美拉德反应产物生物活性及衍生危害物安全控制研究进展

美拉德反应(Maillard reaction,MR)是食品在加热过程中氨基化合物与羰基化合物之间的反应,该过程可导致食品褐变,风味物质、活性成分和衍生危害物的形成。美拉德反应产物(Maillard reaction products,MRPs)具有多种生物活性成分如类黑精、还原酮等。当反应控制不当时,可产生一些危害衍生物如丙烯酰胺、杂环胺类、晚期糖基化末端终产物(Advanced glycation end products,AGEs)等物质,可引起癌症及慢性疾病的发生(人体动脉粥样硬化、视网膜病变、神经衰退性疾病及糖尿病等)。因而本文综述了美拉德反应产物的生物活性,同时也探讨了常见的美拉德反应危害衍生物的生成机制及有效抑制方法,以期为探索合理利用美拉德反应、充分发挥其生物活性作用及减少不利影响的方法提供指导意义。     

酒精体系下美拉德反应的研究进展

美拉德反应过程复杂,产物多样,且其反应产物在食品体系中广泛存在,有些产物进入人体后在体内累积并影响健康。目前国内对水相体系中的美拉德反应研究较多,非水相中的研究颇少。然而,我国作为酒类饮料饮用大国,酒精对美拉德反应的影响尚不明确。因而以酒精媒介为切入点,通过研究酒精体系下的美拉德反应从而实现对其有害产物的有效控制,将对提高酒精饮料食品安全发挥重要的作用。从酒精体系对美拉德反应产物的影响和酒精体系中不同的环境因子对美拉德反应的影响两方面的研究进展进行综述。     

美拉德反应产物类黑精的研究进展

美拉德反应是食品加工、贮藏及烹饪过程中普遍存在的重要反应,其终产物类黑精是一类结构复杂的高分子量化合物,其不但赋予食品色泽和风味品质,且具有多种功能活性,多年来始终是食品科学领域研究的热点。因此,本文在阐述美拉德反应过程的基础上,综述了类黑精的来源、制备过程、分离纯化、理化特性与结构表征以及功能活性的研究进展,并对其研究价值进行了展望,以期为食品类黑精的相关研究及应用开发提供参考。     

美拉德反应对金带细鲹鱼肉蛋白酶解物体内抗氧化性的影响

本文研究了金带细鲹鱼肉蛋白酶解物及其美拉德反应修饰物在动物体内的抗氧化性,通过检测灌胃30 d的对照组和各剂量组小鼠血清和肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量等指标的变化来研究修饰产物在动物体内的抗氧化活性。结果表明:酶解物及其美拉德反应修饰产物均能降低小鼠血清和肝脏中MDA的形成,增加小鼠血清及肝脏中SOD、GSH-Px的活力和GSH的含量,尤其是高剂量组的抗氧化效果明显,抗氧化活性随剂量的增加而增强,美拉德反应修饰产物能够显著增强小鼠血清及肝脏中SOD、GSH-Px的活力和GSH的含量(p0.05)。这表明,美拉德修饰反应可提高金带细鲹鱼肉蛋白酶解物在小鼠体内的抗氧化活性,修饰产物在小鼠体内的抗氧化性可能与其清除自由基能力有关。     

L-赖氨酸与D-核糖的模式美拉德反应及其产物抗氧化性能研究

研究L-赖氨酸与D-核糖的模式美拉德反应(L-赖氨酸的氨基与D-核糖的羰基的物质量之比分别为1:1、1: 2和2:1),考察了三个体系反应过程中产物pH值、吸光度的变化,并以金属螯合能力、超氧阴离子自由基(O 2·)清除能力、二苯代苦味酰自由基(DPPH·)清除能力以及还原能力为指标,评价了美拉德反应产物(MRPs)的抗氧化效果.结果表明:美拉德反应是个酸度和褐变不断增强的反应;MRPs的最大吸收波长在460nm左右;达到相同褐变程度,即吸光度(A)为2.2时,1:2的体系最快,其次是1:1的体系,2:1的体系相对最慢.MRPs有较好的金属螯合能力,可有效清除O2·和DPPH·自由基,但反应终产物几乎没有还原能力.     

