TDI. The highest intake is calculated to be 2.5 µg kg^-1 bw day^-1.     

GC和GC-MS法测定饮料中香兰素和乙基香兰素含量

本文建立了一种气相色谱（GC）和气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）法测定饮料中香兰素和乙基香兰素含量的方法。无色样品经乙醚萃取、离心、取上清液浓缩定容经0.22μm有机相滤膜净化进样,有颜色样品经乙醚萃取、离心、取乙醚上清液浓缩至近干,丙酮溶解混匀,过石墨化碳黑柱净化,浓缩定容,分别进GC-FID和GC-MS测定及确证,外标法定量。GC法测定香兰素和乙基香兰素的添加回收率范围为80%¹05%,相对标准偏差（RSD）小于6.0%。GC-MS法测定香兰素和乙基香兰素的添加回收率范围为81%¹10%,相对标准偏差（RSD）小于6.0%。该方法中GC仪器操作简单、成本较低,可广泛应用于饮料中香兰素和乙基香兰素日常检测,GC-MS法采用选择离子扫描（SIM）排除GC法测定的假阳性结果,使测定结果更准确可靠,两种方法互补使用,适合饮料中香兰素和乙基香兰素的日常分析检测和质量控制。      

Determination of phthalates in raw bovine milk by gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS) and dietary intakes

Low levels of phthalates, including di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), in raw bovine milk were determined using gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS). A fast and convenient process of sample treatment combined with TOF-MS analysis (medium resolution >5000), yielded good recoveries (85–125%) and low limits of detection (<0.002 mg kg^?1). The most commonly used phthalate, DEHP, was found in 15 out of 30 samples monitored in this study. DEHP concentrations in raw milk ranged from not detected to 0.154 mg kg^?1, and the mean concentration was 0.057 mg kg^?1. The dietary intake of DEHP was about 0.004 mg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 if a child (24 months, 13 kg body weight) drinks 1 L day^?1 of milk that contains the mean concentration of DEHP found in raw milk. The estimated dietary intake corresponded to 8% of the European Union tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.05 mg kg^?1 body weight day^?1. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were found from two and 20 samples, respectively, at low levels. Diethyl phthalate (DEP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) were not found in any of the samples.