基于蒙特卡罗程序的AP1000反应堆堆芯布置方案的模拟

AP1000是美国西屋公司研发的大型压水反应堆,采用先进的非能动安全系统。AP1000反应堆有两种堆芯燃料布置方案:D19和Adv。结合两种设计方案的优点提出了一种新的堆芯燃料布置方案。利用MCNP6(Monte Carlo N-particle 6)程序对D19堆芯和新方案堆芯的首循环进行建模,并主要计算了新堆芯的核设计参数随燃耗的变化。结果表明,新堆芯在首循环寿期内满足AP1000的主要核设计准则。通过大规模并行计算表明,带燃耗计算功能的蒙特卡罗程序MCNP6能够在堆芯设计工作中发挥很好的参考作用。     

空间气冷堆堆芯初步物理特性分析

为满足未来空间探测活动的大功率用电及轻质量载荷需求,以美国、俄罗斯空间气冷反应堆方案为基础,提出一个亚MW级空间气冷堆堆芯初步设计方案,并使用蒙特卡罗程序对该方案进行堆芯物理计算与分析,给出几种典型工况下的堆芯反应性以及中子分布特征。计算结果表明,该设计方案可满足反应堆的安全性要求,能实现紧急停堆,并可保证在堆芯被水淹没等设计基准事故条件下维持反应堆次临界,确保反应堆安全。此外,通过在堆芯局部燃料棒中添加热中子吸收材料,对堆芯径向功率分布进行优化,以展平径向功率分布。     

空间气冷堆堆芯初步物理特性分析

为满足未来空间探测活动的大功率用电及轻质量载荷需求,以美国、俄罗斯空间气冷反应堆方案为基础,提出一个亚MW级空间气冷堆堆芯初步设计方案,并使用蒙特卡罗程序对该方案进行堆芯物理计算与分析,给出几种典型工况下的堆芯反应性以及中子分布特征。计算结果表明,该设计方案可满足反应堆的安全性要求,能实现紧急停堆,并可保证在堆芯被水淹没等设计基准事故条件下维持反应堆次临界,确保反应堆安全。此外,通过在堆芯局部燃料棒中添加热中子吸收材料,对堆芯径向功率分布进行优化,以展平径向功率分布。     

CPWR640堆芯核设计

中国６００ＭＷ核电机组ＣＰＷＲ６４０先进反应堆的特点是采用先进燃料组件,低功率密度堆芯,长循环低泄漏燃料管理方式,由钆可燃毒物补偿堆芯后备反应性,本文介绍了ＣＰＷＲ６４０反应堆的核设计准则,堆芯特性与主要参数,并给出了堆芯核设计的主要计算机程序,计算结果及分析。     

核热推进系统氢气物性及流动换热模型分析

为开展关于核热推进反应堆堆芯的稳态热工水力计算,基于现有针对压水堆的系统分析程序,添加了氢气的物性模型及流动换热和摩擦阻力关系式,并采用公开文献中的数据进行验证。结果表明采用上述模型计算得到的结果与参考值符合较好,二次开发的程序适用于氢气的流动换热计算。针对一种折流式核热推进反应堆堆芯,使用该系统程序建模并计算,得到了堆芯的流量、焓升等分布情况。研究结果表明,对于折流式核热推进反应堆,内外堆芯燃料元件之间的导热会增强堆芯释热不均,对堆芯的稳态热工水力特性有较大影响,堆芯物理方案的设计应结合热工水力方面的计算。本研究可为核热推进系统内氢气流动换热计算提供借鉴。     

压水堆燃料辐照性能多物理耦合并行分析程序开发

核燃料元件是反应堆的核心部件,其性能影响反应堆的安全性与经济性,利用燃料元件性能分析程序开展燃料堆内稳态辐照性能分析对于燃料设计及安全评价具有重要意义。通过开发燃料温度分布、变形计算、裂变气体释放及内压等模型,结合燃料元件热工-力学多物理耦合计算分析耦合方案,基于先进并行计算方法构建了高性能并行化燃料性能分析程序Athena。利用典型商用压水堆核电站数据及同类程序计算结果进行了程序初步验证,结果表明Athena程序计算结果合理可靠。通过定义堆芯功率及热工水力边界条件,程序能够并行开展压水堆全堆芯燃料辐照性能分析,提高燃料辐照性能分析效率,是数值反应堆原型系统（CVR1.0）的重要组成。     