美拉德反应产物的生物学活性和潜在健康风险

富含碳水化合物、蛋白质和油脂的食品在热加工过程中会发生剧烈的美拉德反应,生成大量的美拉德反应产物。美拉德反应产物中存在的低分子质量化合物和类黑精等物质具有多种生物学活性,但是其中的晚期糖基化终末产物、丙烯酰胺等潜在风险因子会加速人体的衰老或导致慢性退行性疾病的发生。本文综述了美拉德反应产物的抗氧化、抗菌和抗炎等生物学活性,同时也探讨了美拉德反应产生的晚期糖基化终末产物和丙烯酰胺等有害化合物的损伤机制和预防措施,以期为美拉德反应的深入研究提供科学参考。     

超声对乳清蛋白及其水解物的美拉德产物抗氧化性及结构的影响

为了提高乳清蛋白及其水解物的抗氧化性,以乳清分离蛋白及其水解物为原料,在超声辅助水浴条件下分别与半乳糖发生美拉德反应,研究超声时间对美拉德反应进程、产物结构及抗氧化性的影响。结果表明,乳清分离蛋白美拉德反应中间产物、褐变程度和接枝度分别在超声60 min、未超声及超声30 min时达到最大值,分别为1.37,0.24,20.89%;而乳清蛋白水解物美拉德反应均在未超声时达到最大值,分别为1.08,0.29,21.80%。乳清分离蛋白及其水解物美拉德反应产物还原力均在超声作用60 min时达到最大值,分别为0.481和0.699,显著高于未超声处理(P0.05);两者反应产物DPPH自由基清除能力均在超声30 min时达到最大值,分别为54.89%和83.83%,显著高于未超声处理组(P0.05)。同时,内源荧光光谱及紫外吸收光谱表明,超声作用可以改变美拉德反应产物的结构,使其结构更加松散。以上结果表明,超声作用可改变美拉德反应进程及产物的三级结构,提高产物抗氧化性。     

干热条件下大豆分离蛋白—木糖美拉德反应研究

采用干热条件处理大豆分离蛋白(SPI)和木糖,使两者发生美拉德反应,研究反应温度、混合比例、相对湿度及反应时间对美拉德反应的影响,同时检测美拉德反应产物的热性能和流变学性质。结果表明,在干热条件下SPI与木糖极易发生美拉德反应,且最适条件为反应温度80℃、SPI∶木糖混合比例4∶1、相对湿度26.10%、反应时间5 h,在此条件下所得产物在290 nm处有最大吸光值。示差扫描量热法表明美拉德反应产生了易分解的中间产物,流变学研究则表明SPI和木糖通过美拉德反应形成了大分子产物,使得产物溶液的弹性特征明显增强、粘度明显增加。综上所述,干热条件下的美拉德反应在SPI改性中具有较大的应用潜力。     

不同条件下美拉德反应产物抗氧化活性的研究综述

美拉德反应产物不仅在许多种类食品的颜色、风味、稳定性和货架期等方面发挥着重要作用,且具有多种多样的生物活性如抗氧化、抗诱变、抗病毒、抗增殖、降血压等,其中某些产物的抗氧化活性甚至可与常用的食品抗氧化剂相媲美。目前对美拉德反应产物抗氧化活性的研究已经成为热点。综述了在实际体系、模拟体系下不同反应底物、溶剂、加工技术等条件下美拉德反应产物的抗氧化活性,分别通过自由基(DPPH自由基、羟基自由基、ABTS自由基、超氧阴离子自由基)清除能力、还原能力、金属离子(Fe2+,Cu2+)螯合能力等考察其抗氧化活性。并且指出深入研究美拉德反应产物具有抗氧化活性的关键物质是什么?其作用机制如何?是研究美拉德反应产物抗氧化性的未来发展方向。     

食品加工中晚期糖基化终产物的变化趋势及茶多酚对其抑制作用

晚期糖基化终产物(AGEs)是食品加工和贮藏中美拉德反应、脂质氧化反应或葡萄糖氧化等多种途径中的产物,在人体内积累后能够引起一些慢性疾病,如糖尿病、肾病、高血脂等,因此抑制晚期糖基化终产物具有重要意义。采用葡萄糖(Glc)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)模拟食品加工中产生的糖基化产物反应过程,以茶多酚为抑制剂加入反应体系中,通过NBT法测定果糖胺,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定乙二醛(GO)和羧甲基赖氨酸(CML),荧光法测定AGEs来检测糖基化反应的早、中期和晚期产物,根据蛋白质羰基和巯基含量和蛋白质相对分子质量变化,获得茶多酚抑制晚期糖基化终产物的主要机制。试验结果表明:在食品加工条件下茶多酚对糖基化反应的中间产物果糖胺、乙二醛有明显抑制作用,对CML和荧光性AGEs有一定抑制作用。SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳表明茶多酚与蛋白质的相互作用引起蛋白质二级结构的变化,阻止蛋白质交联。结合茶多酚对蛋白质巯基的保护作用,茶多酚既以抗氧化作用参与抑制糖基化反应,又对蛋白质的交联反应有抑制作用。     

Naturally occurring inhibitors against the formation of advanced glycation end-products

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are the final products of the non-enzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and amino groups in proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Recently, the accumulation of AGEs in vivo has been implicated as a major pathogenic process in diabetic complications, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. The early recognition of AGEs can ascend to the late 1960s when a non-enzymatic glycation process was found in human body which is similar to the Maillard reaction. To some extent, AGEs can be regarded as products of the Maillard reaction. This review firstly introduces the Maillard reaction, the formation process of AGEs and harmful effects of AGEs to human health. As AGEs can cause undesirable diseases or disorders, it is necessary to investigate AGE inhibitors to offer a potential therapeutic approach for the prevention of diabetic or other pathogenic complications induced by AGEs. Typical effective AGE inhibitors with different inhibition mechanisms are also reviewed in this paper. Both synthetic compounds and natural products have been evaluated as inhibitors against the formation of AGEs. However, considering toxic or side effects of synthetic molecules present in clinical trials, natural products are more promising to be developed as potent AGE inhibitors.     

Toxicity of the AGEs generated from the Maillard reaction: on the relationship of food-AGEs and biological-AGEs

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are generated in the late stages of Maillard reaction in foods and biological systems. These products are mostly formed by the reactions of reducing sugar or degradation products of carbohydrates, lipids, and ascorbic acid. AGEs exist in high concentration in foods, but in relatively low concentrations in most of the biological systems. Recently, some AGEs have been reported to be toxic, and were proposed to be causative factors for various kinds of diseases, especially diabetes and kidney disorder, through the association with receptor of AGE (RAGE). It has also been reported that food-derived AGEs (food-AGEs) may not be a causative factor for pro-oxidation. However, the relationship of food-AGEs and biological-derived AGEs (biological-AGEs) is not clear. In this review, the following issues are discussed: the formation of AGEs in foods and biological systems; identification of the main AGEs in foods and biological systems; absorption of food-AGEs; the effects of AGEs in vivo; relationship between food-AGEs and biological-AGEs; possible defense mechanism against AGEs in vivo and finally, the problems to be solved concerning the toxicity of AGEs.     

食品中晚期糖基化末端产物的研究进展

晚期糖基化末端产物(advanced glycation end products, AGEs)是还原糖与氨基酸发生非酶褐变反应的产物之一。医学研究结果表明,AGEs与人类诸多疾病的发生有密切关系,而膳食摄入是体内AGEs的重要来源。但是由于AGEs种类较多,对于食品中的AGEs含量的检测尚缺乏标准的方法,食品加工工艺对食品中AGEs形成的影响报道较少。因此,本文从食品中AGEs形成、结构、检测方法及AGEs在体内代谢、对人体健康影响和预防措施等方面对AGEs进行了较系统的阐述,为进一步研究AGEs奠定基础。     

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in foods and their detecting techniques and methods: A review

BackgroundAdvanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are a sort of complex products formed by the Maillard reaction between the carbonyls of reducing sugars and the free amino groups of amino acids. Some of AGEs ingested through foods accumulate in human body, causing a series of chronic diseases. However, due to the complex and varied structures, there is lack of systematic reviews on dietary AGEs.Scope and approachThis paper summarizes the aspects of AGE formation, influencing factors and hazards, as well as their distribution in foods. The detecting methods available for dietary AGEs are also highlighted. Finally, the main challenges and future efforts for studying AGEs in foods and their effects on health are discussed.Key findings and conclusionsThe study of AGEs has great significance in foods and human health. Although great advances in understanding the effects of AGEs in human body are made, more unequivocal guidance for dietary AGEs to people should be provided in future.     

Chemical methods and techniques to monitor early Maillard reaction in milk products; A review

Maillard reaction is an extensively studied, yet unresolved chemical reaction that occurs as a result of application of the heat and during the storage of foods. The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) has been the focus of several investigations recently. These molecules which are formed at the advanced stage of the Maillard reaction, are suspected to be involved in autoimmune diseases in humans. Therefore, understanding to which extent this reaction occurs in foods, is of vital significance. Because of their composition, milk products are ideal media for this reaction, especially when application of heat and prolonged storage are considered. Thus, in this work several chemical approaches to monitor this reaction in an early stage are reviewed. This is mostly done regarding available lysine blockage which takes place in the very beginning of the reaction. The most popular methods and their applications to various products are reviewed. The methods including their modifications are described in detail and their findings are discussed. The present paper provides an insight into the history of the most frequently-used methods and provides an overview on the indicators of the Maillard reaction in the early stage with its focus on milk products and especially milk powders.     