深水池式低温供热堆堆芯子通道程序改进与计算分析

核能作为清洁能源,逐渐替代煤炭做为冬季供热的热源,池式常压低温供热堆具有良好的固有安全性,是最可行的方案之一。针对池式常压低温的堆芯结构、组件形式以及反应堆总体运行参数,使用子通道分析程序COBRA进行计算分析,对程序中的部分传热模型和CHF模型进行了修改,使之适用于低温常压状态运行的反应堆热工水力设计计算。使用改进的子通道分析程序COBRA计算分析了反应堆整个寿期内最危险时刻的反应堆热工水力参数,验证了堆芯稳态热工的安全性。通过对计算结果的分析表明,整个寿期内,堆芯稳态最小烧毁比(MDNBR)为3.485,燃料棒包壳表面最高温度为187℃,芯块中心最高温度为1 902℃,堆芯热工能够满足反应堆安全要求,并为反应堆的事故工况留有足够的安全裕量。     

核热推进系统氢气物性及流动换热模型分析

为开展关于核热推进反应堆堆芯的稳态热工水力计算,基于现有针对压水堆的系统分析程序,添加了氢气的物性模型及流动换热和摩擦阻力关系式,并采用公开文献中的数据进行验证。结果表明采用上述模型计算得到的结果与参考值符合较好,二次开发的程序适用于氢气的流动换热计算。针对一种折流式核热推进反应堆堆芯,使用该系统程序建模并计算,得到了堆芯的流量、焓升等分布情况。研究结果表明,对于折流式核热推进反应堆,内外堆芯燃料元件之间的导热会增强堆芯释热不均,对堆芯的稳态热工水力特性有较大影响,堆芯物理方案的设计应结合热工水力方面的计算。本研究可为核热推进系统内氢气流动换热计算提供借鉴。     

大型先进压水堆核电站堆芯装载方案设想

核电站堆芯装载方案是反应堆堆芯设计的重要基础,它首先必须满足核安全的要求,同时还要尽可能地提高经济性。通过分析国内、外百万千瓦级核电站的堆芯装载,对反应堆输出功率、燃料组件数、堆芯平均线功率密度进行比较,给出我国大型先进压水堆核电站示范工程反应堆堆芯装载方案的设想,为技术决策提供参考。     

原型微堆低浓化初步研究

利用蒙特卡罗计算程序,对高浓铀为燃料的原型微堆的有效增殖因数、控制棒价值、上铍反射层价值以及辐照座内的中子注量率等参数进行了计算。将计算值与实验结果进行了比较,两者基本相符。在原型微堆堆芯尺寸保持不变的情况下,将堆芯燃料元件芯体用富集度为12.5%UO₂替换UAl和用锆包壳替换铝包壳,对堆芯燃料低浓化方案进行了计算,给出了方案的计算结果。并利用RELAP5程序计算了原型微堆低浓铀堆芯阶跃引入4.0 mk反应性情况下反应堆的相关参数。     

On a fast reactor cycle scheme that incorporates a thoria-based minor actinide-containing cermet fuel

A fast reactor cycle scheme that incorporates a thoria-based minor actinide-containing cermet fuel is given. The present cermet fuel consists of an oxide solid solution of Th and minor actinides and Mo-inert matrix. It has been proposed as a high-performance device that can enhance minor actinide incineration in a fast reactor cycle. It is used in an independent small sub-cycle, whereby dedicated cycle technologies are adopted. Two-step reprocessing process was proposed for the present cermet fuel; it consists of a pre-removal of Mo-inert matrix and an actinide recovery. A preliminary test for the pre-removal of Mo-inert matrix was carried out using a surrogate cermet fuel. Burnup characteristics of a fast reactor core loaded with the cermet fuel were investigated by using neutronic calculation codes. It was revealed that a heterogeneous composition of Mo-inert matrix in inner and outer cores may lead to an effective transmutation of minor actinides and a flattened power density. It was concluded that the present cermet fuel was potentially promising as a high-performance incineration device of minor actinides for fast reactors.     