Fluorescence from the maillard reaction and its potential applications in food science

The chemistry of the Maillard reaction involves a complex set of steps, and its interpretation represents a challenge in basic and applied aspects of Food Science. Fluorescent compounds have been recognized as important early markers of the reaction in food products since 1942. However, the recent advances in the characterization of fluorophores' development were observed in biological and biomedical areas. The in vivo non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins produces biological effects, promoting health deterioration. The characteristic fluorescence of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) is similar to that of Maillard food products and represents an indicator of the level of AGE-modified proteins, but the structure of the fluorescent groups is, typically, unknown. Application of fluorescence measurement is considered a potential tool for addressing key problems of food deterioration as an early marker or index of the damage of biomolecules. Fluorophores may be precursors of the brown pigments and/or end products. A general scheme of the Maillard reaction is proposed in this article, incorporating the pool concept. A correct interpretation of the effect of environmental and compositional conditions and their influences on the reaction kinetics may help to define the meaning of fluorescence development for each particular system.     

Maillard reaction in food allergy: Pros and cons

Food allergens have a notable potential to induce various health concerns in susceptible individuals. The majority of allergenic foods are usually subjected to thermal processing prior to their consumption. However, during thermal processing and long storage of foods, Maillard reaction (MR) often takes place. The MR is a non-enzymatic glycation reaction between the carbonyl group of reducing sugars and compounds having free amino groups. MR may sometimes be beneficial by damaging epitope of allergens and reducing allergenic potential, while exacerbation in allergic reactions may also occur due to changes in the motifs of epitopes or neoallergen generation. Apart from these modulations, non-enzymatic glycation can also modify the food protein(s) with various type of advance glycation end products (AGEs) such as N?-(carboxymethyl-)lysine (CML), pentosidine, pyrraline, and methylglyoxal-H1 derived from MR. These Maillard products may act as immunogen by inducing the activation and proliferation of various immune cells. Literature is available to understand pathogenesis of glycation in the context of various diseases but there is hardly any review that can provide a thorough insight on the impact of glycation in food allergy. Therefore, present review explores the pathogenesis with special reference to food allergy caused by non-enzymatic glycation as well as AGEs.     

肉制品加工过程风味和伴生危害物的生成及关联规律

热加工过程对食品的风味、色泽以及危害物的形成具有重要影响。在肉类加工过程中,美拉德反应、脂质氧化和其他前体物质的降解以及它们之间的相互作用为主要的风味形成途径,赋予肉制品特征肉香味和色泽,但往往会同时衍生出杂环胺(heterocyclic amines, HAs)、晚期糖基化末端终产物(advanced glycation end products, AGEs)、丙烯酰胺(acrylamide, AA)等多种危害物,增加人们罹患癌症和心血管疾病等的风险。美拉德反应和脂质氧化是肉类加工过程中占主导地位的2类反应,在风味和危害物的形成中都发挥了重要作用,这2类反应的复杂性和相互作用使风味和危害物的形成存在着一定程度的相关性,往往同时形成并消耗同种或同类前体物,彼此相互影响。本研究综述了肉及肉制品中风味的形成机制、肉制品中常见的化学危害物(HAs、AGEs及AA)及其与风味化合物形成之间的关联,以期为肉及肉制品风味的改善及危害物的减控提供理论参考。     

食源性晚期糖基化终末产物对人体的健康危害研究进展

食源性晚期糖基化终末产物(Advanced Glycation End Products,AGEs)是指还原糖与蛋白质、核酸和脂质等大分子在非酶条件下发生美拉德反应作用生成的不可逆的共价化合物.研究表明,AGEs与人体的健康有密切联系,参与糖尿病及其并发症、阿尔兹海默症、肠道疾病等多种疾病的发生发展.本文将近年来AGE...     

食源性晚期糖基化终末产物检测技术研究进展

晚期糖基化终末产物（advanced glycation end products,AGEs）是还原糖与蛋白质自由氨基间发生美拉德反应形成的一类异质性共价化合物的总称。研究发现食源性AGEs摄入后会在体内蓄积并对机体健康产生有害影响,因此有必要开展食物中各类AGEs的检测分析研究。食品中的AGEs种类繁多、结构复杂,目前缺少通用的检测分析方法。因此,本文针对食源性AGEs的结构和类型、与人体健康的关系以及相关检测技术进行综述,重点介绍食源性AGEs的免疫分析和仪器分析方法,深入探讨各类技术的特点和优劣势,并对后续研究方向进行展望,以期为食源性AGEs检测技术的发展以及相关研究体系的形成提供参考和借鉴。