基于开放栅格结构的空间堆三维热工水力特性研究

高温气冷堆结合磁流体发电是一种高效的空间电源系统,可以满足空间任务对于大功率、高效率的需求,具有广阔的应用前景。本文参考美国普罗米修斯计划中的开放栅格方案,结合磁流体发电需满足的设计条件,提出了一种由三角形布置、217根燃料棒构成的堆芯方案。在通过试验数据确定流动模型后,对该空间堆进行了三维建模,并在考虑气隙结构、燃料棒功率分布及堆内辐射的基础上研究其热工水力特性,重点针对环境温度及外壁面发射率展开了热工参数敏感性分析。计算结果表明,该堆芯热工设计满足材料温度、压降限值等指标要求。冷却剂在燃料区横向流动不明显,不存在复杂涡结构,流动现象相对较为简单。稳态热工计算结果对环境温度的改变并不敏感,但发射率的改变影响相对较大。     

Cermet fuel in a light water reactor: a possible way to improve safety. Part I. Fabrication and characterization

The concept of cermet (ceramic-metallic) fuel for LWRs is considered. Cermet fuel utilization allows one to reduce the fuel operating temperature and to increase reactor safety under DBAs (Design Basis Accident). A general consideration of the cermet fuel application as well as design features and fabrication techniques of cermet fuel pins are presented in the paper.     

Development of a Method for Evaluation of Pin-wise Power Distribution in Fuel Assemblies of Fast Reactors

In the design of fast reactor core with higher burnup and higher linear power, prediction accuracy of burnup history of fuel pin should be upgraded so as to assure fuel integrity without extra design margin under increased neutron fluence and burnup. A method is studied to predict fuel pin-wise power and its burnup history in fast reactors accurately based on an analytic solution of diffusion theory equation on hexagonal geometry with boundary condition from core calculation by finite-differenced diffusion calculation code. The present method is applied to a fast reactor core model, and its accuracy in predicting fuel pin power is tested. The result is compared with the reference solution by the finite difference calculation with very fine mesh. It is found that the present method predicts the power peaking factors in fuel assemblies accurately. The fuel pin-wise nuclide depletion calculation is also done using neutron fluxes for each fuel pin. The result shows that the fuel pin-wise depletion calculation is very important in predicting the burnup history of the fuel assembly in detail.     

The optimum design of tight lattice reactor core with thin rod bundles

The fuel height, rod diameter, pitch, and the loading pattern are all important parameters in the reactor core design process. Based on the analysis of the core performance, optimization calculation is performed on the three objective functions of ABV-6M reactor, i.e., power density, coolant temperature difference between the inlet and outlet, and flow-induced vibration are proposed for optimization calculation. Then a multi-objective problem (MOP) model is applied and computed optimally by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) with the aim of maximizing power density and temperature difference as well as minimizing the flow-induced vibration. The results of optimal designs called ‘Pareto-optimal solutions’ are a set of multiple optimum solutions, from which the final optimization can be chosen after sensitivity analysis is performed. On the basis of lattice parameters optimization, the radial one-dimensional fuel loading pattern was optimized for achieving the optimum fuel utilization. The typical optimum design considered to be safe in a verification check showed that tight lattice effectively improved the reactor performances and saved the fuel consumption.     

Thermal hydraulic calculation of the HTR-10 for the initial and equilibrium core

The thermal hydraulic calculations of the 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled-test module (HTR-10) are among the most important indications to judge the reactor performance under design conditions. The power distribution, the temperature distribution and the flow distribution of the HTR-10 are calculated for initial and equilibrium core in this paper. The temperature distribution includes the temperature parameters of fuel elements, the helium coolant and the main components in the reactor. In the temperature calculation of fuel elements, several uncertain factors are considered carefully, including non-uniform burnup, power distribution deviation, manufacture deviation of fuel elements, graphite balls mixed with fuel balls in the core, calculation deviation of heat transfer and so on. In the flow distribution calculation, the conservative pebble bed core flow value is selected. The results show that the maximum fuel temperature is much lower than the limitation and the flow distribution can meet the cooling requirement in the reactor core.     

小型长寿命核能系统燃料物理性能的研究

本文在简要说明世界上小型长寿命核能系统研究现状的基础上,提出了使用钍-铀燃料和铅-铋冷却剂构造小型长寿命堆芯的设想,并为此进行了一系列燃料物理性能的研究.对于长寿命核能系统的堆芯物理设计,使反应性随燃耗变动最小非常重要,同时应该尽可能地提高堆芯的燃耗以满足长寿命运行的需求.本文使用MCNP和MCBurn程序详细计算分析了使用不同的初始驱动燃料、不同栅格、燃料成分和类型、富集度条件下,燃料栅元的燃耗反应性变化等性能,并对其进行了能谱、转换比、富集度变化等方面的分析,经过对比初步确定了使用钍-铀燃料构造长寿命堆芯的物理条件,并以此为起点构造出一个堆芯,计算给出了反应性空泡系数等安全参数.